There are four main options for controlling Hieracium: agricultural development, herbicides, biological control and grazing management. Grazing management appears one of the most feasible current strategies for limiting Hierucium spread on low-input land. Exclosure studies in Canterbury and.Otago show grazing can reduce Hierucium flower density 40-fold, limiting expansion by seed. Autumn recruitment from seed varied from 46 to 95 seedlings /m* , suggesting this may be an important dispersal mechanism in wet summers. Low-intensity spring-summer grazing significantly reduced plant number and ground cover of upright Hieracium species, but not prostrate species. Conversely, high-intensity grazing may assist establishment. In a 16-year grazing trial in Otago, Hierucium cover, an4 that of similar flatweeds, was greatest at high stocking rates. Farming with Hierczcium in the future will require development of grazing strategies integrating the requirements for the optimal management of different Hieracium species. Keywords: Hieracium, hawkweed, high country, grazing management
