Future Northland Pastures: 1. Introduction and Temperate Forages

Abstract

The poor persistence of ryegrass–white clover pastures in Northland, New Zealand, has become a critical issue due to intensifying summer-autumn droughts, increased insect pressure, and competition from well-adapted C4 species such as Kikuyu. As climate change continues to
challenge existing pastoral systems, Northland farmers are proactively seeking resilient forage alternatives. Historical evaluations of subtropical grasses and legumes in the region showed limited success due to poor cold tolerance and competition from weeds. However, changing climatic conditions warrant a re-evaluation of these and other species. Using the CLIMEX climate matching tool, regions such as South-Eastern Australia,
Uruguay, and parts of Southern Europe were identified as having climates analogous to Northland. A targeted literature and cultivar search revealed several summeractive tall fescue and cocksfoot cultivars with promising agronomic traits, including drought tolerance and pest resistance. In addition, species such as Phalaris and prairie grass were also considered. Introducing these forages requires careful management adaptation and risk assessment, particularly animal health and environmental impacts. Local trials, beginning under mowing regimes, are recommended to reduce risk and refine grazing protocols. This research informs future forage strategies not only for Northland but for the broader upper North Island as climatic challenges intensify.