National and export trends in herbage seed production

Abstract

The viability of the New Zealand herbage seed industry is influenced by national and international factors and changes in consumer requirements. Four main species perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), tall fesuce (Festuca arundinacea) and white clover (Trifolium repens), account for more than 98% of the herbage seed grown in New Zealand. Annual production averages 22000 t, of which 70 to 80% is grass seed with perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) being the largest component. There have also been significant production changes among species with Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorium) in particular increasing in importance, with production doubling between 1999 and 2003. There has been a marked reduction in total area for herbage seed production over the past decade, however, this has been offset, particularly in ryegrass, by higher seed yields per ha. These improvements in seed yield have primarily been achieved through implementation of better management techniques. The increased use of the plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl has been very beneficial in grass seed production. There has also been a major shift in New Zealand seed production towards the production of proprietary cultivars. In white clover, for example, proprietary cultivars represented less than 10% of production in 1991 but have increased to 57% in 2003. The rapid uptake of the novel AR1 endophyte technology in proprietary ryegrass cultivars, which has grown from 0% in 2000 to 21% of perennial and hybrid proprietary ryegrass seed produced in 2003, is an excellent example of what can be achieved with an addedvalue product. The future viability of the New Zealand herbage seed industry requires further development of identifiable added value traits associated with the seed. Keywords: AR1 endophyte, plant growth regulators, production statistics, ryegrass, seed production, tall fescue, white clover