TY  - JOUR
AB  - Liveweight gain of ewes and lambs and subterranean clover reproduction were measured in tall fescue-subterranean clover pastures on a dry, stony soil stocked at 10 (low) and 20 (high) ewes and their twin lambs/ha over 46 days in spring 2005. The experiment was conducted in a 4 ha paddock at Ashley Dene, the Lincoln University dryland research farm located near Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand. Lambs grew at 374 g/day at the low stocking rate and 307 g/day at the high stocking rate, meaning final liveweight was 3.1 kg higher at the low stocking rate. However, lamb liveweight gain/ha/day was greater at the high (12.3 kg/ha/day) than the low (7.5 kg/ha/day) stocking rate. Ewes gained 2.2 kg at the low stocking rate and lost 4.9 kg at the high stocking rate, with most liveweight loss occurring in the second half of the grazing period when moisture stress restricted subterranean clover growth. There were 62% fewer burrs/m2 at the high than the low stocking rate. For both stocking rates, inadequate seed production resulted in inadequate seedling numbers in the following autumn (285 and 223 seedlings/m2 at low and high stocking rate, respectively). The results show high lamb liveweight gains can be obtained on subterranean clover pastures, but, in a drier than average spring, selective grazing of the clover may result in poor subterranean clover seed production and reduced seedling numbers in the following autumn.
AN  - CABI:20073155313
AU  - Ates, S.
AU  - Brown, H. E.
AU  - Lucas, R. J.
AU  - Smith, M. C.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018
Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X
0
4
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 95-99
ST  - Effect of ewe stocking rate in spring on subterranean clover persistence and lamb liveweight gain
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effect of ewe stocking rate in spring on subterranean clover persistence and lamb liveweight gain
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155313
VL  - 68
ID  - 1060
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Browse blocks were developed on wet rush-infested areas of Riverside Farm, near Masterton, by planting 6,000 willow stakes/ha over the winter periods of 2000, 2001 and 2002. This was followed by light grazing in the first year after planting and then more intensive grazing in later years. After 18 months the areas dried out, due to evapotranspiration from the trees, and a herbage sward developed from volunteer species. The quality of the herbage progressively improved over a 4 year period and the browse blocks now support year-round grazing by sheep. In Experiment 1, ewes that grazed willow browse blocks for 86 days in 2004 (including mating) had higher reproductive performance than ewes that were mated on short, drought affected pasture. However, reproductive performance was lower than that from ewes mated on a sole diet of long herbage similar to that growing in the browse blocks. It was calculated that 15 and 65% of the metabolisable energy and condensed tannins consumed by ewes grazing browse blocks was provided by willow trees. In Experiment 2, undrenched lambs grazing either control pasture or browse blocks for 98 days in 2005 had lower liveweight and carcass gains than lambs regularly drenched with anthelmintic. Lambs grazing browse blocks consistently had lower dag scores and undrenched lambs grazing on browse blocks had reduced worm burdens of some economically important internal parasites compared with undrenched lambs grazing pasture. It was concluded that the benefits of browse blocks could be due to both direct and indirect effects and that any benefits in internal parasite management may be accompanied by reduced rates of carcass growth. Guidelines are presented for the grazing management of willow browse blocks over a complete 12 month period.
AN  - CABI:20073155299
AU  - Barry, T. N.
AU  - McWilliam, E. L.
AU  - Pitta, D. W.
AU  - Lira, C. M. D.
AU  - Kemp, P. D.
AU  - Pomroy, W. E.
AU  - Lopez-Villalobos, N.
AU  - Gawith, P.
AU  - Douglas, G. B.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Lopez-Villalobos, Nicolas/O-3267-2013; Kemp, Peter/B-4639-2011
0
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 101-107
ST  - Willow browse blocks for drought protection and for sustainable management of internal parasites
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Willow browse blocks for drought protection and for sustainable management of internal parasites
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155299
VL  - 68
ID  - 1061
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - We used modelling to test the hypothesis that rotation length based on the emergence of three live leaves per ryegrass tiller (3-leaf principle) would result in greater pasture production, and increased milk production and profit per hectare than rotations based on standardised decision rules (best management practice; BMP). This hypothesis was tested using a computer program designed to model the interactions between climate, paddocks, animals and management policies. The model was set up for a farmlet (Strain Trial, Herd 1, 04/05 season) and simulated over 10 different climate years (93/94-02/03), two different sets of rotation lengths (3-leaf and BMP), and over a range of comparative stocking rates (85-100 kg Lwt/t DM). Average return on assets (ROA) was measured with random price sets drawn for milk, the variable cost of purchasing silage, and land appreciation rate. For the systems and climate years tested in this exercise the model predicted a greater (P<0.05) average ROA for BMP rotations compared to 3-leaf rotations (9.85 and 9.73%/year, respectively). The 3- leaf rotations resulted in a small (P<0.001) increase in pasture grown (0.170.02 t DM/ha). However, BMP scenarios were more profitable because of greater annual milksolids production per hectare (1%), mainly achieved during peak lactation. The 3-leaf principle showed benefits in the second half of the season, but this could not compensate for the earlier loss in production.
AN  - CABI:20073155388
AU  - Beukes, P. C.
AU  - Lee, J. M.
AU  - Lancaster, J. A. S.
AU  - Roche, J. R.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 275-281
ST  - Modelling the impact of changing the decision to graze from rotation length to ryegrass leaf-stage
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Modelling the impact of changing the decision to graze from rotation length to ryegrass leaf-stage
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155388
VL  - 68
ID  - 1089
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In Pohangina Valley, near Palmerston North, subdivision over the last 30 years has created a mix of large sheep, beef, dairy and deer farms, lifestyle blocks and village housing lots. For the Valley, like many other New Zealand rural communities, this has lead to a diversity of perspectives and tensions between some residents over subdivision and land use. A number of these issues were exposed at a workshop held as part of a "Project Pohangina" Community Conference. Key issues for participants were a desire to maintain the Valley's beauty, natural features and views, keep population density synchronised with available infrastructure, restrain ad hoc subdivision and buildings, control weeds, pests and unlimited tree plantings, protect farm profitability and maintain private property rights. Identification and reconciliation of these potentially conflicting goals by rural communities highlights some of the challenges of maintaining a vibrant community in a productive farming landscape.
AN  - CABI:20073155409
AU  - Blackett, P.
AU  - Roth, H.
AU  - Brock, J.
AU  - Parminter, T.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 225-228
ST  - "Thinking beyond your own fence line": subdivision and land use tensions in Pohangina Valley, near Palmerston North
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - "Thinking beyond your own fence line": subdivision and land use tensions in Pohangina Valley, near Palmerston North
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155409
VL  - 68
ID  - 1082
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Two trials were set up near Te Awamutu and Ashburton, New Zealand, to explore the difference in pasture responses between standard urea and Agrotain treated urea (SustaiN) over a 12 month period. Two rates of nitrogen (N) application were used (30 kg N/ha and 60 kg N/ha) and the fertilisers were applied four times throughout the year (once each 'season'). At the 30 kg N/ha application rate (120 kg N/ha total), N responses with SustaiN were 75.2% higher than with urea alone. At the 60 kg N/ha application rate (240 kg N/ha total), N response with SustaiN was 33.7% higher than urea alone. Similar seasonal and annual responses occurred at both sites. Economic analyses showed these increases in response to be very profitable and indicate that there is considerable potential for improving farm production and profitability by treating urea with Agrotain.
AN  - CABI:20073155392
AU  - Blennerhassett, J. D.
AU  - Quin, B. F.
AU  - Zaman, M.
AU  - Ramakrishnan, C.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 14
1
16
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 297-301
ST  - The potential for increasing nitrogen responses using Agrotain treated urea
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The potential for increasing nitrogen responses using Agrotain treated urea
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155392
VL  - 68
ID  - 1093
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Poor performance of white clover in the current climate of innovation farm management practices has become problematical, particularly within the dairy industry. There are as many grazing management systems as there are farmers and management guidelines can only be broad generalisations at best, with little interpretive value in the face of the multitude of options available and variables recognised and unrecognised. The principles of plant growth are used to interpret grazing management strategies in order for farmers to have greater understanding of their pastures and determine for themselves what the expectations and outcomes of various management strategies may be. This is of greater relevance to the dairy industry where innovative changes (pasture covers, grass cultivars, pasture renewal and establishment techniques, fertiliser N) can combine to produce a 'clover unfriendly environment'.
AN  - CABI:20073155393
AU  - Brock, J. L.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 303-307
ST  - Grazing management of white clover in mixed pastures
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Grazing management of white clover in mixed pastures
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155393
VL  - 68
ID  - 1094
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The temporal (seasonal) pattern of dryland pasture and stock production from four cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata)-based pastures (mixed with balansa (Trifolium michelianum), Caucasian (T. ambiguum), subterranean (T. subterraneum) or white (T. repens) clover), a ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/white clover pasture and a pure lucerne crop were compared over 2 years (2004/05 and 2005/06) in New Zealand. Subterranean clover with cocksfoot provided high legume content pasture giving higher stock production than other pasture mixtures from August to October. This complemented the high yields and stock production provided by lucerne from mid September to January in 2004/05. However, a dry winter followed by spring snow resulted in lucerne production similar to other pastures in 2005/06. Cocksfoot based pastures provided more maintenance feed than perennial ryegrass during a dry summer (2005/06) but ryegrass/white clover provided higher stock production in wet summer conditions (2004/05). These results suggest a range of pasture species are necessary to cope with the seasonal climate variability typically experienced in dryland farm systems.
AN  - CABI:20073155300
AU  - Brown, H. E.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Lucas, R. J.
AU  - Smith, M.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 6
1
7
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 109-115
ST  - Sub clover, cocksfoot and lucerne combine to improve dryland stock production
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Sub clover, cocksfoot and lucerne combine to improve dryland stock production
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155300
VL  - 68
ID  - 1062
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Scientific and technological advances are important for any industry to ensure continued improvement in productivity - achieving more output of value per unit of input. Since the majority of New Zealand's pastoral produce is traded internationally we need to ensure that we are the most efficient at growing and producing this produce, whether it is traded as a commodity or as a value added product. The requirement for continued R & D investment in our agricultural knowledge economy is a prerequisite for continued improvements in pastoral agricultural productivity. In reflection, the major scientific and technological advances that have improved on-farm productivity over the last 75 years are described and the challenge is given to determine how this might continue into the future.
AN  - CABI:20073155307
AU  - Caradus, J. R.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 33-68
ST  - 75 years of scientific and technological advances in pastoral agriculture - what will it take to continue to deliver?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - 75 years of scientific and technological advances in pastoral agriculture - what will it take to continue to deliver?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155307
VL  - 68
ID  - 1055
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Continued improvements in home grown forage consumption are needed to support the long-term profitability of the dairy industry in southern Australia. Most home grown forage currently comes from perennial ryegrass pastures, which have significant limitations in the southern Australia environment. These limitations threaten future productivity gains, and we therefore consider opportunities for using other plant species. Data on the production of alternative perennial grasses, brassica summer crops, C4 summer crops and winter cereals grown for whole-crop silage are limited and generally show large variation in yields between sites and years. Simulation models suggest that, once the base ryegrass pasture is well-utilised, incorporating complementary forages can return $70-$100/ha extra operating profit for every additional tonne of home grown forage DM consumed per ha. Double cropping (winter cereal or annual ryegrass followed by a summer crop of turnips or maize) and summer-active pastures such as tall fescue show particular promise. Further information is required on how to integrate these forages into whole farm feeding systems to realise the additional profit with manageable business and environmental risk.
AN  - CABI:20073155385
AU  - Chapman, D. F.
AU  - Jacobs, J. L.
AU  - Ward, G. N.
AU  - O'Brien, G. B.
AU  - Kenny, S. N.
AU  - Beca, D.
AU  - McKenzie, F. R.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 8
0
8
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 255-260
ST  - Forage supply systems for dryland dairy farms in southern Australia
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Forage supply systems for dryland dairy farms in southern Australia
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155385
VL  - 68
ID  - 1086
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Mixed species pastures typically have insufficient clover to capture its high nutritional value as extra milk production. This paper reports interim results of a study investigating novel methods of presenting white-cloverrich diets to cows. Cows were offered continuous, free access to grass and clover growing separately side-byside in the same paddock (G/C), or grass-only at night between the afternoon and morning milking and clover only during the day between the morning and afternoon milking (GnCd). These treatments were compared against controls of grass-only pasture (Grass) and mixed grassclover pasture (Mix; 92% grass, 8% clover). Cows offered G/C or GnCd produced 2.0 and 1.9 kg MS/cow/day, respectively, compared with 1.5 kg MS/cow/day for cows grazing Grass and Mix. The AM and PM milk fat of cows grazing G/C contained high levels of skatole, an indicator of protein digestion and metabolism, compared with Grass and Mix. For GnCd, levels were high only in the PM milk and low in the AM milk following the grass-only diet at night. The GnCd cows grazed proportionately more during the 'day' and less at 'night' than the G/C cows. Manipulating the spatial and temporal allocation of grass and white clover to align nutrient allocation with the nutritional and behavioural needs of the cow boosts MS production, but there is scope to improve the efficiency of protein utilisation in the rumen.
AN  - CABI:20073155387
AU  - Cosgrove, G. P.
AU  - Burke, J. L.
AU  - Death, A. F.
AU  - Lane, G. A.
AU  - Fraser, K.
AU  - Pacheco, D.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 5
Fraser, Karl/0000-0002-1136-4024
0
5
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 267-273
ST  - The effect of clover-rich diets on cows in mid lactation: production, behaviour and nutrient use
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The effect of clover-rich diets on cows in mid lactation: production, behaviour and nutrient use
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155387
VL  - 68
ID  - 1088
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Sulphur trials were carried out in the hill and high country of the South Island from 1986/87 to 2000/01. Initial trials showed that sulphur fortified superphosphate fertilisers are more effective products than fine elemental sulphur and sulphur bentonite prills, both in terms of dry matter production and cost effectiveness. This is because Sulphur Super products contain sulphate sulphur and finer elemental sulphur. Sulphur Super Extra (28% S) was more effective in the short to medium term than Maxi Sulphur Super (50% S) largely because it contained more sulphate sulphur. It would be a more preferable option for development, particularly when used at above maintenance rates. It is preferable to apply these products on a biennial rather than a triennial basis to maximise dry matter, maintain better sward composition and to improve the chances of coinciding application with better growth conditions, most notably summer rainfall. Residual elemental sulphur oxidises with time, reducing the dependence on biennial application, although there is still a risk of temporary sulphur deficiency and a delay in response of clover to follow up topdressing if topdressing is left beyond 2 years. Herbage sulphur levels, in conjunction with observation of pasture composition and vigour are useful to indicate when sulphur fertiliser needs to be reapplied.
AN  - CABI:20073155374
AU  - Craighead, M. D.
AU  - Metherell, A. K.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 361-367
ST  - The impact of the form and frequency of sulphur on pasture yield and composition in South Island high country
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The impact of the form and frequency of sulphur on pasture yield and composition in South Island high country
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155374
VL  - 68
ID  - 1104
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Over the past 5 years a herd of up to 180 cows has been milked by two automated milking systems (AMS) at the Greenfield Project research farm near Hamilton. The performance parameters pertaining to pasture management and pasture utilisation during the 2004/05 season are described. The 54 ha farm had an estimated net pasture accumulation of 16.2 t DM/ha/yr. The estimated pasture consumption was determined using back calculations to be 12.3 t DM/ha/yr resulting in an estimated efficiency of pasture utilisation of 76% (based on consumed vs. net accumulation). The data presented suggest that it is possible to achieve satisfactory pasture intakes, pasture utilisation and to be able to maintain pasture quality with automatic milking in a low-input, pasture-based system.
AN  - CABI:20073155311
AU  - Davis, K. L.
AU  - Jago, J. G.
AU  - MacDonald, K. A.
AU  - McGowan, J. E.
AU  - Woolford, M. W.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 81-86
ST  - Pasture utilisation in a pastoral automated milking system
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Pasture utilisation in a pastoral automated milking system
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155311
VL  - 68
ID  - 1058
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Trade-offs in dry matter (DM) and metabolisable energy (ME) between combinations of three maize silage hybrids varying in maturity from 100-113 CRM and six winter forage options were investigated in a Waikato farmer's field over 2 years. Winter crops were triticale, cut once; oats grazed 1-2 times; and Tama and Feast II Italian ryegrass, each cut or grazed 2-3 times. Greatest DM and ME production (38.9 t/ha; 396 GJ/ha) was from a 113 CRM hybrid followed by a single-cut triticale crop. The most economical sources of DM and ME were obtained from a 100 CRM maize hybrid plus grazed oats (11.8 c/kg; 1.12 c/MJ), while the cheapest ME source among cut winter forages was a 113 CRM maize hybrid+triticale (1.18 c/MJ). Reliable annual silage production of 30 t DM/ha and 330 GJ ME/ha (or 3000 kg MS/ha) is possible using a late maturing maize hybrid combined with a winter forage crop such as triticale, although the low feed value of the triticale may limit its use as feed for milking cows.
AN  - CABI:20073155403
AU  - Densley, R. J.
AU  - Austin, G. M.
AU  - Williams, I. D.
AU  - Tsimba, R.
AU  - Edmeades, G. O.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
2
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 193-197
ST  - Maize silage and winter crop options to maximise drymatter and energy for NZ dairy systems
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Maize silage and winter crop options to maximise drymatter and energy for NZ dairy systems
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155403
VL  - 68
ID  - 1076
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Feral animals such as possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) are known to utilise pasture as a substantial part of their diet, with individual animal intake rates well quantified. The objective of this study was to quantify this effect in terms of pasture accumulation rates, in areas where these animals are likely to occur in high densities; i.e. the boundaries between native forest and pastoral farms. Pasture accumulation rate was measured in small plots open to feral grazing and plots excluded from grazing with electrified flexinets, at six sites throughout the Waikato. Three further sites, within possum control schemes, were established as controls. Pasture accumulation rates were significantly greater within the exclosure plots at all six uncontrolled sites, by ~3 kg dry matter (DM)/ha/day in late-winter and ~7 kg DM/ha/day in late spring. In contrast there were no significant differences between open and exclosure plots at the three sites where there was active possum control. This effect is quite substantial in the context of livestock consumption, though is not entirely reconcilable with predictions based on possum intake and diet studies. It nevertheless represents a source of loss which is easily countered, with additional benefits in terms of lowered Tb risk and improvement of native vegetation condition.
AN  - CABI:20073155399
AU  - Dodd, M. B.
AU  - Power, I. L.
AU  - Porcile, V.
AU  - Upsdell, M.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 339-342
ST  - A measurable effect of feral grazing on pasture accumulation rate
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - A measurable effect of feral grazing on pasture accumulation rate
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155399
VL  - 68
ID  - 1100
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Gastrointestinal parasitism is one of the most important challenges facing low chemical or organic livestock production systems but also conventional farmers as resistance to anthelmintics becomes more widespread. Young twin-born and reared lambs were challenged for 5 days (Experiment 1) or trickle infected with parasites (Experiment 2) and not weaned (Expt. 1. only) or early (8 and 7 weeks) or late weaned (16 and 14 weeks; Expt. 1 & 2 respectively). Liveweight gain was measured until lambs were 19 weeks of age (Expt. 1) or 25 weeks of age (Expt. 2). Early weaning (7-8 weeks) reduced liveweight gain by at least 25% in both years and lambs remained 5 kg lighter at the completion of the experiments. Parasite infection had modest effects on lamb performance and there was no interaction between weaning age and parasite infection in either year. Infected lambs generally grew well, gaining at least 90 g/d possibly due to the relatively young age of the lambs limiting their ability to mount an immune response.
AN  - CABI:20073155304
AU  - Dynes, R. A.
AU  - Moss, R. A.
AU  - Bray, A. R.
AU  - McAnulty, R. W.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 139-142
ST  - Effect of weaning age on growth rates of lambs infected by gastrointestinal parasites
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effect of weaning age on growth rates of lambs infected by gastrointestinal parasites
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155304
VL  - 68
ID  - 1066
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A long-term field study is being conducted in New South Wales, Australia, to evaluate the feasibility of producing over 40 t DM/ha/year with a triple crop, complementary forage rotation (CFR) system. The CFR comprises a bulk crop (maize); a break crop (forage rape) and a legume crop capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen (clover). The control is a well managed kikuyu-based pasture oversown with short rotation ryegrass each autumn. Treatments are replicated four times and data from the first 2 years are reported. Over 40 t DM/ha/year was either utilised by grazing or harvested mechanically from the CFR system in the first 2 years. This compares to almost 18 t DM/ha/year of utilised pasture for the control pasture system. In practice, these results indicate that dairy farmers in Australia can increase productivity by growing more forage on-farm with increased efficiency. The systems are designed to complement, rather than substitute, pasture-based systems.
AN  - CABI:20073155308
AU  - Garcia, S. C.
AU  - Fulkerson, W. J.
AU  - Kenny, S.
AU  - Nettle, R.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 6
0
6
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 69-73
ST  - Producing over 40 t dry matter/ha per year through a complementary forage rotation system
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Producing over 40 t dry matter/ha per year through a complementary forage rotation system
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155308
VL  - 68
ID  - 1056
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Two experiments were conducted in sodium deficient (<0.03% Na in DM) pastures on steep, south facing slopes at Mt Grand, Hawea, Central Otago (600 m.a.s.l), to determine the effect of the application of coarse salt (NaCl) fertiliser on pasture composition and establishment of oversown seeds. In Experiment 1, factorial combinations of salt (0, 150 kg NaCl/ha), N (0,100 kg N/ha as urea) and sulphur superphosphate (0, 500 kg/ha) fertilisers were applied to 30*8 m plots in early December 2003. Balansa clover (10 kg seed/ha) and subterranean clover (10 kg/ha) seeds were oversown into each plot in March 2004. Plots where salt was applied were grazed intensively by Merino ewes immediately after salt application creating up to 50% bare ground. In December 2004, pastures where salt had been applied one year earlier were shorter, had a lower percentage of white clover and a higher percentage of bare ground and balansa clover. In Experiment 2, factorial combinations of salt fertiliser (0, 100 kg NaCl/ha) and seed (no seed, mixture of Caucasian clover (10 kg/ha), Lotus pendunculatus (2 kg/ha) and plantain (2 kg/ha)) were applied together to 5*10 m plots in September 2004. In April 2005, pastures where salt was applied were shorter, had fewer grass seedheads, a lower percentage of resident grasses and litter but a higher percentage of bare ground and plantain. There were more seedlings of plantain where salt was (6.5 seedlings/m2) than where it was not applied (1.1 seedlings/m2). This small plot work indicates that salt fertiliser application to Na-deficient herbage can enhance grazing intensity. By creating soil disturbance and reducing competition from resident grasses, salt application increased the establishment of oversown seeds of plantain and balansa clover. Establishment of the slow growing species (Caucasian clover, lotus) and the large seeded subterranean clover appeared to be unsuccessful under the conditions of the experiments. Salt application is a tool for pasture management and improvement in the hill/high country that could be used together with other methods such as herbicides, seeding, sub-division, grazing management and fertiliser.
AN  - CABI:20073155401
AU  - Gillespie, B. J.
AU  - Lucas, R. J.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018
Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X
0
3
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 349-353
ST  - Can topdressing with salt increase oversowing success and pasture quality on steep, south facing slopes in hill country pastures?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Can topdressing with salt increase oversowing success and pasture quality on steep, south facing slopes in hill country pastures?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155401
VL  - 68
ID  - 1102
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This paper summarizes three studies that: (1) compared the feeding value of perennial ryegrass-based pasture with chicory and plantain during 8 weeks grazing by weaner red deer in spring 2003 and 13 weeks grazing plantain by weaner deer during autumn 2004; (2) compared the liver copper, liver and serum vitamin B12 and blood selenium status of weaner red deer grazing ryegrass-based pasture, chicory or plantain for 8 weeks during spring 2003; and (3) determined the effect of grazing perennial ryegrass-based pasture alone, or with intermittent grazing of plantain from 1 month prepartum to 1 month postpartum on liver copper and vitamin B12 status of calves during December 2004 and January 2005. The feeding value (as determined by liveweight gain) of chicory was 40-48% higher than other forages in spring. The feeding value of plantain was 14% higher than pasture in autumn, but similar to pasture in spring. Grazing chicory significantly enhanced the liver copper concentration of weaner deer in spring compared with both ryegrass and plantain. Grazing plantain significantly enhanced the copper status of weaners in autumn, but not of weaners or calves in spring and early summer, enhanced the vitamin B12 status of weaners in autumn and spring and calves in early summer and increased the selenium status of weaners during both spring and autumn. This study has highlighted the complementary role of forage herbs in improving growth and maintaining trace element status of farmed deer.
AN  - CABI:20073155404
AU  - Hoskin, S. O.
AU  - Wilson, P. R.
AU  - Ondris, M.
AU  - Bunod, A. H.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 199-204
ST  - The feeding value of forage herbs: studies with red deer
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The feeding value of forage herbs: studies with red deer
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155404
VL  - 68
ID  - 1077
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The New Zealand agricultural industry is currently undergoing a large drive for increased productivity. Fuelling this will primarily require greater 'on-farm' landuse intensification involving increasing farm inputs to gain a large increase in farm product outputs. The North Otago Rolling Downlands (NORD) region of New Zealand has traditionally been drought-prone and limited to extensive sheep farming. The establishment of a large district irrigation scheme in spring 2006 will result in large scale intensification of land-use across the NORD region. A field trial has been established in North Otago on a common NORD Pallic soil type (Timaru silt loam) to determine the effect of land use intensification on soil quality and plant yield response. The treatments compare newly sown pasture vs. winter grazed forage crop, irrigated vs. dryland and sheep vs. cattle grazing. The application of irrigation water in 2004/2005 resulted in 17.5 kg pasture DM/mm of irrigation water and 24 kg pasture DM/mm of irrigation water for the drier 2005/2006 growing season. Results from the pasture trial suggest that both cattle grazing and irrigation (particularly in combination) are decreasing soil quality with a macroporosity of 9% v/v from pasture plots following the 2004/2005 season compared to 18% v/v for the dryland sheep treatment. In the 2005/2006 season, cattle irrigated plots had a macroporosity of 11% v/v from pasture plots c.f 19% v/v for the dryland sheep treatment To date, this measured decrease has had no significant effect on pasture or crop yield suggesting that soil quality has not yet fallen below a critical level for production under irrigated farming systems. However, further monitoring is required to assess the long term effects as strong trends are emerging that indicate soil quality decline under the cattle grazed and cropping treatments.
AN  - CABI:20073155380
AU  - Houlbrooke, D. J.
AU  - Morton, J. D.
AU  - Paton, R. J.
AU  - Littlejohn, R. P.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 7
0
7
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 165-172
ST  - The impact of land-use intensification on soil physical quality and plant yield response in the North Otago Rolling Downlands
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The impact of land-use intensification on soil physical quality and plant yield response in the North Otago Rolling Downlands
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155380
VL  - 68
ID  - 1071
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This study investigated companion crops and time of sowing of a herb (chicory and plantain (Plantago lanceolata)) and clover (red (Trifolium pratense) and white (Trifolium repens) clover) mix in dairy pasture systems. This trial was conducted on a commercial dairy farm in southwest Victoria, Australia. Five summer crops (turnip, rape, turnip-rape, radish and millet (Echinochloa utilis)), sown alone or in combination with herb/clover in spring 2003, were compared over the first summer. Dry matter (DM) production was higher for millet and rape than turnip-rape or radish. Metabolisable energy (ME) content of millet and turnip was lower, and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content of millet higher than all other crops. Inclusion of herb/clover reduced ME and increased NDF at the second grazing. In autumn 2004, an Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)+herb/clover mix was direct drilled into plots without the spring sown herb/clover mix, and Italian ryegrass only into the remaining plots. The spring sown herb/clover system resulted in higher herbage DM at the first grazing (June 2004) after sowing Italian ryegrass, but lower production in spring 2004 than the autumn sown herb/clover system. There were no differences in DM production at any other grazings. In winter and spring 2004, ME was higher for autumn than for spring sown herb/clover. Crude protein content was higher for autumn sown herb/clover in June and July than for spring sown, but lower from December 2004 to April 2005. From September 2004 to August 2005, the NDF content of spring sown herb/clover was lower than for autumn sown. Throughout the study, both chicory and plantain content (%DM) was higher and weed and dead matter lower, with spring compared to autumn sowing.
AN  - CABI:20073155389
AU  - Jacobs, J. L.
AU  - Ward, G. N.
AU  - Maskell, P.
AU  - McKenzie, F. R.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 283-287
ST  - Contribution of a herb and clover mix to spring and autumn sown forage for dryland dairying
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Contribution of a herb and clover mix to spring and autumn sown forage for dryland dairying
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155389
VL  - 68
ID  - 1090
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Increasing the current precision of nutrient management will need analytical tools that aid in collecting site specific data. A technology with potential is hyperspectral remote sensing. Modern, portable spectroradiometers permit reflectance data in the spectral region between 350 and 2500 nm to be collected quickly. With the limited sampling, handling, and processing required the technology also offers rapid turn around times, if calibrations can be developed. In this paper the findings of a pilot study examining the use of hyperspectral reflectance spectra of pasture to indirectly assess the phosphorus (P) status of the soil are presented and discussed. Spectral data were collected in spring 2004 and again in summer 2006 from a small area of each of 30 legume-based sheep grazed pasture plots that varied in soil P fertility (Olsen P 6-68 g/ml). Significant (P<0.05) relationships were found with two commonly used vegetation indices and pasture P content (R2>0.80). In an exploratory analysis using all the spectral waveband data, several paired-bands with high coefficients of determination (R2) were detected for pasture P and K content, but not for pasture N content, pasture growth rate or pasture dry matter content. The differences detected in pasture P content were consistent with the differences in soil P fertility measured by the Olsen P soil test, as indicated by the relationship between pasture P content and soil Olsen P in both 2004 (R2=0.90) and 2006(R2=0.86). This pilot study needs to be broadened to examine other methodologies for interpreting the spectral data and extended to other pasture types and soil groups of varying soil fertility.
AN  - CABI:20073155310
AU  - Kawamura, K.
AU  - MacKay, A. D.
AU  - Tuohy, M.
AU  - Betteridge, K.
AU  - Sanches, I. D.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 75-80
ST  - Visible-NIR reflectance spectroscopy as a potential tool for management of soil phosphorus fertility in legume-based pasture in New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Visible-NIR reflectance spectroscopy as a potential tool for management of soil phosphorus fertility in legume-based pasture in New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155310
VL  - 68
ID  - 1057
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In agricultural research, development and extension (RD&E) the importance of building partnerships between technology collaborators (e.g. farmers, researchers, extension, industry) is widely accepted. The FutureDairy project has formalized relationships and interactions between farmers, researchers and advisors to 'co-develop' knowledge and technologies that address key industry challenges. Separate industry partnerships have been established to study opportunities in forages, feeding and labour saving innovations. Reflections on these partnerships, and their performance to date, suggests there may be benefit in knowledge partners having a better understanding of expectations for the partnership. Also highlighted is the way in which a technology co-development approach, though suited to developing guidelines for managing new technologies, may not be suited to systems questions. Issues that require multiple technologies and knowledge types to be addressed appear, from our experience, to require a different form of partnership than those used for developing new technologies. Without an understanding of these principles, RD&E organizations may still fail to deliver on industry expectations even while they are encouraging greater industry participation.
AN  - CABI:20073155384
AU  - Kenny, S.
AU  - Kabore, C.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 243-247
ST  - Working together: reflections on building 'knowledge partnerships' between researchers, farmers and advisors
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Working together: reflections on building 'knowledge partnerships' between researchers, farmers and advisors
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155384
VL  - 68
ID  - 1085
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation into the effect of increasing fertilizer- and excreta-N inputs on the spatial distribution and rate of potential nitrification activity in hill country pasture land at two sites, Invermay and Ballantrae, in New Zealand. High nitrification rates could potentially limit N efficiency by increasing N losses through leaching and denitrification. Nitrification potentials (NP) were measured in camp sites and medium slopes of hill country soils receiving 0 kg N and 500 kg N/ha/year over the previous 18 months. Nitrification potential was determined by calculating the rate of nitrate production (mg NO3-N/kg soil/h) by linear regression of soil solution concentrations, versus time. Nitrification potential was significantly higher at Invermay than at Ballantrae, which was likely due to a significantly lower soil pH at Ballantrae. At Invermay, NP increased with fertiliser-N application rate and in camp site soils. The fertilizer N effect was not observed at Ballantrae. However, soil NO3-N and NP was significantly greater in soils from camp sites than for soils from medium slopes. Best management practices for fertilizer-N application in hill country should make allowances for these factors to maximize farm efficiency and profitability.
AN  - CABI:20073155375
AU  - Letica, S. A.
AU  - Tillman, R.
AU  - Littlejohn, R.
AU  - Hoogendoorn, C. J.
AU  - Klein, C. A. M. de
AU  - Kemp, P.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 5
Kemp, Peter/B-4639-2011
0
5
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 369-373
ST  - Spatial distribution and rate of potential nitrification activity in two hill country pastures
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Spatial distribution and rate of potential nitrification activity in two hill country pastures
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155375
VL  - 68
ID  - 1105
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The recent invention of Herd Homes has presented NZ dairy farmers with a flexible facility for feeding and standing-off stock especially during wet periods. Herd Homes are a combination of feeding platform, stand-off facility and animal shelter comprising a "greenhouse" type roof over slatted concrete floors with an underfloor manure bunker. The prototype Herd Home built in Northland for 230 cows was closely monitored during its initial year (2002/03). Different bunker media were evaluated for their ability to absorb and retain manure nutrients. The media tested were natural materials (soil, wood shavings and a combination of soil/wood shavings) that were all effective at capturing nutrients (N and S) from the bunker manure. Benefits of media amendments are greater nutrient enrichment of the final bunker manure making it more useful for subsequent land application. Use of soil as a bunker medium appears to be the most viable and cost effective option. In early 2006, manure samples were collected from Herd Home bunkers from four geographically diverse areas of NZ and analysed for nutrient content. Nutrient concentrations found reflected variability in cow numbers, usage and feed inputs. In November 2004, 10 existing Herd Home owners were surveyed as to their reasons for purchase. The farmers reported ease of farm management, "on-off" grazing, reduced pugging damage, and improved stock condition and production were some of the beneficial effects of Herd Homes.
AN  - CABI:20073155394
AU  - Longhurst, R. D.
AU  - Luo, J.
AU  - O'Connor, M. B.
AU  - Pow, T.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 5
0
5
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 309-313
ST  - Herd Homes: nutrient management and farmer perceptions of performance
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Herd Homes: nutrient management and farmer perceptions of performance
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155394
VL  - 68
ID  - 1095
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Winter is a very important period during the dairying calendar. Regions in New Zealand such as Southland, with susceptible soils and extended periods with soils at saturation levels will face increasing pressure to review wintering practices. On-farm options for wintering cows to protect soils and prevent pasture damage are needed. This requires a turn-around in philosophy from taking cows to pasture/crops, to bringing supplementary feeds to cows. Specialised facilities exist such as feed pads, stand-off pads, wintering barns or Herd Homes. The advantages of such systems are reduced pugging and compaction of soils, better pasture growth and stock condition. Disadvantages may include requirements to upgrade effluent management systems to cope with more concentrated waste streams. Research has shown that pasture production can be increased by withholding stock from soils during sensitive periods. Advantage should be taken of this to fully feed stock in specialised facilities. However, cow welfare and effluent management must be prioritised to maximize the wintering benefits.
AN  - CABI:20073155390
AU  - Longhurst, R. D.
AU  - Miller, D.
AU  - Williams, I.
AU  - Lambourne, A.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 289-292
ST  - On-farm wintering systems - issues to consider
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - On-farm wintering systems - issues to consider
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155390
VL  - 68
ID  - 1091
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A dynamic model for nematode parasites in lambs which links their adult worm burden with decrease in liveweight gain has recently been developed. This model allows for individual lamb variability in response to parasite infection. We use this model to track the liveweight performance of a mob of weaned lambs under six different grazing rotation length scenarios. In all scenarios, lambs with a low worm burden were weaned onto parasite-free pasture. Post-weaning, lambs were either grazed in a 12-week, 8-week, 6-week, 4-week or 2-week grazing rotation, or set stocked. Scenarios were run for 24 weeks with no anthelmintic intervention. The 12-week and 8-week grazing rotation scenarios provided lower worm burdens, higher liveweight gains and lower variation between individual lambs than the other scenarios due to the delay in grazing self-contaminated pastures. For systems that use little or no anthelmintics, being able to provide 8 weeks or more of parasite-free pasture to weaned lambs is likely to provide substantial benefits in the form of higher liveweight gains with less variation between individuals.
AN  - CABI:20073155377
AU  - Louie, K.
AU  - Boom, C. J.
AU  - Vlassoff, A.
AU  - Burggraaf, V. T.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 149-153
ST  - Modelling liveweight performance in parasitised lambs under varying grazing rotation lengths
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Modelling liveweight performance in parasitised lambs under varying grazing rotation lengths
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155377
VL  - 68
ID  - 1068
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Farmers are increasingly using management systems such as moving cows out of paddocks onto stand-off pads to protect wet soils from damage during winter. Studies were carried out to investigate nutrient and faecal bacterial retention or loss from stand-off pad materials. A preliminary laboratory study found that a range of natural materials, including crushed pine bark, wood chips, zeolite and soil can retain between 66% and 76% of applied cows' excreta nitrogen (N). Zeolite was found to be particularly good at reducing ammonia (NH3) volatilisation losses from the columns. A field-scale standoff pad study at a Waikato dairy farm, in the winter season of 2005, indicated that carbon (C)-rich materials including both bark and sawdust can be used as standoff pad materials with effective retention of N and faecal bacteria. Both bark and sawdust pads retained about 60% of deposited excreta N. Substantially more Escherichia coli were recovered in the drainage from the bark pad (total yield 3.1*1011E. coli) than from the sawdust pad (total yield 7.5*109E. coli) demonstrating that sawdust was more effective than bark in retaining these faecal bacteria.
AN  - CABI:20073155395
AU  - Luo, J.
AU  - Donnison, A.
AU  - Ross, C.
AU  - Ledgard, S.
AU  - Longhurst, B.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 13
0
13
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 315-320
ST  - Control of pollutants using stand-off pads containing different natural materials
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Control of pollutants using stand-off pads containing different natural materials
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155395
VL  - 68
ID  - 1096
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Two trials were designed to provide baseline data on the productivity and quality of irrigated pastures in the Intermountain West USA. An initial clipping trial (1997-1999) screened a number of temperate grass-legume mixtures well-adapted to the soils and climate of the Intermountain West, and a successive grazing trial (2001-2003) evaluated a subset of these mixtures under rotational grazing. The most productive and best utilised grass in mixtures was meadow brome (Bromus riparius), followed by tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata). Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) mixtures tended to become legume-dominated (up to 44% under grazing), and were therefore high in quality but a potential bloat threat. The bloat-safe legume birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) proved to be productive, well-utilised, and as persistent as other legumes in mixtures under grazing.
AN  - CABI:20073155373
AU  - MacAdam, J. W.
AU  - Griggs, T. C.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 4
0
4
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 355-359
ST  - Performance of birdsfoot trefoil, white clover, and other legume-grass mixtures under irrigation in the Intermountain West USA
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Performance of birdsfoot trefoil, white clover, and other legume-grass mixtures under irrigation in the Intermountain West USA
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155373
VL  - 68
ID  - 1103
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A long-term replicated farm systems study (1997-2005) examined changes in the biology of mixed-livestock systems associated with the shift to organic production. Two farmlets were managed using conventional farm practices (Con) and two low chemical (LC) farmlets complied with the organic production standards of BIOGRO New Zealand. The Con farmlet had higher (P<0.01) lamb, hogget, 2TH and mixed-aged ewe (P<0.01) performance than the LC farmlet due mainly to differences in the parasite challenge between the two systems. There was no evidence that the use of the Ivermectin bolus for 8 consecutive years in the Con system led to Ivermectin drench resistance. Lamb liveweight at weaning was 1.77 kg lower (P<0.001), in LC than in Con. Post-weaning, high parasite burdens (FEC) reduced (P<0.001) LC lamb growth rate. LC systems had smaller 2TH's (P<0.001) and mixed aged ewes (P<0.001) than Con systems, despite similar feeding levels, leading to lower ovulation rate and numbers of lambs born. Lamb mortality rates between lambing and weaning were similar between systems. Until production losses in young stock following weaning in LC systems are reduced, the ability of the organic industry to expand will continue to be constrained. Performance differences between systems did not change over the 9-year trial, suggesting that this study provides a good insight into the relative performance of these two systems at the stocking rate at which they were compared. Pasture composition and production, and soil biophysical and biological characteristics were similar in the two farm systems.
AN  - CABI:20073155303
AU  - Mackay, A. D.
AU  - Devantier, B. P.
AU  - Pomroy, W. E.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 133-137
ST  - Long-term changes in the biology of a livestock farm system associated with the shift to organic supply
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Long-term changes in the biology of a livestock farm system associated with the shift to organic supply
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155303
VL  - 68
ID  - 1065
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Water Use Efficiency (WUE) is an important performance indicator of sustainable production, widely used overseas. WUE is defined in a number of ways, and it is important to know what definition is being used. Overseas data show that WUE on dairy farms depends on both the efficiency of applying water to the paddock, and the efficiency of feed utilisation off the paddock. Pasture WUE requires measurements of the amount of water applied and the amount of pasture produced, which are rarely concurrently measured on dairy farms. Estimates of pasture WUE from previous research experiments are highly variable because of uncertainties about how much water was applied. We have suggested a benchmark for WUE based on measurements on commercial dairy farms, and suggest some ways that farmers can improve their irrigation practices.
AN  - CABI:20073155378
AU  - Martin, R. J.
AU  - Thomas, S. M.
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Zyskowski, R. F.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Fraser, T. J.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 8
Thomas, Steve/F-2064-2013
Thomas, Steve/0000-0002-9202-483X
0
8
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 155-160
ST  - Improving water use efficiency on irrigated dairy farms in Canterbury
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Improving water use efficiency on irrigated dairy farms in Canterbury
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155378
VL  - 68
ID  - 1069
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Research on the soil and water quality of deer farms is minimal. However, the perception is that many deer operations may be detrimental to soil and water quality. To address this problem two deer focus farms (DFF, 1 each in Otago and Southland) were established to showcase how productivity and environmental objectives can coincide. Managements implemented by the farmers included a sedimentation pond, fencing off waterways and retiring land under a QEII covenant. A detailed soil and water quality testing regime occurred for each farm: data were collected at the Southland DFF for three tributaries (one fenced off, one partially fenced and one unfenced) which fed into a stream and through a tussock covered area retired from grazing. Water quality in the unfenced and partially fenced tributaries was poor with no water quality parameters meeting ANZECC guidelines, whereas water quality in the fenced-off and planted tributary was better. Water exiting the retired area met ANZECC guidelines. Although water quality on parts of both deer farms did not meet ANZECC guidelines, when management practices such as fencing off and the creation of a pond were used water quality improved. More importantly, an area retired from grazing and further development on the Southland DFF showed that water quality could be significantly improved and could be better than that entering the farm.
AN  - CABI:20073155383
AU  - McDowell, R. W.
AU  - McGrouther, N.
AU  - Morgan, G.
AU  - Srinivasan, M. S.
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Johnson, M.
AU  - Copland, R.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 10
0
11
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 183-188
ST  - Monitoring the impact of farm practices on water quality in the Otago and Southland deer focus farms
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Monitoring the impact of farm practices on water quality in the Otago and Southland deer focus farms
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155383
VL  - 68
ID  - 1074
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Two experiments determined the potential of N fertiliser to maximise the conversion of summer (October to April) irrigation water to pasture dry matter (DM) in southwest Victoria, Australia. DM consumed increased with increasing N (0 to 100 kg N/ha per grazing, and 50 to 200 kg N/ha every second grazing). Applications of 75 to 100 kg N/ha every grazing, and 150 to 200 kg N/ha every second grazing resulted in the highest water use efficiencies (improvements of 25 to 70% in Year 1, 40 to 63% in Year 2). Applications of 25 kg N/ha every grazing and 50 kg N/ha every second grazing led to the highest N response efficiencies (10 to 19 kg DM/kg N). The increases in DM consumed in response to N fertiliser were similar to responses noted for N applied during autumn, winter and spring in similar environments to the current experiments.
AN  - CABI:20073155379
AU  - McKenzie, F. R.
AU  - Jacobs, J. L.
AU  - Ward, G. N.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 5
0
5
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 161-164
ST  - Irrigated dairy pasture yield and water use efficiency responses to summer applied nitrogen
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Irrigated dairy pasture yield and water use efficiency responses to summer applied nitrogen
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155379
VL  - 68
ID  - 1070
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The effects of temperature, water and nitrogen on pasture production of an 8 year old 'Wana' cocksfoot pasture were quantified at Lincoln University, Canterbury. The maximum dry matter (DM) yield was 22.0 t/ha/yr when neither water nor N were limiting. Crude protein yield of +N pastures was 3.2-4.2 t/ha/yr compared with 1.0 t/ha in -N pastures. Metabolisable energy averaged 178*103 MJ ME/ha/yr for the +N pastures compared with 69*103 MJ ME/ha/yr for -N pastures. Seasonal differences in pasture production were explained in relation to thermal time with 7.0 kg DM/°Cd for N fertilised pastures and 3.3 kg DM/°Cd when no N was applied. During periods of water stress, relative yield decreased at a rate of 1.4%/mm when the soils critical limiting deficit of 78 mm was exceeded.
AN  - CABI:20073155312
AU  - Mills, A.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - McKenzie, B. A.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 89-94
ST  - Cocksfoot pasture production in relation to environmental variables
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Cocksfoot pasture production in relation to environmental variables
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155312
VL  - 68
ID  - 1059
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A sample of growers and users of cereal silage in the South Island of New Zealand were surveyed in 2005 to quantify results and perceptions. Most users perceived they had positive animal responses with 92% reporting that stock performance improved when cereal silage was used as a supplement to grazed pasture. Feedback from growers indicated that cereal silage had potential as a high yielding crop but growers estimates of crop yield varied widely. The majority of growers and users were getting results that met or exceeded their expectations.
AN  - CABI:20073155408
AU  - Milne, G. D.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 221-223
ST  - Cereal silage - a review of its use in the South Island
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Cereal silage - a review of its use in the South Island
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155408
VL  - 68
ID  - 1081
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Mowing trials were carried out to determine the rates of fertiliser nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulphur (S) and frequency of application of K for maximum pasture production on extremely infertile humped and hollowed pakihi soils in the Grey Valley (Souters and Sommervilles dairy units), and flipped soils at Cape Foulwind (Bassetts dairy unit) under high annual rainfall (2000-3000 mm) on the West Coast. In the first measurement year, there was no significant increase in pasture production above 480 kg N/ha, 56 kg P/ha, 360 kg K/ha and 136 kg S/ha at Souters and Bassetts and a significant increase in pasture production up to 600 kg N/ha, 56 kg P/ha, 360 kg K/ha and 140 kg S/ha at Sommervilles. In the second year, there was no significant pasture production increase above 480 kg N/ha, 56 kg P/ha, 360 kg K/ha and 136 kg S/ha at all sites. The high N, K and S rates were required because nutrients were not being recycled through returned clippings. This situation would be similar to the early stages of dairy management on these units where only a small proportion of pasture would receive recycled nutrients through return of excreta. Over time, a larger proportion of the pasture would be affected by excreta and fertiliser nutrient requirements would be expected to decrease. There was no increase in pasture production from applying potassium chloride in more than four applications per year at Souters and Bassetts in the first year, but a significant increase in pasture production from eight compared with four applications per year at Sommervilles, where soil QT (quick test) K levels were lower than at the other two sites.
AN  - CABI:20073155398
AU  - Morton, J. D.
AU  - Roberts, A. H. C.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 331-338
ST  - Pasture production responses to fertiliser on renovated West Coast pakihi soils
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Pasture production responses to fertiliser on renovated West Coast pakihi soils
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155398
VL  - 68
ID  - 1099
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This project was undertaken to examine how people in the North Island of New Zealand might evaluate a variety of rural and agricultural landscapes and the criteria that they used to make their assessment. Between November 2004 and March 2005 a convenience sample of 50 people were interviewed from around the Waikato, Auckland and Bay of Plenty. The interviewers asked people to sort and discuss 54 photos of natural landscapes containing a range of vegetation types. All the photos were standardised to a similar composition to assist in the comparisons. Each person being interviewed was asked to sort the photographs into categories reflecting their own criteria and then explain the categories. They were then asked to identify their most and least preferred categories. The most preferred vegetation types were the indigenous forest types which were considered "inspiring" and "attractive". Well grazed grasslands were moderately preferred as being "natural" and "well managed". Cropped areas were disliked by some people for being "over controlled". The least preferred were gorse blocks and regenerating scrubland which were considered "ugly" and "messy".
AN  - CABI:20073155411
AU  - Parminter, T. G.
AU  - Ford, R. M.
AU  - Wilson, J. A.
AU  - Parminter, L. H.
AU  - Roth, H.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 237-241
ST  - An initial study into New Zealander's perceptions of vegetated landscapes in rural areas
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - An initial study into New Zealander's perceptions of vegetated landscapes in rural areas
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155411
VL  - 68
ID  - 1084
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - We reflect on what has been a recurring theme in the history of agricultural research in NZ - the understanding that while we grow white clover for its capacity to fix nitrogen, this increase in fertility ultimately passes to benefit the accompanying grass. The association of clover and grass is regarded both as a wonderful harmony upon which our economy depends, but also as a competition between species that too often defeats our efforts to realise clover's full potential. We review and revisit the nature of the interaction between the species, and we offer some radical approaches looking forward. These include simple pragmatic options for management for immediate gains in performance, and we identify the need for some critical rethinking to fundamentally alter how grass and clover interact.
AN  - CABI:20073155309
AU  - Parsons, A. J.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
AU  - Chapman, D. F.
AU  - Carran, R. A.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 6
Parsons, Anthony/E-7226-2011
Parsons, Anthony/0000-0001-7441-1855
0
6
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 7-13
ST  - How far have we come: 75 years 'in clover'?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - How far have we come: 75 years 'in clover'?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155309
VL  - 68
ID  - 1052
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Researchers in the AgResearch deer programme are using social research to understand the level of environmental awareness amongst farmers. Our aim in this research was to understand the issues surrounding waterway fencing amongst farmers in Otago and Southland. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected as part of this project. Our findings indicate that the level of environmental awareness amongst farmers was influenced by their specific farm context. Many farmers were defensive when explaining their reasons for or against waterway fencing. Those farmers who did fence off waterways did so for practical reasons. Many believed it was impossible to fence off their waterways. Our findings suggest that the imperatives for fencing have to be balanced with the practicalities. These practicalities tended to centre on the number of streams that would be required to be fenced and the nature of the stream. Many farmers believed they were doing the 'best they could' and therefore did not feel they needed to adopt new environmental practices.
AN  - CABI:20073155402
AU  - Payne, T.
AU  - White, T.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 189-192
ST  - Deer farmers' attitudes to fencing waterways
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Deer farmers' attitudes to fencing waterways
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155402
VL  - 68
ID  - 1075
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The prevalence of annual clover species and white clover (Trifolium repens) during the critical late winter to early summer period (mid Aug-Dec) are compared in relation to aspect, altitude, temperature and rainfall on Mt Grand at Hawea Flat. Measurements were at four north facing sites (450, 620, 750, 910 m a.s.l.) and one shady site at 630 m a.s.l. The rainfall was similar for all altitudes and aspects but annual clovers dominated on sunny faces and the perennial white clover dominated on the shady face with suckling (T. dubium) the only adventive annual clover present. Annual cluster clover (T. glomeratum) dominated on the lower sunny faces at 450 and 620 m and sub clover (T. subterraneum) dominated at 750 m. Suckling and striated clover (T. striatum) were present on all sunny aspect sites and were unaffected by altitude while haresfoot (T. arvense) presence increased with altitude. Air thermal time accumulation for the mid Aug-Dec period was 1440°Cd at the 450 m site and declined at 100°Cd per 100 m of elevation (r2=0.99). Thermal time at 910 m was <1000°Cd and may limit seed production of some annual clover species at or above this altitude. The dominance of adventive annual clovers on the sunny aspects indicates areas that are probably suitable for introduction of improved annual species such as balansa clover (T. michelianum) or modern cultivars of sub. Productivity of perennial white clover which has persisted on the shady faces may be increased by more intensive grazing management.
AN  - CABI:20073155400
AU  - Power, D. R.
AU  - Pollock, K. M.
AU  - Lucas, R. J.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
4
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 343-347
ST  - Clover species cover on summer dry hill country in Central Otago
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Clover species cover on summer dry hill country in Central Otago
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155400
VL  - 68
ID  - 1101
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - While it is true that leaching is usually not a strong pathway for phosphorus (P) loss under many systems, is it true for all? Two studies reported in this paper sought to establish if significant phosphorus leaching can occur under normal pastoral production systems. Undisturbed-core lysimeters collected from a Wharekohe silt loam from Northland were treated with fertiliser P (reactive phosphate rock and superphosphate) then leached from August to November, 2005. In a second study, soil profiles under pasture for sheep/beef and dairy production in the catchments of the Rotorua lakes were sampled to depths of 1.5 m (28 sites), and soil Olsen P and P retention capacity index were determined down these profiles. Phosphorus losses from the Wharekohe soil to 25 cm depth were up to 33% of the P applied (superphosphate applications of 50 and 100 kg P/ha). Some Rotorua soils displayed enriched P concentrations at depth (to 1.5 m), often coupled with moderate or low P sorption capacities. If connectivity exists between leaching pathways and surface water bodies these observations indicate that alternative management strategies need to be developed and adopted for soils that leach significant quantities of P. The Wharekohe silt loam is one such soil.
AN  - CABI:20073155391
AU  - Redding, M. R.
AU  - Ghani, A.
AU  - Kear, M.
AU  - O'Connor, M.
AU  - Catto, W.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 293-296
ST  - Phosphorus leaching from pastures can be an environmental risk and even a significant fertiliser expense
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Phosphorus leaching from pastures can be an environmental risk and even a significant fertiliser expense
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155391
VL  - 68
ID  - 1092
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Organic farming in New Zealand is not considered a mainstream option for farmers. This paper compares organic and conventional farms running side by side at Avalon Farming and details why Avalon Farming is expanding its organic area. Included in the paper are details of the conversion to organic farming and its success. Topics include: (1) challenges of converting from a conventional to an organic system; (2) comparison of conventional and organic production and the financial returns, and (3) marketing options for organic farmers in New Zealand including the growth of farmers' markets.
AN  - CABI:20073155302
AU  - Richardson, A.
AU  - Richardson, S.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 127-132
ST  - A comparison of the organic and conventional livestock farming systems of Avalon farming in West Otago
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - A comparison of the organic and conventional livestock farming systems of Avalon farming in West Otago
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155302
VL  - 68
ID  - 1064
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Forage seed (brassica, grass and legume species) is the delivery vehicle for new plant genetics to the pastoral sector. Seed production technology associated with the release of the first bred pasture cultivars in the 1930s was largely based around horse-drawn reaper and binders and stationary threshing machines. The development of authenticity and quality controls also started in the 1930s with the NZ Seed Certification Scheme. Management inputs were minimal with closing and harvest dates being the major tools available. Over a 75 year period, seed yields have increased, with top growers now achieving seed yields that are three times greater than those reported 50 to 75 years ago. In the 1950s, harvest mechanisation developed rapidly and in the 1970s on-farm seed drying was developed. The availability of nitrogen (N) fertiliser was the first major input available for grass seed growers. The paper follows the science and changing recommendations on N rates and the eventual maximum limit achieved by additional N identified in trials in 2004. From the 1960s onwards, new herbicides have allowed for the control of a wider range of difficult to control weed species, especially the control of other grasses in ryegrass seed crops and broadleaved weeds in white clover. New generation fungicides, insecticides and plant growth regulators have provided improved management tools for increased seed yields. The paper concludes with changes in extension from Government driven (Department of Agriculture) to farmer funded R&D and extension by the Foundation for Arable Research.
AN  - CABI:20073155305
AU  - Rolston, M. P.
AU  - Chynoweth, R. J.
AU  - Stewart, A. V.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 15-23
ST  - Forage seed production: 75 years applying science and technology
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Forage seed production: 75 years applying science and technology
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155305
VL  - 68
ID  - 1053
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Unreliable establishment of brassica forage crops prompted an investigation into the effect of sowing depth and current commercial seed treatments on rates of emergence and total emerged seedling numbers. Three trials in New Zealand using Barkant forage turnip (Brassica campestris sp. rapa cv. Barkant) were sown by no-tillage in conditions managed to minimise invertebrate pressure. Rate of emergence was measured by seedling counts taken at multiple stages over the first 24 days after sowing. Trial A tested the effect of seed treatment (SuperStrike, UltraStrike, Gaucho 600 FS 24 ml/kg (14.4 g a.i imidacloprid/kg seed), Gaucho 600 FS 12 ml/kg (7.2 g a.i imidacloprid/kg seed) and untreated control) on seed sown at 10 mm depth, with no significant difference in the rate of emergence of any seed treatment and the untreated control (bare seed). Trial B tested the effect of seed treatment (SuperStrike and untreated control) on seed sown on the soil surface (0 mm), with no difference in rate of emergence being found. Trial C tested the effect of sowing depth (surface (0 mm), 10, 25, 50 mm) on rate of emergence, and found that seed sown at 10 mm depth was initially faster to emerge (7 days after sowing). Subsequent counts established that 10 and 25 mm depths had equivalent rates of emergence and had reached the highest total number of seedlings emerged by 15 days after sowing. In contrast, seed sown on the surface (0 mm) or at 50 mm depth had a lower total emergence count. Trial C also found that subsurface sown seed (10, 25 and 50 mm depths) reached peak number of emerged seedlings faster (15 days after sowing) than seed sown on the soil surface (0 mm).
AN  - CABI:20073155406
AU  - Salmon, R. W.
AU  - Dumbleton, A. J.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 5
0
5
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 211-214
ST  - The effect of seed treatment and depth of sowing on forage brassica crop establishment in no-tillage situations
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The effect of seed treatment and depth of sowing on forage brassica crop establishment in no-tillage situations
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155406
VL  - 68
ID  - 1079
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In the potential paddock subdivision of a large property, a simulation study shows a rapidly increasing total fencing requirement as paddock shapes depart from square to rectangular, with it being 6% greater if length to width ratio is 2:1 and 25% when 4:1. It is similar or slightly less for a hexagonal shape with some advantages from machinery or animal behaviour considerations. Fencing a triangular shape would be 21% greater. Provision of access lanes to all paddocks simplifies management. While a series of ring lanes plus a few connecting lanes in square paddock design increases total fencing by 30% as compared to 25% for a central lane plus laterals lanes, it does result in a 9% reduction in the mean distance (time) needed to move stock between paddocks.
AN  - CABI:20073155396
AU  - Scott, D.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 321-323
ST  - Consideration of paddock shape and access in subdivision fencing
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Consideration of paddock shape and access in subdivision fencing
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155396
VL  - 68
ID  - 1097
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Adoption of new technologies or management systems on sheep and beef farms is a complex business. Multicriteria decision making (MCDM) methods provide a quantitative means to assist with decision making where there are multiple and conflicting goals measured in different units. The MCDM process consists of a series of stages from defining the problem to identifying the best alternatives. In a study investigating the adoption of beef production technologies, seven sheep and beef farmers from throughout New Zealand were confronted with a choice of improved or new systems for their beef production operations. Suggested systems had gross margin values calculated for them. The MCDM tool was then used to rank the new systems in order of preference. The farmers decided what criteria were important to them in making decisions. They then scored each system for each of the criteria, and decided on the importance of each criterion relative to other criteria. An overall ranking for each system was calculated using this information. Across all seven case studies, profit and issues directly related to profit made up less than half of the contribution to the top ranked system. In two cases, it contributed less than 20% of the total. Other criteria included sustainability, management complexity, labour requirements, family needs, impacts on pasture quality control and input costs risk. In nearly half of all cases, the most profitable option was not the preferred option when all criteria were considered.
AN  - CABI:20073155410
AU  - Smeaton, D. C.
AU  - Dooley, A. E.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 229-235
ST  - Adoption of new technologies or management systems on sheep and beef farms
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Adoption of new technologies or management systems on sheep and beef farms
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155410
VL  - 68
ID  - 1083
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A trial was laid down at Woodlands in Southland to investigate the effect of pasture manganese (Mn) on sheep performance. Pasture Mn concentrations were increased from background concentrations (82-98 mg/kg DM) to 192-354, 466-694 and 912-1178 mg/kg DM by the regular spray application of MnSO4. These pasture concentrations were replicated four times and grazed by mobs of 10 Coopworth * Texel ram lambs. Pasture growth, botanical composition and pasture Mn concentrations were monitored. Lamb liveweights were measured fortnightly and the lambs were slaughtered after 14 weeks with the livers of six animals from each treatment sampled for vitamin B12, copper (Cu), selenium (Se) and Mn concentration. Average clover content of the pastures declined throughout the trial, averaging 17%, 15% and 4% for the three grazing areas respectively. Animal growth rates averaged 180 g/day for the duration of the experiment but varied from 250 g/day during the first 2 weeks they grazed the pastures declining steadily for each 2 week period they remained on that group of paddocks to a low of <90 g/day after 6 weeks. The animal growth rates were only significantly influenced by extremely high initial Mn concentrations (>2000 mg/kg DM) or where concentrations were above 1200 mg/kg DM for the full 2 week grazing period. There was no effect of high Mn intake on liver B12, Se, Cu or Mn under these conditions.
AN  - CABI:20073155301
AU  - Smith, L. C.
AU  - Knowler, K.
AU  - Morton, J. D.
AU  - Catto, W. D.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 121-126
ST  - The effect of pasture manganese concentrations on lamb growth
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The effect of pasture manganese concentrations on lamb growth
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155301
VL  - 68
ID  - 1063
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The need for anthelmintic drenching varies from animal to animal. To avoid unnecessary use of drenches it is therefore desirable to formulate drenching rules that apply to the individual, rather than the mob. We used a computer decision support tool called the general planner for agro-ecosystem models (GPAM) to investigate drenching rules for lamb production on a dual organic-conventional farm. The GPAM was combined with a dynamic model of nematode infection in lambs to help understand how varying premiums for organically produced lamb affected optimal drenching decisions. Simulations showed that there was no incentive to produce lambs organically if the premium for organic meat was less than 20%. Even when the premium was increased to 80%, half the lambs slaughtered had conventional status. As the premium increased, more lambs were produced organically and there was greater variation in liveweight between animals, whether drenched or undrenched. This modelling exercise demonstrated that there is potential to devise individualised drenching strategies that return the greatest carcass value for the entire mob. However, it is also clear that without alternative non-anthelmintic strategies to control infection, a significant proportion of the flock will have to be finished using drenches even with high premiums for organic lamb.
AN  - CABI:20073155376
AU  - Snow, V. O.
AU  - Rollo, M. D.
AU  - Lovatt, S. J.
AU  - Dynes, R. A.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 143-147
ST  - A general planner to explore drenching strategies in natural and organic lamb production systems
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - A general planner to explore drenching strategies in natural and organic lamb production systems
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155376
VL  - 68
ID  - 1067
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In breeding hind systems, summer is often a period when feed quality and quantity may compromise lactation in the hind and growth of the calf. The growth and feed intake of calves and hinds offered the leaf turnip Pasja were compared to those on a perennial pasture. Calves consumed 1.0 kg forage DM/head/d on pasture and 0.77 kg DM/d on Pasja. The higher digestibility of Pasja meant that the metabolisable energy intake of Pasja was only 1.7 MJ ME/head/d lower than pasture. Hinds grazing pasture consumed 4.8 kg DM/head/d compared with 3.7 kg DM/head/d when fed Pasja. The digestibility of the two diets was not significantly different resulting in an energy intake that was 13.2 MJ ME/d or 33% higher in pasture fed hinds. The weaning weight of calves was 58.3 and 55.2 kg on pasture and the Pasja crop respectively having gained 19.1 and 16.9 kg respectively. Using brassicas to shift feed of high quality from late spring into summer will be best suited to dry environments where the quantity and quality of pasture may not be able to meet the requirements of the lactating hind and her calf.
AN  - CABI:20073155407
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Corson, I. D.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 215-219
ST  - The feed intake and liveweight responses of hinds and calves grazing leaf turnip or pasture during late lactation
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The feed intake and liveweight responses of hinds and calves grazing leaf turnip or pasture during late lactation
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155407
VL  - 68
ID  - 1080
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The East Otago region has been at the forefront of agricultural advancement in New Zealand with key people leading the way in creating a culture of innovation. Rural technology developments are traced back from the emerging new biotechnology industries, through animal genetics research, improvements in hill country and pasture production, soil and fertilizer research, the introduction of deer farming and sheep breeding, to the frozen meat shipments, agricultural organization restructuring and land reforms of the early settlers.
AN  - CABI:20073155306
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Cousins, K. A.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Cousins, Karen/0000-0003-3102-2598
0
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 25-31
ST  - Agricultural innovation in East Otago: helping to shape New Zealand's farming industry
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Agricultural innovation in East Otago: helping to shape New Zealand's farming industry
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155306
VL  - 68
ID  - 1054
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A comparative study of cows grazing grasses differing in soluble sugar content was undertaken to explore whether sugar content improves ruminal plant protein utilisation and influences milk flavour chemistry. Lower concentrations of ammonia, and amino-acid degradation products including the flavour compounds skatole and indole were observed for rumen contents sampled from non-lactating fistulated cows grazing high sugar ryegrass relative to samples from cows grazing Italian or a standard perennial ryegrass, suggesting improved plant protein nitrogen utilisation in response to the high sugar grass diet. Concentrations of plant protein fermentation products in the rumen of the fistulated cows were significantly higher at noon, compared to morning and afternoon values. In milk collected twice daily from the lactating cows grazing the above ryegrass varieties, no differences in yields of milkfat or skatole were detected between cows fed the different grass varieties. However yields of skatole in milkfat were two times higher in afternoon than morning milk. The rumen response to morning feeding appears to influence the flavour chemistry of afternoon milk.
AN  - CABI:20073155386
AU  - Tavendale, M. H.
AU  - Pacheco, D.
AU  - Lane, G. A.
AU  - Fraser, K.
AU  - Death, A. F.
AU  - Burke, J. L.
AU  - Hickey, M. J.
AU  - Cosgrove, G. P.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 6
Fraser, Karl/0000-0002-1136-4024
0
9
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 261-265
ST  - The effects of ryegrass varieties differing in soluble sugar content on the rumen fermentation of amino acids and consequences for milk flavour chemistry
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The effects of ryegrass varieties differing in soluble sugar content on the rumen fermentation of amino acids and consequences for milk flavour chemistry
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155386
VL  - 68
ID  - 1087
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Applying water efficiently is increasingly important for dairy farmers and other users of surface and groundwater resources to maintain sustainable production. However, irrigation is rarely monitored. We used a questionnaire survey and measurements of five spray irrigation systems working in normal farm conditions to make observations on how efficiently irrigation is being managed. Survey results from 93 dairy farmers showed that, although the farmers believe they know how much water is being applied during irrigation, only 60% make measurements, and about 18% measure irrigation uniformity. Catch-can measurement of irrigation application depth for the different spray systems indicated large variability in application depths during irrigation, and field distribution uniformity ranged greatly between the different systems, decreasing in the order of centre pivots > travelling irrigators > K-line. Changes in irrigation system settings were sometimes made without considering application depths or uniformity. If our five case studies are typical, they may explain the large range of seasonal irrigation amounts recorded in the survey. We recommend that farmers monitor irrigation application depths and uniformity to help manage irrigation water efficiently and to help them estimate the value of irrigation to their enterprise.
AN  - CABI:20073155382
AU  - Thomas, S. M.
AU  - Bloomer, D.
AU  - Martin, R. J.
AU  - Horrocks, A.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Thomas, Steve/F-2064-2013
Thomas, Steve/0000-0002-9202-483X
0
1
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 177-181
ST  - Spray irrigation on dairy pastures - efficient or not?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Spray irrigation on dairy pastures - efficient or not?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155382
VL  - 68
ID  - 1073
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Poplar trees serve a wide variety of purposes on New Zealand farms. Their high growth rate and ability to establish from poles make them a very suitable tree species for soil conservation plantings on erosion-prone hill pastures. The impact that such plantings have on understorey pasture production as the tree canopy develops in size was determined by measuring pasture dry matter (DM) production on three North Island sheep and beef hill farms. Poplars markedly reduced annual pasture production by up to 50% at high canopy closure. To maintain pasture production at 65-75% of uneroded open pasture, poplar canopy closure should not exceed 50%. However, it must be emphasised that the loss in production through soil erosion (e.g. slips or earthflows) without poplars can be even greater, more permanent, and much more unpredictable.
AN  - CABI:20073155397
AU  - Wall, A. J.
AU  - Kemp, P. D.
AU  - MacKay, A. D.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 3
Kemp, Peter/B-4639-2011
0
3
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 325-330
ST  - Predicting pasture production under poplars using canopy closure images
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Predicting pasture production under poplars using canopy closure images
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155397
VL  - 68
ID  - 1098
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The irrigation of perennial pasture and the growing of dryland summer forage crops are two common methods of increasing the supply of and nutritional value of home grown forage on dairy farms in south west Victoria, Australia. In recent years the amount and reliability of supply of irrigation water to dairy farmers in the region has decreased through drought and increased regulation. Over the last 8 years a series of studies have been conducted to investigate the most efficient use of unreliable irrigation water supplies. Perennial pasture was found to be particularly sensitive in terms of reduced productivity and water use efficiency (WUE) to poor irrigation practices. However, under good management and reliable water supply it is still likely to be the easiest and most economically efficient irrigation system. Irrigated summer forage crops were found to have a higher WUE, but responses were variable due to year to year seasonal differences. These crops were found to be more tolerant of poor irrigation management and were able to take advantage of reduced amounts of irrigation water and one off irrigations.
AN  - CABI:20073155381
AU  - Ward, G. N.
AU  - Jacobs, J. L.
AU  - McKenzie, F. R.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 173-176
ST  - Using limited irrigation water - crops or pasture?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Using limited irrigation water - crops or pasture?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155381
VL  - 68
ID  - 1072
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Fertilizer management is an important aspect of growing good forage brassica crops. Every crop has a different requirement, depending on soil fertility and the expected yield response. Systems were developed for forecasting how much fertilizer, and what types, to apply to individual kale and Pasja crops in New Zealand. First, yield responses to fertilizer application were measured in trials in diverse climates and soil fertility conditions. Yield responded strongly to N and P availability, there were few responses to K fertilizer application, and there were no responses to S application. Second, overall responses to the nutrient supply from soil and fertilizer sources were determined in a comprehensive across-trials analysis using the PARJIB model. R-squared values for correlations between actual yields and yields simulated with the PARJIB calibrations were 0.65 and 0.64 for Pasja and kale, respectively. Finally, the results were programmed into new software systems (The Kale Calculator and The Pasja Calculator) that deliver a forecast for each crop of the types and amounts of fertilizer that will give the best economic return on the investment in fertilizer.
AN  - CABI:20073155405
AU  - Wilson, D. R.
AU  - Reid, J. B.
AU  - Zyskowski, R. F.
AU  - Maley, S.
AU  - Pearson, A. J.
AU  - Armstrong, S. D.
AU  - Catto, W. D.
AU  - Stafford, A. D.
DA  - 2006
N1  - Times Cited: 12
Reid, Jeffrey/0000-0002-3269-7151
0
12
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 205-210
ST  - Forecasting fertiliser requirements of forage brassica crops
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Forecasting fertiliser requirements of forage brassica crops
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20073155405
VL  - 68
ID  - 1078
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The reaction of ingested forage plant fragments to the rumen environment may contribute to the rapid degradation of plant cell contents in the rumen. A series of experiments were used to explore the hypothesis that plant-mediated proteolysis (PMP) contributes to N loss from fresh forage entering the rumen, and to investigate the potential for identifying cultivars with reduced PMP. During an in sacco time-course experiment, chopped fresh field grown perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) leaf samples lost 15% of their total N within the first 8 hours in the absence of rumen microbes; whereas 40% was lost from samples incubated with exposure to rumen microbes. Accumulation of free amino acids in the buffer accounted for 75% of the N loss after 24 hours. In a subsequent experiment, in vitro incubation of samples from five perennial ryegrass cultivars detected significant (P<0.05) differences in the extent of PMP for one cultivar. A further in vitro experiment detected significant (P<0.05) variation in PMP among ryegrass genotypes (n=24) within two cultivars. Percentage N loss was not correlated with N concentration in the fresh forage sample. These data indicate PMP contributes to N loss from intact fresh plant cells in the rumen, that it is possible to identify cultivars with reduced PMP, and that there may be potential to further reduce PMP by selection within ryegrass populations.
AN  - CABI:20083067447
AU  - Barrett, B. A.
AU  - Pacheco, D.
AU  - McNabb, W. C.
AU  - Easton, H. S.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 187-192
ST  - Opportunities to improve nitrogen utilisation in the rumen by reduction in plant-mediated proteolysis
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Opportunities to improve nitrogen utilisation in the rumen by reduction in plant-mediated proteolysis
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067447
VL  - 69
ID  - 1035
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - To farm efficiently within a nitrogen (N) cap, Taupo farmers need to know the relative N-leaching potential of existing and potential farming enterprises. We quantified production and N leaching in four 'cut and carry' cropping treatments (Trial 1), and two cattle grazing systems (Trial 2), in replicated trials over 3 years. Annual crop systems Triticale and Maize, which included annual ryegrass as a winter cover crop, leached 104 and 222 (1 year only) kg nitrate-N/ha respectively, while perennial crops Lucerne and Pasture leached 19 and 12 kg nitrate-N/ha/yr respectively. In grazing systems, removing cattle between May and August reduced N-leaching from 13 to 5 kg nitrate-N/ha/yr and could be achieved by strategic selling and buying, grazing-off, or using feed-pad systems. N-fertilised annual crops, can lead to high N leaching whereas in cattle grazing systems, strategic destocking over winter can greatly reduce N leaching. Some enterprise choices based on quantified N leaching data can now be made.
AN  - CABI:20083067439
AU  - Betteridge, K.
AU  - Hoogendoorn, C. J.
AU  - Thorrold, B. S.
AU  - Costall, D. A.
AU  - Ledgard, S. F.
AU  - Park-Ng, Z. A.
AU  - Theobald, P. W.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 123-129
ST  - Nitrate leaching and productivity of some farming options in the Lake Taupo catchment
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Nitrate leaching and productivity of some farming options in the Lake Taupo catchment
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067439
VL  - 69
ID  - 1027
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Gruner kale showed a linear increase (8.0 kg DM/ha per °Cd) in biomass with sowings on 1 October, 3 November and 1 December producing 23, 19 and 17 t DM/ha (respectively) by the 29 May. Regrowth following mid season defoliation was slow (5.3 kg DM/ha per °Cd) reducing total production (relative to undefoliated) by 7.5 and 5.5 t DM/ha for treatments defoliated on the 29 January and 14 March, respectively. Leaf biomass increased to a ceiling yield of 3.1 t DM/ha at 1620°Cd after sowing. Defoliation on or after this time allowed additional (0.9-1.4 t DM/ha) regrowth but is unlikely to offset the reduced total production suggesting defoliation is not a viable option for kale. A second experiment showed no significant difference in the regrowth potential of Gruner and Kestral kale. Increasing cutting height from 10 to 60 cm reduced total DM production from 15.6 to 11.8 t/ha and reduced the amount of leaf DM produced from 5.1 to 4.2 t/ha.
AN  - CABI:20083067424
AU  - Brown, H. E.
AU  - Maley, S.
AU  - Wilson, D. R.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 10
0
11
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 29-33
ST  - Investigations of alternative kale management: production, regrowth and quality from different sowing and defoliation dates
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Investigations of alternative kale management: production, regrowth and quality from different sowing and defoliation dates
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067424
VL  - 69
ID  - 1012
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Strategies to reduce nitrogen leaching losses from pastoral farming in the Lake Taupo catchment are required to address declining water quality in the lake. This study used a biophysical whole farm simulation model, EcoMod, to explore the potential for four mitigation strategies to reduce N leaching in a soil and climate typical of the region. The strategies were use of: a nitrification inhibitor (DCD); steers instead of heifers (STEER); salt as a diuretic (SALT) and; high sugar ryegrass (HSG). These were compared to a BASE scenario of grazed heifers. Each of the simulated mitigation strategies showed the potential to significantly reduce nitrogen leaching compared to BASE by 25 to 45%. All mitigation strategies reduced nitrogen fixation due to more efficient plant use of nitrogen from urinary and faecal sources. This also contributed to an increase in pasture intake for SALT, STEER and DCD, but not for HSG. These mitigation strategies were explored at a single-paddock level and planned experimental studies will further examine the effectiveness of the strategies.
AN  - CABI:20083067442
AU  - Bryant, J. R.
AU  - Hoogendoorn, C. J.
AU  - Snow, V. O.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 14
0
15
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 145-151
ST  - Simulation of mitigation strategies to reduce nitrogen leaching from grazed pasture
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Simulation of mitigation strategies to reduce nitrogen leaching from grazed pasture
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067442
VL  - 69
ID  - 1030
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The decline in water quality in Lake Taupo has been attributed to nitrogen (N) leaching from surrounding land areas. Pastoral agriculture has been identified as a significant contributor to this N transfer to the lake through animal urine deposition. There is therefore an immediate need for new management options to reduce N losses. The objective of this study was to measure the effectiveness of using a nitrification inhibitor (eco-n) to reduce nitrate leaching losses from a pasture soil of the Taupo region. A 3-year study was conducted using 20 lysimeters on Landcorp's 'Waihora' sheep and beef farm, within 10 km of Lake Taupo. The results show that animal urine patches were the main source of nitrate leaching (>95% of the total annual loss) and that eco-n significantly (P<0.05) reduced nitrate leaching losses from urine treated lysimeters. When the lysimeter results were combined with a detailed GPS survey and GIS analysis of urine patch coverage of the farm it is concluded that eco-n reduced annual nitrate leaching losses by between 23 and 32%, with an average reduction of 27%. Thus eco-n represents a practical technology that pastoral farmers could adopt today, to assist them to meet new water quality standards in sensitive catchments near Lake Taupo and the upper Waikato River.
AN  - CABI:20083067440
AU  - Cameron, K. C.
AU  - Di, H. J.
AU  - Moir, J. L.
AU  - Roberts, A. H. C.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 8
Moir, Jim/F-1232-2018; Cameron, Keith/C-3301-2018; Brown, Barbara/J-3269-2012; Di, Hong/G-5583-2010
Moir, Jim/0000-0001-6677-3901; Cameron, Keith/0000-0002-7631-1636;
0
8
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 131-135
ST  - Reducing nitrate leaching losses from a Taupo pumice soil using a nitrification inhibitor eco-n
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Reducing nitrate leaching losses from a Taupo pumice soil using a nitrification inhibitor eco-n
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067440
VL  - 69
ID  - 1028
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This paper discusses the 12 critical issues confronting New Zealand's agriculture that need to be managed for sustainable production. The issues include: productivity; labour supply and skills; environmental concerns including land, water and air sustainability, food miles, climate change; regulation and bureaucracy; cost and availability of land and capital; feed supply for agricultural animals; exchange rate volatility; added value opportunities; biosecurity; public perceptions of agriculture; energy supply and efficiency; and market and consumer dynamics and opportunities. The response of the New Zealand Grassland Association to these 12 challenges is enumerated.
AN  - CABI:20083069734
AU  - Caradus, J. R.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 1-10
ST  - Presidential address: Pastoral agriculture - New Zealand's competitive advantage
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Presidential address: Pastoral agriculture - New Zealand's competitive advantage
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083069734
VL  - 69
ID  - 1008
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Farmers throughout New Zealand are interested in pasture growth and quality but often this information is hard to obtain for their particular farm environment. The Meat and Wool New Zealand (M&WNZ) PasturePlanTM programme enabled participating farmers to measure growth on their farms and generated a large database across New Zealand. Information from pasture probes, rising plate meters and herbage samples submitted by farmers at regular intervals over a 4-year period was used to build the PasturePlanTM database. Pasture probe and plate data were calibrated by region and season against actual yields. The Q-graze programme was used to estimate pasture quality. There was considerable variation in pasture growth rates and quality between seasons and years within a location and between locations. Farmers easily measured pasture growth and quality on their properties. Other farmers in similar environments can use the PasturePlanTM data to help make feed planning decisions.
AN  - CABI:20083067431
AU  - Clarke-Hill, W. J.
AU  - Fraser, T. J.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 73-77
ST  - PasturePlanTM: on-farm pasture growth and quality data for sheep and beef farms throughout New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - PasturePlanTM: on-farm pasture growth and quality data for sheep and beef farms throughout New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067431
VL  - 69
ID  - 1019
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A field trial was established to quantify the impacts of lime (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 t/ha) and nitrogen (N) fertiliser (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 kg N/ha/year) addition on the dry matter (DM) production of a crop sequence of triticale followed by dryland pasture that was established on a site converted from long-established plantation forestry. Results are reported for the first 22 months. The application of lime up to 10 t/ha had no effect on triticale DM production. In the subsequent pasture, the percentage of clover increased from 15% without lime to 25-30% when 5-10 t/ha of lime was applied. Lime application only increased pasture DM production in the last 4 months. Annual pasture DM production increased significantly with increasing levels of N fertiliser application from 5.3 t DM/ha with no N applied to 7.5 t DM/ha at 400 kg N/ha. The observed response to N addition was mainly attributed to the low N status of the soil following conversion, which in turn was compounded by the ongoing decomposition of large quantities of mulched woody debris.
AN  - CABI:20083067437
AU  - Condron, L. M.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Marshall, A. J.
AU  - White, P. J.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018
Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X
0
1
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 111-115
ST  - Forage responses to lime and nitrogen fertiliser on land converted from pine forest to dryland pasture in Canterbury
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Forage responses to lime and nitrogen fertiliser on land converted from pine forest to dryland pasture in Canterbury
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067437
VL  - 69
ID  - 1025
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - An elevated concentration of water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) in grasses may increase the availability of readily degradable energy, increase milk production and improve the efficiency of nitrogen utilisation. Two ryegrasses with elevated WSC, a tetraploid Italian (IRG) and a diploid perennial selected for higher WSC (HSG), were compared against a standard diploid perennial (STG) during spring 2004 and 2005, and autumn 2006 and 2007. Groups of cows (n=20) grazed each grass type for periods of 6 weeks in spring and 2 weeks in autumn. During spring, the 'high' WSC grasses were 20-40 g/kg DM higher in concentration of WSC than the standard (P<0.01), whereas in autumn the difference was smaller and not significant. The production of milk and milksolids (MS) did not differ significantly among grasses in spring or in autumn 2006. In autumn 2007, MS production was higher for HSG than STG (1.09 and 0.99 kg MS/cow/day for HSG and STG, respectively, P=0.006). While the greater MS production cannot be attributed to higher WSC per se, it may be related to other differences between grass types, such as a lower fibre content of the high WSC grasses, or factors affecting intake and the partitioning of nutrients to production or body reserves by cows during late lactation.
AN  - CABI:20083067446
AU  - Cosgrove, G. P.
AU  - Burke, J. L.
AU  - Death, A. F.
AU  - Hickey, M. J.
AU  - Pacheco, D.
AU  - Lane, G. A.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 18
1
21
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 179-185
ST  - Ryegrasses with increased water soluble carbohydrate: evaluating the potential for grazing dairy cows in New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Ryegrasses with increased water soluble carbohydrate: evaluating the potential for grazing dairy cows in New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067446
VL  - 69
ID  - 1034
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The effect of clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) (CRW) larval feeding on subterranean, suckling, striated and clustered clovers was compared with white clover in a glasshouse experiment. Growth of suckling, striated, and clustered clover was significantly reduced by CRW, approaching the levels of damage recorded in white clover. N fixation in suckling and clustered clovers was also reduced. Growth and nitrogen fixation of two subterranean clovers (cv. Denmark, cv. Leura) were changed relatively little by CRW larval feeding. The relatively high level of the isoflavonoid biochaninA that was present in subterranean clover roots may explain the species' tolerance of CRW. These results suggest that CRW may not pose a major threat to dryland farming systems based on subterranean clover.
AN  - CABI:20083067452
AU  - Crush, J. R.
AU  - Ouyang, L.
AU  - Gerard, P. J.
AU  - Rasmussen, S.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Rasmussen, Susanne/D-4526-2017
Rasmussen, Susanne/0000-0001-5464-8978
0
2
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 213-217
ST  - Effect of clover root weevil larvae on four annual forage legumes
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effect of clover root weevil larvae on four annual forage legumes
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067452
VL  - 69
ID  - 1040
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Dry matter production and pasture composition were measured over 22 months in eight cropping sequences on a dryland site converted from forest to pasture. Cropping sequences involved different combinations of: (i) autumn and spring sowing; (ii) sowing immediately into pasture or into oat and triticale forage crops followed by pasture; and (iii) undersowing pasture beneath rape or conventional sowing. Annual DM production varied little among treatments (mean 6. 8 t DM/ha) once pastures were established in all sequences. Sites sown directly into pasture in autumn had a high (27%) annual legume content in the first spring but a low annual legume content in the second spring (<3%). Pastures undersown beneath a rape nurse crop after triticale and oat crops contained no gorse and had a higher percentage of white and Caucasian clover than conventionally sown pastures. Managers of forest to pasture conversion programmes should consider utilising a sequence of winter forage crops followed by pasture establishment beneath a rape nurse crop. This ensures superior woody weed control and a high abundance of pasture legumes to enhance nitrogen inputs.
AN  - CABI:20083067433
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Marshall, A. J.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018
Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X
0
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 87-91
ST  - Pasture composition and production from different cropping sequences in dryland pasture converted from Pinus radiata forest
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Pasture composition and production from different cropping sequences in dryland pasture converted from Pinus radiata forest
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067433
VL  - 69
ID  - 1021
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - There has been mounting interest over the proposed production and environmental benefits from using perennial ryegrass cultivars bred to have higher water soluble carbohydrate content (high sugar grasses). Here, we objectively review published evidence, from the EU and New Zealand, of the effects of these on milk yield per cow, liveweight gain in sheep, N utilisation and wider trophic interactions. The literature reveals substantial variation in animal responses, though some of the uncertainty in interpretation can be resolved by combining the data from multiple trials, and showing this forms a continuum of response to diet quality. It also reveals variation in the degree to which the sugar trait has been expressed, possibly reflecting a gene * environment interaction. Achieving a more consistent, and probably greater than current, expression of the high sugar trait would be a valuable goal. We suggest 'proof of concept' has been shown, notably for the potential for improving N utilisation in the rumen, and so reducing the proportion of N intake lost in urine. The evidence suggests that this may be a greater challenge, albeit a more valuable goal, because of the relatively high N (crude protein) content forages that predominate in the New Zealand pasture industry.
AN  - CABI:20083067444
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
AU  - Parsons, A. J.
AU  - Rasmussen, S.
AU  - Bryant, R. H.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 29
Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018; Rasmussen, Susanne/D-4526-2017; Bryant, Racheal/G-7766-2014; Parsons, Anthony/E-7226-2011
Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X; Rasmussen, Susanne/0000-0001-5464-8978; Parsons, Anthony/0000-0001-7441-1855
0
32
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 161-171
ST  - High sugar ryegrasses for livestock systems in New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - High sugar ryegrasses for livestock systems in New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067444
VL  - 69
ID  - 1032
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Conversion of land planted in exotic forestry to pastoral farming has accelerated in recent years, particularly in South Waikato and Bay of Plenty. The implementation of these conversions has sometimes been to the detriment of the environment. This project was conceived to encourage and demonstrate good practices, work with Regional Authorities and monitor the results of conversions on agricultural and environmental parameters. A best practices guideline booklet has been produced and successful field days held on conversion properties. Monitor data indicated good pasture production can be achieved in year one after conversion and water quality may be declining adjacent to conversion sites. Earthworms were absent in converted pastures, but grass grub and clover root weevil populations were building up soon after conversion.
AN  - CABI:20083067432
AU  - Elliott, I.
AU  - Hawke, M. F.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 79-86
ST  - Best management practices for forestry to farming conversions
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Best management practices for forestry to farming conversions
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067432
VL  - 69
ID  - 1020
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - With increased use of feed from outside the effective milking area on dairy farms, milksolids (MS) per effective ha is no longer a sound basis for comparing farms and evaluating options for improving efficiency and profitability. Development of new, quantitative measures for feed and land use efficiency is required. These measures should take account of the extra land used to grow all feed types used for MS production and define how well the feed grown and purchased is converted into MS. Two methods were used to re-calculate MS per ha for six high performing farms (average of 2073 kg MS per effective ha) using a wide range of imported feed. Using these calculations, the farms averaged 1513 kg MS per total ha used and 1450 kg MS per ha produced from home grown pasture and crops. Yields of home grown pasture and crop harvested per effective ha ranged from 14.7 to 17.5 t DM per ha and feed conversion efficiency ranged from 85-94 kg MS per tonne DM. These benchmarks can be used to identify opportunities to improve pasture grown, harvested and converted into milksolids on NZ dairy farms.
AN  - CABI:20083067459
AU  - Glassey, C. B.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 253-257
ST  - Development and testing of new performance measures for milksolids production per hectare
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Development and testing of new performance measures for milksolids production per hectare
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067459
VL  - 69
ID  - 1047
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This research was completed for school science fairs, to see whether agricultural lime affects facial eczema spore numbers. Lime was applied at various rates on grazed plots, and using the Pithomyces chartarum (L) spore count wash method, the effect of lime on spore counts was measured. The residual effect of recent and past lime applications up to 3 years old was also measured. Lime applied at 2.5 tonnes/hectare killed nearly all of the spores within 5-8 days and maintained levels below the danger level of 50 000 spores/g for several weeks (whilst spores were present). As well as this short term effect, 2007 spore counts on plots last treated with lime in 2006 and 2005 averaged 44 167 and 35 833 spores/g respectively which were well below the 2007 control plot counts, which averaged 123 333 spores/g pasture. In these experiments, lime was effective at reducing facial eczema spore numbers when applied at 2.5 t/ha, with up to 2 year's residual effect. Therefore tactical use of lime applications could potentially protect farmers and stock from the effects of facial eczema for up to 3 years.
AN  - CABI:20083067457
AU  - Grierson, P. J.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 239-244
ST  - A preliminary study of the effects of lime application on levels of facial eczema spores in pasture
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - A preliminary study of the effects of lime application on levels of facial eczema spores in pasture
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067457
VL  - 69
ID  - 1045
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This study set out to compare plant function and performance of strawberry clover to that of white clover. To test this, the two species were exposed to drought for 4 weeks under controlled environmental conditions. Water stress reduced the size and dry matter of white clover leaves by more than 50%, whereas strawberry clover leaves remained unaffected. White clover photosynthesis decreased by nearly 50% under drought, accompanied by a reduction in leaf water status (water potential) by more than one third. In contrast, strawberry clover maintained a higher water status, photosynthesis and transpiration rate under drought than white clover. In addition, we observed drought-induced reductions in white clover leaf quality, including lower nitrogen levels. We conclude that strawberry clover displays drought resistance in a number of key leaf parameters. The findings suggest value in testing strawberry clover as a complement or alternative to white clover in drought-prone pasture environments.
AN  - CABI:20083067453
AU  - Hofmann, R. W.
AU  - Lin, W.
AU  - Stilwell, S. A.
AU  - Lucas, R. J.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Hofmann, Rainer/D-2686-2018
Hofmann, Rainer/0000-0002-1804-2319
0
2
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 219-222
ST  - Comparison of drought resistance in strawberry clover and white clover
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Comparison of drought resistance in strawberry clover and white clover
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067453
VL  - 69
ID  - 1041
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The agronomic merits of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cultivar infected with a new endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii), AR37, were compared with the same cultivar infected with currently available endophytes (AR1, Standard) at two sites in northern New Zealand for at least 3 years. AR37-infected ryegrass was the highest yielding treatment at both sites (11 080 kg DM/ha/yr) producing more dry matter than either AR1 or Standard-infected ryegrass which yielded similar amounts (8870 kg DM/ha/yr). Yield advantages of AR37-infected ryegrass were greater at Kerikeri (36%) than Hamilton (17%), with differences increasing over successive years at both sites. At Hamilton, tiller populations were lowest in AR37-infected ryegrass in Year 2, and lowest in AR1-infected ryegrass 3 and 5 years after sowing. At both sites AR37-infected ryegrass had the lowest infestation scores for root aphid. At Hamilton in Year 4, more damage by African black beetle larvae occurred to AR1-infected plants than to AR37 and Standard-infected plants. These pests are likely to have contributed to the differences in agronomic performance observed. These agronomic results suggest AR37-infected ryegrass cultivars will be a useful choice for farmers in northern New Zealand.
AN  - CABI:20083067450
AU  - Hume, D. E.
AU  - Ryan, D. L.
AU  - Cooper, B. M.
AU  - Popay, A. J.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 21
0
22
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 201-205
ST  - Agronomic performance of AR37-infected ryegrass in northern New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Agronomic performance of AR37-infected ryegrass in northern New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067450
VL  - 69
ID  - 1038
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Assessment of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions associated with dairy products needs to account for the whole life cycle of the products, particularly with the debate about "food miles" (the transportation of product from producer to consumer). A life cycle assessment (LCA) of an average NZ dairy farm for 2005 showed that total energy use per kg milk from the "cradle-to-milk-in-the-vat" was 45-65% of that from EU farms. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or carbon footprint showed similar relative trends although differences were smaller due, at least in part, to lower methane efficiency from lower-producing NZ cows. Energy use associated with shipping dairy product (e.g. cheese) from NZ to UK is equivalent to about one-quarter of the on-farm use. Even when added together, the energy use from the NZ farm and from shipping would still be less than on-farm energy use for the EU farms. However, this is affected by intensification and the Dexcel Resource Efficient Dairying trial showed that increasing maize silage use, and nitrogen fertiliser use in particular, increased the energy use and GHG emissions per kg milk by up to 190% and 23%, respectively. Thus, the trend for intensification on NZ dairy farms means that our comparative advantage with EU farms is diminishing. A focus on improved farm system practices and integration of mitigation options is required to reverse this trend.
AN  - CABI:20083067454
AU  - Ledgard, S. F.
AU  - Basset-Mens, C.
AU  - McLaren, S.
AU  - Boyes, M.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 223-228
ST  - Energy use, "food miles" and greenhouse gas emissions from New Zealand dairying - how efficient are we?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Energy use, "food miles" and greenhouse gas emissions from New Zealand dairying - how efficient are we?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067454
VL  - 69
ID  - 1042
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Planned implementation of a nitrogen (N) "cap" on land in the Lake Taupo catchment has led to the need for a range of N mitigation options for pastoral farmers to increase profitability while farming within the N cap. A multi-disciplinary research programme has focused on the potential of targeting different parts of the N cycle to increase N efficiency and reduce N leaching losses. A range of research areas have been examined which focussed on soil amendments, improved pasture plants, animal manipulation and farm system options with potential for reduced N leaching. The "best bets" of practical options from this research have been selected, in consultation with local farmers through the Taupo Lake Care group. These are being tested in a new farm grazing system trial with beef cattle in the Lake Taupo catchment. The treatments are; a control (beef heifers), high sugar ryegrass (to potentially increase N absorption by cattle and reduce N excretion in urine), strategic salt supplementation (to increase urine spread), animal DCD supplementation (to achieve delivery of DCD in urine thereby inhibiting nitrification and reducing nitrate leaching) and steers (to compare spread of urine with female cattle). This long-term trial commenced in April 2007 and will evaluate effects of these N mitigation options on pasture production, N cycling and N leaching.
AN  - CABI:20083067438
AU  - Ledgard, S. F.
AU  - Welten, B. G.
AU  - Menneer, J. C.
AU  - Betteridge, K.
AU  - Crush, J. R.
AU  - Barton, M. D.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 14
0
17
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 117-121
ST  - New nitrogen mitigation technologies for evaluation in the Lake Taupo catchment
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - New nitrogen mitigation technologies for evaluation in the Lake Taupo catchment
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067438
VL  - 69
ID  - 1026
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This paper discusses the advantages of farm forestry over pastoral farming in New Zealand. The important points to remember in choosing the site and alternate species for plantation forestry are presented.
AN  - CABI:20083067436
AU  - Lee, B.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 107-109
ST  - Sustainable land use: a farm forester's perspective
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Sustainable land use: a farm forester's perspective
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067436
VL  - 69
ID  - 1024
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Conversion of native vegetation into farmed grassland in the Lake Taupo catchment commenced in the late 1950s. The lake's iconic value is being threatened by the slow decline in lake water quality that has become apparent since the 1970s. This decline is due to increased nitrogen (N) leaching from the catchment, with 95% of the 'manageable' leached N estimated to be sourced from livestock farms. We report the usefulness of land use change data derived from historic satellite scenes (1975, 1990 and 2002), as a means of identifying critical areas within this large catchment that might warrant targeting for management change to help reverse the declining water quality. There were no large amounts of farmland or exotic forestry developed from indigenous vegetation after 1975. However, reducing the area of bare soil in grassland and exotic forest land use classes is suggested as one approach that may help reduce N leaching to ground water and the lake.
AN  - CABI:20083067422
AU  - Lilienthal, H.
AU  - Brauer, A.
AU  - Betteridge, K.
AU  - Schnug, E.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 17-22
ST  - Monitoring land use change in the Lake Taupo catchment between 1975, 1990 and 2002 using satellite remote sensing data
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Monitoring land use change in the Lake Taupo catchment between 1975, 1990 and 2002 using satellite remote sensing data
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067422
VL  - 69
ID  - 1010
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A dynamic model for nematode parasites in lambs which links their adult parasite burden with liveweight gain was extended to investigate alternate grazing with cattle to provide relatively larval-free pasture for finishing lambs. Liveweight performance of weaned lambs was tracked fortnightly under rotational grazing using three cattle:sheep ratios, with three initial parasite burdens and two initial infective larval densities on pasture. Lambs were removed from grazing at 37 kg or if they failed to gain weight during the preceding fortnight. An 80%:20% cattle:sheep ratio reduced larval pasture contamination by 75% but did not affect parasitic burden and total lamb liveweight gain compared with an all-lamb treatment. For low and moderate initial parasitic burdens in the 80%:20% cattle:sheep ratio, 25% of lambs reached 37 kg and 100% gained weight until week 18. This simulation indicated that in organic lamb finishing systems, alternate grazing with cattle provides substantial benefit but only when the initial parasite burden was low or moderate.
AN  - CABI:20083067460
AU  - Louie, K.
AU  - Boom, C. J.
AU  - Dynes, R. A.
AU  - Mackay, A. D.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 259-264
ST  - Modelling the effect of nematode parasites on the liveweight gain of lambs grazing alternately with cattle
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Modelling the effect of nematode parasites on the liveweight gain of lambs grazing alternately with cattle
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067460
VL  - 69
ID  - 1048
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Effective monitoring of pasture cover on a regular basis is essential if dairy farmers are to increase profitability by making better pasture management decisions. We present results of a 2-year study on the use of satellite imagery to estimate pasture cover on dairy farms in the Waikato region. Data collection concentrated on the critical time for dairy farm pasture management between June and December. Two distinct relationships between the remotely-sensed normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and pasture cover were observed, with an inflexion point in the relationship at NDVI=0.74. A two-part exponential model was fitted to the data, allowing the prediction error to be minimised both above and below the inflexion point. Model development showed that an algorithm based on NDVI and time-of-year accounted for approximately 80% of the variability in pasture cover measured within paddocks. The validation studies show that pasture cover was estimated with an error of prediction of approximately 10%, which equates to 260 kg DM/ha for a pasture cover range of 1500 to 3400 kg DM/ha. The accuracy demonstrated in this study has given the project's funders the confidence to explore a staged rollout of development, validation and commercial delivery, to make the technology available to all major dairy regions in New Zealand over the next 5 years.
AN  - CABI:20083067423
AU  - Mata, G.
AU  - Clark, D. A.
AU  - Edirisinghe, A.
AU  - Waugh, D.
AU  - Minnee, E.
AU  - Gherardi, S. G.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Mata, Gonzalo/H-1160-2013
0
1
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 23-28
ST  - Predicting accurate paddock-average pasture cover in Waikato dairy farms using satellite images
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Predicting accurate paddock-average pasture cover in Waikato dairy farms using satellite images
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067423
VL  - 69
ID  - 1011
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - After the removal of Pinus radiata forests, conditions for establishing pastures are often sub optimal. The ability of rape to aid pasture establishment and suppress weeds was investigated at Darfield, Canterbury between November 2005 and February 2007. The strip plot experiment used pasture grass (perennial ryegrass, tall fescue or cocksfoot) as the main plot and rape sowing rate (0, 0.5 1.5 or 3.0 kg/ha) as the subplot. There was no difference in total pasture yield at the first spring harvest but 50% of the dry matter yield from pastures sown without rape was from weeds compared with ≤10% in those sown with ≥1.5 kg/ha of rape. There was no initial yield benefit from rape sown at 3.0 kg/ha compared with 1.5 kg/ha but rape regrowth was greater from the higher rate. White clover was 58% of the total legume yield initially but by February 2007 red clover was dominant (70-95%). In this forestry conversion to pasture, rape sown at 1.5 kg/ha reduced weed encroachment particularly for the tall fescue and cocksfoot which are slow establishing dryland species.
AN  - CABI:20083067434
AU  - Mills, A.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Marshall, A.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018
Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X
0
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 93-98
ST  - Yield and botanical composition of pastures sown under rape into an ex-Pinus radiata forest block
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Yield and botanical composition of pastures sown under rape into an ex-Pinus radiata forest block
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067434
VL  - 69
ID  - 1022
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The effect of lax or hard dairy cow grazing (residual stubble height of 10 and 5 cm) and grazing frequency (grazing when sward height reached 35 or 20 cm) on persistence, productivity and forage quality of pure pastures of Lotus corniculatus was evaluated over two growing seasons. Herbage accumulation was not affected by grazing frequency or severity. In year one, hard, infrequent defoliation significantly increased forage fibre content and reduced concentration of crude protein, soluble sugars, organic matter digestibility and metabolisable energy. Under frequent grazing, condensed tannin concentration was reduced by 15% (P<0.001). Differences in forage quality are likely to be associated with increased amounts of fibrous stem material in infrequently grazed pastures (P<0.001). Plant populations declined in all treatments after 2 years.
AN  - CABI:20083067427
AU  - Minnee, E. M. K.
AU  - Bluett, S. J.
AU  - Woodward, S. L.
AU  - Laboyrie, P. G.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 47-51
ST  - Management of Lotus corniculatus under dairy cow grazing
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Management of Lotus corniculatus under dairy cow grazing
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067427
VL  - 69
ID  - 1015
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The effect on pasture productivity of sowing birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and white clover (Trifolium repens) as pure and mixed swards was evaluated over two growing seasons. Different sowing techniques were used for mixed sward treatments: species sown in alternate rows, mixed within rows or broadcast. In year one, herbage yield ranged from 6.4 to 7.8 t DM/ha (the greatest yield was from the lotus monoculture, P<0.05). In year two, yields ranged from 11.4 to 13.6 t DM/ha, but were not affected by treatment. From year one to year two, the contribution of lotus to yield in mixed swards declined by 69%, while that of clover increased by 485% reflecting reduced density of lotus plants. Total nematode burden in the roots of lotus and clover seedlings during establishment was reduced in mixed swards compared with clover monocultures (P<0.001). Root knot nematode Meloidogyne trifoliophila invaded lotus roots, but could not initiate feeding sites and died within the root.
AN  - CABI:20083067428
AU  - Minnee, E. M. K.
AU  - Watson, R. N.
AU  - Woodward, S. L.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 53-57
ST  - Productivity, persistence and nematode impact in pure and mixed swards of white clover and Lotus corniculatus
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Productivity, persistence and nematode impact in pure and mixed swards of white clover and Lotus corniculatus
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067428
VL  - 69
ID  - 1016
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - While it has been shown that bird species can benefit from organic farm management internationally, there is little information on birds in production landscapes in NZ. In this paper we apply spatial analysis techniques to compare the spatial distribution and habitat use of birds on selected North Island dairy farms, half of which are undergoing a 3-year organic conversion process and half of which are remaining under conventional management. There were significantly more skylarks recorded on conventionally managed farms. Overall however, there were few differences in overall bird abundance or diversity between the two management systems. The comparable use of woody vegetation and open pasture may reflect similar proportions and composition of these on the study farms. Once fully converted, organic dairy production systems may offer benefits for some bird species, although the composition and management of the farm and surrounding landscape are probably also key factors for bird numbers and diversity.
AN  - CABI:20083067458
AU  - Mondot, M.
AU  - Blackwell, G.
AU  - Maegli, T.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 245-251
ST  - Baseline data on the diversity and abundance of selected bird species on conventional and converting organic dairy farms
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Baseline data on the diversity and abundance of selected bird species on conventional and converting organic dairy farms
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067458
VL  - 69
ID  - 1046
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Lucerne sown immediately or after different forage crop sequences was investigated as a pasture option for post forestry conversion. In this experiment superphosphate and lime were applied in March 2005 before final seedbed preparation and establishment of seven cropping sequences; (1) lucerne sown in April 2005; (2-5) greenfeed cereals (oats or triticale) sown in April 2005 followed by lucerne in October 2005 with or without a rape cover crop; (6-7) winter fallow followed by glyphosate presowing in October 2005 or March 2006. After all crop sequences, lucerne was successfully established and provided 100% control of woody and annual weeds. Average lucerne dry matter (DM) yield was ~7.1 t DM/ha/yr for crops after a cereal. The last crop established also contained no woody weeds but produced 10.0 t DM/ha less over the 2 years due to the long (12 month) fallow. Lucerne sown in April 2005 had to be reestablished the following October. Thus, provided soil temperatures were adequate, lucerne was successfully spring and autumn sown after plantation forests. Lucerne offers flexibility for grazing or conserving in commercial conversions where internal fences and stock water supply are often, initially, inadequate for intensive pasture management.
AN  - CABI:20083067435
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Mills, A.
AU  - Marshall, A.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018
Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X
0
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 99-105
ST  - Lucerne establishment sequences to maximise weed control in ex-Pinus radiata L. plantations
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Lucerne establishment sequences to maximise weed control in ex-Pinus radiata L. plantations
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067435
VL  - 69
ID  - 1023
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This study aimed to examine the economic response to high rates of N in a winter lamb trading operation and was an "add on" to a commercial lamb trading operation in Hawkes Bay. The general policy of the lamb trading operation was to purchase store lambs in autumn at 35 kg liveweight, rotationally graze through winter and early spring and draft for slaughter at 45 kg liveweight. Six farmlets with an average size of 34.5 ha were used. Three control farmlets received three winter applications totalling 118 kg N/ha and three high N farmlets received 236 kg N/ha. Lambs were allocated at approximately 20/ha in April and rotationally grazed. Stocking rates were increased as pasture covers increased. Approximately 2000 lambs were used per farmlet and at least 10% of the lambs on each farmlet were weighed and tagged. Pasture growth rates were measured monthly and pasture covers fortnightly. The pasture DM response to extra nitrogen was 13.7 to 1 and resulted in an extra 160 kg lamb liveweight per ha. In spite of a very difficult lamb trading season, there was a small economic response of $1.39 for every $1 spent on extra nitrogen fertiliser. The production data obtained was modelled over 10 years on Farmax using historical lamb sale and purchase prices. This suggested that applying additional nitrogen would give an economic response of between $1.11 and $2.01 for every $ spent on additional nitrogen.
AN  - CABI:20083067425
AU  - Muir, P.
AU  - Thomson, B.
AU  - Brier, B.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 35-39
ST  - Effect of high nitrogen fertiliser applications on profitability within a lamb trading operation
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effect of high nitrogen fertiliser applications on profitability within a lamb trading operation
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067425
VL  - 69
ID  - 1013
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - These proceedings contain papers on New Zealand grasslands categorized under the following topics: land and water sustainability; feed supply and management; forestry to pasture; managing for water quality; metabolizable energy; breeding cultivars and endophytes; and topical issues in agriculture.
AN  - CABI:20083067420
AU  - New Zealand, New Zealand Grassland Association
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 274 pp.-274 pp.
ST  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association Sixty-ninth Conference, Wairakei, New Zealand, November 2007
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association Sixty-ninth Conference, Wairakei, New Zealand, November 2007
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067420
VL  - 69
ID  - 1051
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Significant variation for both root diameter and shoot dry weight was found among 20 commercially available hybrid and Italian ryegrass cultivars screened for root diameter. Nitrate interception by four selected cultivars was then compared with perennial ryegrass in a lysimeter trial. The shoot size of selected cultivars was significantly higher than perennial ryegrass. Drainage volumes from hybrid/Italian ryegrasses were half that of perennial ryegrass and contained significantly less nitrate. 15N absorption was also significantly higher for thin (79-80%) and thick rooted (75-76%) hybrid/Italian cultivars than for the perennial ryegrass (63%). Root diameter of the different hybrid/Italian cultivars did not have a major impact on nitrogen interception and leaching. However the concept of a large, winter active grass with high nitrogen demand during periods of high leaching activity is supported by this study. Further selection for finer roots could increase the nitrogen interception ability of these plants without compromising shoot growth.
AN  - CABI:20083067451
AU  - Nichols, S. N.
AU  - Crush, J. R.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 9
0
9
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 207-211
ST  - Selecting forage grasses for improved nitrate retention - a progress report
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Selecting forage grasses for improved nitrate retention - a progress report
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067451
VL  - 69
ID  - 1039
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Two AR542-endophyte infected tall fescue breeding pools were subjected to one cycle of selection for increased endophyte hyphal density. Hyphal density was assessed subjectively by microscopic examination of the leaf sheath. Levels of alkaloids produced by both the original and selected populations were subsequently measured during summer. Levels of lolines and peramine alkaloids increased significantly in one breeding pool (by 40% and 29%, respectively), with non-significant increases (by 24% and 2%) in the other breeding pool. The apparent correlation between observed hyphal density and levels of alkaloids supports the hypothesis that levels of lolines and peramine produced by fungal endophytes in their host grass are at least partly due to endophyte hyphal mass in the host sheath tissue. Measured lolines in one breeding pool were 21 times greater than the other, while sheath hyphal density was less. Possible explanations include contrasting patterns of hyphal colonisation beyond the sheath, and/or variation in the quantity of lolines produced per unit hyphal mass.
AN  - CABI:20083067449
AU  - Norriss, M. G.
AU  - Frost-Smith, T. J.
AU  - Sutherland, J. I. M.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 197-200
ST  - Increasing endophyte alkaloid expression in tall fescue by selecting for increased endophyte hyphal density
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Increasing endophyte alkaloid expression in tall fescue by selecting for increased endophyte hyphal density
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067449
VL  - 69
ID  - 1037
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The Kaipara clay soils and associated soil types occupy some 36 000 ha in Northland. The soils are naturally high in P and P fertilisers have been used sparingly in the past but with increasing farming intensity a fall in soil Olsen P values (to <20) is occurring and responses to P fertilisers are becoming more common. Lime is widely used. In December 1996, a field trial, conducted over 6 years, was established on a Kaipara clay soil near Ruawai. The first phase (1996-1999) consisted of six rates of P (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 kg P/ha) with or without lime at 5 t/ha applied once. The initial pH was 5.8 and Olsen P was 16. Results indicated a marked rates response to P without lime but with lime a marked Psparing effect occurred equivalent to 50-60 kg P/ha. The effect was consistent over 3 years. An explanation for this finding is due to lime improving plant growth probably by N mineralisation and N uptake, thus giving improved root growth and allowing those roots to explore a greater volume of soil and absorb more P. Plant chemical analyses and soil P fractionation studies indicated that more P was being taken up by plants on the lime/no P plots. The second phase (2000-2003) involved splitting plots and applying additional lime to some to give a pH range from 5.6-7.0. Results indicated no benefit to increasing pH above 6.0 but there was a suggestion that the reapplication of lime itself was beneficial. The P sparing effect of lime will best be utilised where soil Olsen P levels remain above 20.
AN  - CABI:20083067462
AU  - O'Connor, M. B.
AU  - Hunt, B. J.
AU  - Perrott, K. W.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 271-274
ST  - Lime-phosphate interactions on a Kaipara clay soil in Northland
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Lime-phosphate interactions on a Kaipara clay soil in Northland
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067462
VL  - 69
ID  - 1050
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Pasture herbs can increase pasture production and feed quality over summer when ryegrass based pasture often constrains livestock production. The growth and development of plantain ('Ceres Tonic'), chicory ('Choice') and red clover ('Redmore') were related to thermal time during establishment. The time to first grazing, with sheep, was 8, 12, or 19 weeks from an autumn sowing. After 8 weeks there was >30% plant loss for all species compared with a loss of 3% and 13% at 19 weeks for plantain and chicory, respectively. Plantain and chicory required a minimum of six and seven true leaves, respectively, for sufficient root growth for plant survival after grazing. Modelling showed that plantain and chicory need to be sown before mid-March in Manawatu to be ready for their first grazing before winter. In their first year, plantain produced 17 t DM/ha and chicory 14 t DM/ha.
AN  - CABI:20083067426
AU  - Powell, A. M.
AU  - Kemp, P. D.
AU  - Jaya, I. D.
AU  - Osborne, M. A.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 9
Kemp, Peter/B-4639-2011
1
10
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 41-45
ST  - Establishment, growth and development of plantain and chicory under grazing
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Establishment, growth and development of plantain and chicory under grazing
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067426
VL  - 69
ID  - 1014
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Changes in land use and management were applied to a 296 ha catchment farm at the Whatawhata Research Centre in 2000-2001 to improve its economic and environmental performance. The area had erosion and weed reversion challenges, poorly performing beef and sheep breeding enterprises, and degraded streams. Changes included conversion of the steepest land to plantation forestry; indigenous forest restoration; intensification of the farming enterprises onto easier terrain with better pasture production; changes in stock type; poplar planting for soil stabilisation; and exclusion of livestock from streams. Significant improvements have followed. The per hectare economic surplus for the pastoral enterprise improved from 30% below industry average to 13% above. The forestry enterprise will further improve economic performance in the long-term. There were reductions in the export of suspended sediment (76%), total phosphorus (62%), and total nitrogen (33%). Water clarity has increased, stream temperature has declined and stream invertebrate indices indicate improvements in the fauna.
AN  - CABI:20083067455
AU  - Quinn, J. M.
AU  - Dodd, M. B.
AU  - Thorrold, B. S.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 5
0
6
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 229-233
ST  - Whatawhata Catchment Management Project: the story so far
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Whatawhata Catchment Management Project: the story so far
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067455
VL  - 69
ID  - 1043
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Individual and group choices are determined by the structure of institutional arrangements, consisting of both conventions and entitlements (Bromley 1989). Four elements of the institutional structure governing agriculture are identified which embody privileges for the sector, and reduce its accountability. These institutions contribute to the growth of types of agriculture with high environmental impact at the expense of agricultural and non-agricultural activities of lower environmental impact. However, these institutions are now unstable in the face of changing societal expectations, and an important question is, how can reforms directed at a sustainable agriculture sector best be advanced? Recent studies of collaborative governance in the Nordic countries highlight the potential for a widely agreed and planned transition toward sustainability in New Zealand agriculture. It is unclear whether traditional attitudes in the sector will allow a collaborative approach to make progress, but a case is made that the institutions of collaboration can be fostered through design and conscious leadership.
AN  - CABI:20083067421
AU  - Salmon, G.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 11-15
ST  - Sustainability issues in New Zealand agriculture - and possibilities for collaborative resolution of them
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Sustainability issues in New Zealand agriculture - and possibilities for collaborative resolution of them
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067421
VL  - 69
ID  - 1009
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - There are currently a range of programmes breeding ryegrasses with enhanced water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations leading to enhanced metabolisable energy (ME) contents when this herbage is consumed by grazing ruminants. High ME concentrations in grasses have the potential to increase milk and meat production through improved energy supply and more efficient rumen fermentation. However, the first 'high sugar' grass cultivars sown in Australia and New Zealand have not always delivered the animal production benefits that have been realised when these cultivars were sown in the UK. This illustrates not only the need to develop agronomic practices that are suited to exploiting the potential of germplasm with high energy concentrations but also the need to not view the high energy trait in isolation from other breeding objectives such as adaptation, seasonal production and disease resistance.
AN  - CABI:20083067445
AU  - Smith, K. F.
AU  - Stewart, A.
AU  - Spangenberg, G.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 173-177
ST  - Breeding high energy grasses for Australia and New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Breeding high energy grasses for Australia and New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067445
VL  - 69
ID  - 1033
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - As the availability of water for irrigation becomes more limiting it is important to use the available water effectively and all potential avenues for improving irrigation efficiency should be examined. Improving irrigation system uniformity can lead to production gains and less loss of water through drainage, but such data are difficult to collect experimentally. Here we examine the potential of using a pasture production model to explore the gains from increased irrigation evenness and different irrigation scheduling. Simulations were done with varying levels of irrigation inputs to account for spatial and temporal variability of irrigation but with the same total amount of water being applied to the paddock. All simulations were done under the assumption of no nitrogen limitation to growth and with soil and weather data appropriate for the Winchmore area. There was a relatively greater effect of irrigation uniformity on drainage than on pasture production. In reality uneven irrigation may lead to areas of the paddock where over-irrigation leaches nitrogen from the soil and pasture production becomes limited by nitrogen supply. The simulation results here were under the assumption of non-limiting nitrogen and it is likely that inclusion of a full nitrogen simulation would lead to different results. However the model shows potential for generating data needed to understand the benefits of improved irrigation uniformity.
AN  - CABI:20083067429
AU  - Snow, V. O.
AU  - Zyskowski, R. F.
AU  - Martin, R. J.
AU  - Knight, T. L.
AU  - Gillespie, R. N.
AU  - Riddle, M. U.
AU  - Fraser, T. J.
AU  - Thomas, S. M.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 59-64
ST  - Impact of irrigation variability on pasture production and beneficial water use
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Impact of irrigation variability on pasture production and beneficial water use
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067429
VL  - 69
ID  - 1017
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AN  - CABI:20083067456
AU  - Strong, L.
AU  - Strong, M.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 235-238
ST  - Clover Hill Dairies: balancing productivity and treading lightly in the centre of a rural residential development and a rainforest
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Clover Hill Dairies: balancing productivity and treading lightly in the centre of a rural residential development and a rainforest
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067456
VL  - 69
ID  - 1044
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Humping/hollowing and flipping are land development practices widely used on the West Coast to overcome waterlogging constraints to pasture production. However, there is very limited information about how the resulting "new" soils function and how their properties change over time following these extreme modifications. We hypothesised that soil quality will improve in response to organic matter inputs from plants and excreta, which will in turn increase nutrient availability. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying the soil organic matter and nutrient content of soils at different stages of development after modification. We observed improvements in soil quality with increasing time following soil modification under both land development practices. Total soil C and N values were very low following flipping, but over 8 years these values had increased nearly five-fold. Other indicators of organic matter quality such as hot water extractable C (HWC) and anaerobically mineralisable N (AMN) showed similar increases. With large capital applications of superphosphate fertiliser to flipped soils in the first year and regular applications of maintenance fertiliser, Olsen P levels also increased from values <10 g/g to values well within the target range (20-30 g/g) after about 7 years. Humps and hollows responded differently following modification. The increases in total soil C and N, HWC and AMN levels on humps were similar to those of flipped soils over 8 years of development, whereas soil quality changes in the hollows were much slower. This has important implications for nutrient availability and losses. As soils develop, fertiliser and effluent applications should be adjusted to optimise production while minimising nutrient losses.
AN  - CABI:20083067461
AU  - Thomas, S. M.
AU  - Beare, M. H.
AU  - Ford, C. D.
AU  - Rietveld, V.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Thomas, Steve/F-2064-2013; Beare, Michael/A-1997-2014
Thomas, Steve/0000-0002-9202-483X; Beare, Michael/0000-0003-0027-3757
0
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 265-270
ST  - Changes in soil quality following humping/hollowing and flipping of pakihi soils on the West Coast, South Island New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Changes in soil quality following humping/hollowing and flipping of pakihi soils on the West Coast, South Island New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067461
VL  - 69
ID  - 1049
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Metabolisable energy (ME) is frequently used as the sole indicator of forage quality by researchers, rural professionals and farmers, but it is hardly ever measured and is not always a good predictor of feeding value. Forage ME is usually calculated from chemical composition and digestibility, often by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Although ME is superior to dry matter (DM) as a measure of feeding value and can indicate forage quality, it should not be used to predict animal production. The ME content of DM may imply a potential for production, but other components of the diet, especially protein, structural fibre and feed availability will provide more information than ME alone. Researchers, rural professionals and farmers should understand the basis for measuring ME, exercise discretion when using ME, and include fibre and protein concentrations in their criteria for feed appraisal.
AN  - CABI:20083067443
AU  - Waghorn, G. C.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 4
0
4
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 153-159
ST  - What is dietary metabolisable energy?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - What is dietary metabolisable energy?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067443
VL  - 69
ID  - 1031
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A base population of 80 cultivars or seedlines of white clover from around the world was used to develop nematode tolerant selections. Clover plants were grown in strips of black plastic, akin to strawberry growing, in order to increase soil temperature and thence nematode activity in clover roots. Clover growth was assessed visually and by dry matter determination in five rounds of selection from 1989-2001. After each round of selection the 20-30 best performing plants for each of three leaf sizes (large, medium and small) were polycrossed and the seed collected. The resulting selections have performed at least as well as, and in many cases better, than standard commercial cultivars at a range of field sites.
AN  - CABI:20083067448
AU  - Watson, R. N.
AU  - Bell, N. L.
AU  - Neville, F. J.
AU  - Aalders, L. T.
AU  - Rohan, T. C.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 4
Bell, Nigel/0000-0003-0770-3254
0
4
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 193-196
ST  - Breeding white clover for tolerance to nematodes: overview of process and progress
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Breeding white clover for tolerance to nematodes: overview of process and progress
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067448
VL  - 69
ID  - 1036
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A field experiment was established in 2004 in the North Otago Rolling Downlands soils near Windsor, North Otago. The aim was to determine the biophysical consequences of different land use (pasture species, grazing animal, mowing, irrigation, nitrogen) treatments on the pasture and soil resources. This paper describes the experimental set-up and the first 2 years of pasture yield and composition results. In general, pasture yield was greater under sheep grazing and mowing than cattle grazing. Irrigation and nitrogen increased pasture yield but not to the same extent across all grazing/mowing treatments. Irrigation increased yield more under sheep grazing and there was a greater nitrogen effect under mowing than grazing. White clover content was decreased by sheep grazing but increased by irrigation. Reasons for the different pasture yield and composition results under the different land uses and continuing research at the site are discussed.
AN  - CABI:20083067430
AU  - White, T. A.
AU  - Knight, T. L.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 65-71
ST  - Pasture yield and composition under different land uses in North Otago Rolling Downlands
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Pasture yield and composition under different land uses in North Otago Rolling Downlands
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067430
VL  - 69
ID  - 1018
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - New Zealand dairy farmers are lifting stocking rates and increasing available feed through nitrogen (N) fertiliser applications to pasture, growing maize for silage and other supplementary crops for silage or grazing on-farm, and/or procuring feed supplements off-farm. This has raised concerns about the possibility of increased risk of nutrient losses to waterways and the atmosphere. This paper reviews NZ and overseas data on the integration of maize silage into dairy systems. Maize silage is a low protein forage which helps optimise animal protein intake and reduces N loss. Maize silage-supplemented dairy farms leached more nitrogen per hectare but less per kg milksolids (MS) than intensive all-grass systems. Feeding maize silage on a feedpad and spreading the resulting effluent uniformly over the farm further reduces N leaching. In the Resource Efficient Dairying (RED) trial, total emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O, a potent greenhouse gas) for the maize-supplemented farmlet was 14% lower on a per hectare basis and 22% lower on a kg MS basis than the all-grass system when both received 170 kg N/ha as urea. The increases in maize dry matter production in response to incremental additions of N and water, where production is constrained by these inputs, can be 2-3 times greater than that for pasture. Using a feed and stand-off pad and managing maize growing through minimising tillage effects, determining soil N status at planting and timing N applications appropriately further reduce the environmental impact of maize silage-based dairy systems.
AN  - CABI:20083067441
AU  - Williams, I. D.
AU  - Ledgard, S. F.
AU  - Edmeades, G. O.
AU  - Densley, R. J.
DA  - 2007
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 137-143
ST  - Comparative environmental impacts of intensive all-grass and maize silage-supplemented dairy farm systems: a review
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Comparative environmental impacts of intensive all-grass and maize silage-supplemented dairy farm systems: a review
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20083067441
VL  - 69
ID  - 1029
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This proceedings contains 35 papers dealing with adaptive farming systems, dryland farming, nutrient management, carbon and nitrogen management in pastoral systems, decision making tools, future farming (biotechnology), specialist pastures, and topics issues in agriculture in New Zealand.
AN  - CABI:20093007100
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 276 pp.-276 pp.
ST  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Blenheim, New Zealand, October 2008
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Blenheim, New Zealand, October 2008
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007100
VL  - 70
ID  - 1007
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The effect of stocking rate (8.3 (low) and 13.9 (high) ewes+twin lambs/ha) and time of closing in spring on lamb liveweight gain, pasture production and subterranean clover seedling densities was monitored over 2 years for a dryland cocksfoot-subterranean clover pasture in Canterbury. In both years, lambs grew faster (g/head/d) in spring at low (327; 385) than high (253; 285) stocking rate. Subterranean clover seedling populations (per m2), measured in autumn after grazing treatments in the previous spring, were greater at low (2850) than high (2500) stocking rate and declined with later closing dates (3850, 2950, 2100 and 1700 at 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks after early flowering). Seedling populations measured in autumn after grazing treatments in the second spring were unaffected by stocking rate (1290 low and 1190 high) but declined with later closing dates (1470, 1320 and 940). The effect of stocking rates and closing dates in spring of year 1 on pasture and clover production in the following autumn was similar to the effects on seedling numbers. However, clover production in the following spring was not affected by stocking rates or closing dates imposed a year earlier.
AN  - CABI:20093007127
AU  - Ates, S.
AU  - Lucas, R. J.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 5
Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018
Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X
0
6
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 225-232
ST  - Pasture production and liveweight gain from cocksfoot-subterranean clover pastures grazed at two stocking rates and closed at different times during spring
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Pasture production and liveweight gain from cocksfoot-subterranean clover pastures grazed at two stocking rates and closed at different times during spring
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007127
VL  - 70
ID  - 998
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In the Starborough-Flaxbourne area the local farming community, alarmed at the increasing hill slope erosion, set up a soil conservation group. Accelerated erosion was a symptom of the past 12 years of below average rainfall. Removal of vegetative cover by livestock had enabled wind to erode areas of the thin topsoil exposing vulnerable sodic subsoil to rill and tunnel erosion. This highlighted the need for farms to adapt their livestock systems to a drier environment if they were to survive. An adaptation process had been undertaken on Bonavaree by the land owners, the Avery family. In redesigning their farm system they moved away from ryegrass pastures and brassica crops to a lucerne grazing system. This system prioritised the performance of multiple bearing ewes, high pre-weaning lamb liveweight gains (390 g/day) and a rigorous decision making process that avoided relying on the most risky periods of forage growth. The result has been 5 years of an improving economic farm surplus, lower grazing pressure on hill slopes and improving vegetative cover.
AN  - CABI:20093007101
AU  - Avery, D.
AU  - Avery, F.
AU  - Ogle, G. I.
AU  - Wills, B. J.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 7
0
11
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 13-18
ST  - Adapting farm systems to a drier future
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Adapting farm systems to a drier future
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007101
VL  - 70
ID  - 972
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Soil organic carbon consists of a mixture of different materials exhibiting various stages of decomposition and decomposing at different rates. Four different fractions are now recognised: plant residues, particulate organic carbon, humus carbon and recalcitrant organic carbon. Allocation of carbon to the various fractions allows more accurate assessment of the implications of management practices on soil carbon content and vulnerability to change. Quantifying the amount of carbon in each fraction is expensive, but a mid-infrared spectroscopic technique appears to offer a rapid and cost-effective alternative. Because soil organic matter content changes slowly, computer based models are used to examine potential long-term influences of management practices. The RothC carbon model has been calibrated to allow the dynamics of total organic carbon and the particulate organic carbon, the humus and recalcitrant organic carbon fractions under Australian conditions to be predicted. Using data collected from a native pasture site at Yass, NSW, the relationship between pasture productivity and soil organic carbon content was estimated.
AN  - CABI:20093007114
AU  - Baldock, J. A.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 101-106
ST  - The low down on soil carbon
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The low down on soil carbon
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007114
VL  - 70
ID  - 985
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The Lincoln University Dairy Farm (LUDF) is a commercial demonstration dairy farm achieving over 1700 kg MS/ha with 4.2 cows per hectare on a pasture based system. We compare greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from such a system with the "typical dairy farm". LUDF was a first adopter of nitrous oxide mitigation technology through the use of eco-n nitrification inhibitor. A full life cycle assessment for greenhouse gases within the farm gate was completed for the 2006-07 farming year. The LUDF produced milksolids with 11% lower GHG emissions/kg MS (kg CO2 eq/kg MS) than the typical NZ dairy farm, and when nitrification inhibitor mitigation was factored in for nitrous oxide this resulted in 21% lower emissions/kg MS. However the per hectare output of GHG was 51% higher than for the "typical" NZ dairy farm. This suggests that properly managed dairy farms with an emphasis on pasture utilisation and per cow and per hectare production, and the use of eco-n nitrification inhibitor, can lower GHG emissions per unit of output (milksolids) even if the per hectare output is higher than average, which demonstrates improved land utilisation.
AN  - CABI:20093007109
AU  - Barber, A. J.
AU  - Pellow, G. M.
AU  - Christie, R. G.
AU  - Bysterveldt, A. M. van
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 69-75
ST  - Greenhouse gas assessment for the Lincoln University Dairy Farm
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Greenhouse gas assessment for the Lincoln University Dairy Farm
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007109
VL  - 70
ID  - 980
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been used experimentally to control insects in pastures and in this study we investigated the use of EPNs against clover root weevil. We tested the ability of two EPNs (Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis zealandica) to control soil-dwelling stages of clover root weevil in a Waikato pasture over two spring seasons, with Steinernema being used at two rates in the second year. In the first year, Steinernema EPNs produced a significant reduction in weevil numbers, compared to untreated, 3 weeks after application in October but not 5 weeks after application in November. In the second year, the reduction was not significant after 3 weeks but, a further 2 weeks later, weevil numbers were slightly reduced in EPN-treated soil. No measurable effects were noted from application of Heterorhabditis. Lower soil temperatures likely limited the success of Steinernema in the second spring. Timing of EPN application appears important for controlling clover root weevil. The trial site used here had resident populations of both Steinernema and Heterorhabditis.
AN  - CABI:20093007123
AU  - Bell, N. L.
AU  - Aalders, L. T.
AU  - Rohan, T. C.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Bell, Nigel/0000-0003-0770-3254
0
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 171-175
ST  - Entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol agents in New Zealand agriculture: a case study
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Entomopathogenic nematodes as biocontrol agents in New Zealand agriculture: a case study
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007123
VL  - 70
ID  - 994
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Accurate prediction of pasture mass on dairy farms would allow for greater precision and feed allocation planning, and therefore greater utilisation and more profit. Current methods to collect these data, e.g. by rising plate meter or visual assessment, are tedious and time consuming. Daily pasture growth rate (kg DM/ha/day) can be added to a measured post-grazing residual to estimate the increase in pasture mass after a grazing or cutting event. A whole farm model (WFM) was found to predict daily pasture growth rates from climate data with an acceptable level of accuracy on a farm scale. However, growth rates can vary by up to 100% between individual paddocks, making it necessary to modify predicted farm-scale growth rates before applying them to individual paddocks. A prototype spreadsheet decision support tool was developed that applies different approaches to modifying pasture growth rates for individual paddocks. Farmers can receive daily growth rates via e-mail, and this spreadsheet enables them to combine these growth rates with observed pasture mass readings to derive daily predicted pasture mass on a paddock scale.
AN  - CABI:20093007121
AU  - Beukes, P. C.
AU  - Clark, C. E. F.
AU  - Romera, A. J.
AU  - Levy, G.
AU  - Lee, J. M.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 159-163
ST  - Using a climate-driven farm model to predict pasture mass for individual paddocks on New Zealand dairy farms
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Using a climate-driven farm model to predict pasture mass for individual paddocks on New Zealand dairy farms
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007121
VL  - 70
ID  - 992
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In a field trial the application of 5 and 7% polyurethane coated controlled release urea, 10% dicyanodiamide coated urea and three * 50 split urea (SU) applications at 150 kg N/ha (150 N) increased winter pasture dry matter (DM) production of Italian ryegrass over the June-September period by between 1666 to 2240 kg DM/ha. These treatments also reduced nitrate leaching losses from 6.8 to 1 kg N/ha compared to urea (U). The polyurethane coated controlled release urea increased N utilisation from between 12-15 kg DM/kg N for N applied as U, SU and dicyanodiamide coated urea (DCDU) treatments to between 22-24 kg DM/kg N based on the N released from the 5UCU and 7UCU treatments, respectively over the initial 3 months.
AN  - CABI:20093007111
AU  - Bishop, P. A.
AU  - Liu, H. Y.
AU  - Hedley, M. J.
AU  - Loganathan, P.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 85-89
ST  - New Zealand made controlled release coated urea increases winter growth rates of Italian ryegrass with lower N leaching than uncoated urea
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - New Zealand made controlled release coated urea increases winter growth rates of Italian ryegrass with lower N leaching than uncoated urea
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007111
VL  - 70
ID  - 982
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Previous laboratory based studies indicate that, compared to standard cultivars, high sugar grasses (HSG) can have lower endophyte and peramine concentrations and suggest that N fertilisation may result in further reductions in endophyte and alkaloid. This could reduce the resistance of HSG, particularly at high N inputs, to Argentine stem weevil (ASW), but the interaction needs testing under field conditions. The present objective was to determine the effect of ryegrass cultivar on ASW damage, and possible interactions with N fertiliser. ASW damage, endophyte and peramine concentration were measured in three perennial ryegrass cultivars, (HSG diploid, standard diploid and a tetraploid) containing AR1 endophyte, under high and no N fertiliser application. The proportion of tillers damaged by ASW adults or larvae did not differ significantly between cultivars. However, ASW adults tended (P<0.10) to prefer the standard diploid and tetraploid cultivars over the HSG cultivar. Our results are in keeping with previous observations that higher sugar diploid cultivars may have lower endophyte and peramine content than a STD diploid cultivar, but this does not appear to have reduced resistance to ASW. Lack of differences in N content of herbage leaves, between the N fertiliser treatments, likely due to compensating changes in clover content of pastures, meant little effect of N application was seen in this field trial.
AN  - CABI:20093007135
AU  - Bryant, R. H.
AU  - Parsons, A. J.
AU  - Rasmussen, S.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Bryant, Racheal/G-7766-2014; Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018; Parsons, Anthony/E-7226-2011; Rasmussen, Susanne/D-4526-2017
Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X; Parsons, Anthony/0000-0001-7441-1855; Rasmussen, Susanne/0000-0001-5464-8978
0
2
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 271-276
ST  - Argentine stem weevil damage to high sugar ryegrass infected with AR1 under field conditions
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Argentine stem weevil damage to high sugar ryegrass infected with AR1 under field conditions
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007135
VL  - 70
ID  - 1006
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The effect on plant growth of clover root weevil (CRW) larval feeding on nodules and roots was examined for the annual clovers, subterranean cv. Leura, balansa cv. Bolta, arrowleaf cv. Arrowtas and Persian cv. Mihi, and white clover cv. Tribute. Mini-swards of each clover species were used in a glasshouse experiment, with half of these exposed to CRW larval feeding. A moisture stress treatment was imposed as a sub-treatment on half the swards with and without CRW. CRW larval feeding had no effect on shoot growth, but reduced root weights significantly with most effect on white clover. More CRW larvae were recovered from core samples taken from white clover than from the annual clovers. Effects of CRW were generally more severe in the well-watered swards. It is concluded that the relative tolerance to CRW shown by the annuals combined with the negative effects of summer drought on CRW populations should mean that CRW does not pose a major threat to dryland pastures based on annual legumes.
AN  - CABI:20093007132
AU  - Crush, J. R.
AU  - Gerard, P. J.
AU  - Ouyang, L.
AU  - Wilson, D. J.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
3
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 255-257
ST  - Effects of clover root weevil and moisture stress on subterranean, balansa, Persian, arrowleaf and white clovers
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effects of clover root weevil and moisture stress on subterranean, balansa, Persian, arrowleaf and white clovers
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007132
VL  - 70
ID  - 1003
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Our time from 1978 on the "Pyramid" in the Waihopai Valley is described with particular comments on the benefits gained from the encouragement of land based industries provided by policies of the Muldoon government. The effective area for pastoral farming is 380 ha. Half the farm is clay downs, one quarter stony flats in lucerne and the rest is steep hill. Average rainfall is 760 mm with a 6 month warm season moisture deficit in most years. Lamb production from 1500 Corriedale cross ewes provides the main income from sheep with only 20% coming from wool. Cattle are increasingly important with income of $290/ha/year over the last 2 years. Soil fertility has been lifted to Olsen P values of 33, sulphate S to 12 and pH to a minimum of 6.0. Greater use of legumes will exploit this high soil fertility to give further improvements in animal performance and allow us to abandon bag N.
AN  - CABI:20093007106
AU  - Dawkins, C.
AU  - Dawkins, J.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 45-50
ST  - The Pyramid: a typical marlborough family farm
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The Pyramid: a typical marlborough family farm
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007106
VL  - 70
ID  - 977
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Palm kernel expeller (PKE) is imported into New Zealand and fed to ruminants grazing pasture, but very little data exist on its rumen digestion characteristics when fed in conjunction with grass. The results from in sacco digestion of dry matter (DM) or crude protein (CP) showed that PKE has significantly lower soluble protein (fraction A: 25.8% and 35.5%) than pasture (41.4% and 52.3%) and the potentially degradable protein (fraction B) for PKE (61% and 60.2%) was significantly greater than that of pasture (54.5% and 46.5%). The degradation characteristics of mixed PKE plus pasture (P+PKE) were intermediate to those of the two feedstuffs alone. The lag phase (L) was significantly different for each of the pasture and PKE mixtures, either in the DM or CP degradation. The rate of degradation (k) for DM was not different between feeds (around 12.5%/h) in Experiment 1, but they were slower for PKE, in Experiment 2. The type of diet provided to the cows affected the estimated lag phase and CP degradation rates; this could indicate that adaptation to PKE is necessary to achieve its potential as a supplement for grazing cows.
AN  - CABI:20093007133
AU  - Dias, F. N.
AU  - Burke, J. L.
AU  - Pacheco, D.
AU  - Holmes, C. W.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 259-264
ST  - In sacco digestion kinetics of palm kernel expeller (PKE)
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - In sacco digestion kinetics of palm kernel expeller (PKE)
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007133
VL  - 70
ID  - 1004
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum L.) is a late maturing annual legume which has the potential to be used in a range of farming systems such as finishing lambs through to silage production and building soil fertility for future cropping. An experiment at Lincoln University, Canterbury, evaluated the performance of 'Arrotas' arrowleaf clover relative to white and subterranean clover from 23 May to 20 December 2007. By the 20/12/2007, 'Arrotas' produced 9800 kg DM/ha compared (P<0.001) with 3370 kg DM/ha from subterranean and 1790 kg DM/ha from white clover. Metabolisable energy in late December was similar for all clovers. Results in Australia at similar latitudes and rainfall regimes to parts of the North and South Island of New Zealand suggest that 'Arrotas' could be successfully incorporated into local dryland systems.
AN  - CABI:20093007129
AU  - Evans, P. M.
AU  - Mills, A.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 4
0
5
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 239-243
ST  - Arrowleaf clover: potential for dryland farming systems in New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Arrowleaf clover: potential for dryland farming systems in New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007129
VL  - 70
ID  - 1000
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - An experiment was established within the Lees Valley (400 m a.s.l.), Canterbury out of low producing, browntop dominant grassland. The aim was to quantify dry matter (DM) production of improved perennial grasses in relation to temperature and nitrogen inputs. Ten grass monocultures were established in 2006. For the first year, annual DM yield ranged from 4.2 t/ha (timothy) to 10.6 t/ha ('Aries' perennial ryegrass). On 15/8/2007 either 0 or 150 kg N/ha was applied to half of each plot. At the end of the spring 2007, yields were 1.3 t/ha ('Aries' no N fertiliser) to 5.5 t/ha ('Revolution' perennial ryegrass with N fertiliser). Yield responses ranged from 8.3 to 20.1 kg DM/kg N applied with an average spring growth rate of 3.2 kg DM/ha/°Cd for grass with no N and 8.8 kg DM/ha/°Cd for the N fertilised grasses, using a base temperature of 3°C. Results highlighted the need to maximise spring growth in summer dry environments, especially when there is a large potential response to the addition of N. Cocksfoot and tall fescue produced more DM in summer dry conditions indicating some opportunity to spread production through the year, in regions with highly variable summer rainfall.
AN  - CABI:20093007117
AU  - Fasi, V.
AU  - Mills, A.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Scott, W. R.
AU  - Pollock, K.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 123-130
ST  - Establishment, annual yield and nitrogen response of eight perennial grasses in a high country environment
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Establishment, annual yield and nitrogen response of eight perennial grasses in a high country environment
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007117
VL  - 70
ID  - 988
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The production of secondary metabolite alkaloids by epichloe endophytes of grasses is of great interest to agriculture due to the opposing effects of pasture protection against insect herbivory and concomitant toxicity to stock. Recent molecular genetic analysis, that has greatly enhanced our understanding of secondary metabolite biosynthesis, is reviewed and potential outcomes for pastoral agriculture are discussed.
AN  - CABI:20093007125
AU  - Fleetwood, D. J.
AU  - Scott, B.
AU  - Voisey, C. R.
AU  - Johnson, R. D.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 217-220
ST  - Insights into the molecular biology of epichloe endophyte alkaloid biosynthesis
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Insights into the molecular biology of epichloe endophyte alkaloid biosynthesis
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007125
VL  - 70
ID  - 996
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The management practices used by two brothers on their high performing summer-dry semi-finishing sheep and cattle farm were investigated over 2 1/2 years (2006- 2008). The study highlighted that in a dryland environment, the farmers designed their system to cope with both climatic variability and market risk. To reduce production risk, the farmers have strategies that increase feed supply over the summer - autumn, and transfer feed from the spring to the summer, autumn and winter periods. Their strategies are designed to significantly reduce feed demand over the summer - autumn, protect capital stock live weights and ensure adequate pasture cover levels at lambing. To reduce market risk, the farmers have strategies that allow the bulk of stock to be sold prime and in periods when most other farmers are not selling stock. An important element of their market risk strategy is the generation of adequate stocks of feed reserves that can be used to delay stock sales in a drought until markets improve.
AN  - CABI:20093007108
AU  - Gray, D. I.
AU  - Kemp, P. D.
AU  - Kenyon, P. R.
AU  - Morris, S. T.
AU  - Brookes, I. M.
AU  - Matthew, C.
AU  - Osborne, M.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 4
Kemp, Peter/B-4639-2011
0
4
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 59-68
ST  - Strategies used to manage climatic risk: lessons from farmers with expertise in dryland farming
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Strategies used to manage climatic risk: lessons from farmers with expertise in dryland farming
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007108
VL  - 70
ID  - 979
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Pre-weaning lamb growth rates have dramatically increased on the hill country property Tempello, from 258 g/head/day in 2001 to 350 g/head/day in 2007. Total kilograms of lamb liveweight weaned off the Corriedale and Corriedale/Poll Dorset flock area has increased from 60 tonnes to 76 tonnes, despite a reduction in ewe numbers. This has been achieved through a $315,000 investment in sub-division, fertiliser and water reticulation, coupled with a management shift towards maximising subterranean clover. Clover content in the sward of up to 50% in spring is achieved through letting subterranean clover establish in autumn. Ewes are not grazed on the blocks following germination until at least five leaves are present. Cattle and ewes are used to graze grass cover off paddocks in early winter (May and June) so that clover can compete. Paddocks are then spelled for up to 2 months prior to lambing, to let clover grow. Short-rotation ryegrass is used to feed some ewes during this time.
AN  - CABI:20093007103
AU  - Grigg, D. W.
AU  - Grigg, J. M.
AU  - Lucas, R. J.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 4
0
4
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 25-29
ST  - Maximising subterranean clover in Marlborough's hill country is key to weaning 80% of sale lambs prime
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Maximising subterranean clover in Marlborough's hill country is key to weaning 80% of sale lambs prime
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007103
VL  - 70
ID  - 974
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Many dairy cows, particularly in southern New Zealand have kale (Brassica olercaea) as a major component of their winter diet. Anecdotal evidence suggests variable results in cow body condition are achieved when kale is used as a component of the winter diet. A survey of crop yield, nutritive value and grazing management practices of kale crops was undertaken in Canterbury during winter 2007 to investigate possible causes of these variable results. Kale utilisation ranged from less than 40% to greater than 90% on kale yields that ranged from 5-17 t DM. Nutritive value of kale was generally high (12 MJ ME/kg DM) but diet ME declined as grazing residuals decreased due to the poorer quality of the lower stem. Two thirds of the herds consumed less than the targeted DM intake by more than 1 kg DM/cow/day. Inaccurate crop allocation was the likely cause of cows not achieving their targeted kale intakes.
AN  - CABI:20093007131
AU  - Judson, H. G.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 8
0
11
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 249-254
ST  - Survey of management practices of dairy cows grazing kale in Canterbury
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Survey of management practices of dairy cows grazing kale in Canterbury
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007131
VL  - 70
ID  - 1002
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This study aimed to develop calibrations for the measurement of pasture mass and pasture growth rate on sheep and beef pastures. Herbage within quadrats (0.12-0.2 m2) was measured with either an electronic rising plate meter (RPM) (n=2279), capacitance pasture meter (CPM) (n=693) or pasture ruler (n=2528) for the development of linear and curvilinear seasonal calibrations for pasture mass. Analysis of herbage samples within a subset (n=555) of quadrats, measured for dead matter or dry matter percentage, failed to remove the need for seasonal corrections to prediction equations but did offer a means to measure atypical (e.g. droughted) pastures. Measurements of mown pasture growth rate along with either change in RPM (n=520) or CPM (n=3314) were collected from sheep and beef farms throughout New Zealand. A single, simple multiplier of 157 could be used all year round to predict change in mass from the RPM reading (R2=0.80), whereas the CPM (R2=0.67) required different multipliers for each month.
AN  - CABI:20093007119
AU  - Litherland, A. J.
AU  - Webby, R.
AU  - Fraser, T. J.
AU  - Matthew, C.
AU  - McCleod, K.
AU  - Walcroft, J.
AU  - Bryant, J.
AU  - Devantier, B.
AU  - Hoogendoorn, C. J.
AU  - Moss, R.
AU  - Clarke-Hill, W. J.
AU  - Schreurs, P. J.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
4
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 137-144
ST  - Indirect measurement of pasture mass and pasture growth rate on sheep and beef pastures
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Indirect measurement of pasture mass and pasture growth rate on sheep and beef pastures
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007119
VL  - 70
ID  - 990
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AN  - CABI:20093007130
AU  - Macdonald, W.
AU  - Macdonald, S.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 245-247
ST  - High country development: integrating clovers, soils and merinos
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - High country development: integrating clovers, soils and merinos
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007130
VL  - 70
ID  - 1001
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Hill country farmers face major challenges to provide the physical environment and climatic conditions for maximum survival of multiple-born lambs. Farmers and scientists together investigated the opportunities for improved lamb survival on seven high-producing (scanning percentage 150-220%) North Island hill country farms. For 3 years, each of the participating farmers monitored lamb survival to docking on their farms. Five paddock attributes (e.g. slope, hazards, disturbance, wetness and wind) were quantified, weighted and summed to provide a paddock score. When all the lamb docking data (2005-2008) were pooled, the relationship between paddock score (slope +hazards +disturbance +wetness +wind) and lamb survival to docking was not significant (y=-0.983x+181, R2=0.186). This was in part due to the mild conditions that prevailed during spring each year. Despite the poor relationships, the land assessment tool (LAT) developed provides a stepwise basis for examining how different paddocks tend to affect lamb survival to docking and why the performance might vary from year to year.
AN  - CABI:20093007122
AU  - Mackay, A. D.
AU  - Knight, T. W.
AU  - Koolaard, J. P.
AU  - Sheppard, G.
AU  - Coleman, G.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 165-170
ST  - Lambs and landscapes
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Lambs and landscapes
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007122
VL  - 70
ID  - 993
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Trials were started in spring, summer and autumn to compare the effect of Agrotain-treated urea and standard urea, at application rates of 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg N/ha, on dairy pasture production on a commercial dairy farm in Canterbury. There were six replicates of these eight treatments, plus two control plots per replicate where no urea was applied. Each trial was mown three times at around the second fully emerged leaf stage, and a subsample taken for dry matter determination. Yields generally increased with increasing rates of urea. There was no difference in pasture yield response between Agrotain-treated urea and standard urea in the wet conditions of the summer trial. In the dry conditions of the spring and autumn trials, Agrotain-treated urea produced 327 kg/ha more pasture dry matter than standard urea, although the yield advantage was small (130 kg/ha) at fertiliser application rates of 50 kg N/ha or less, compared to 524 kg/ha at 75 kg N/ha or more.
AN  - CABI:20093007112
AU  - Martin, R. J.
AU  - Weerden, T. J. van der
AU  - Riddle, M. U.
AU  - Butler, R. C.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 6
Butler, Ruth/D-5825-2011
Butler, Ruth/0000-0001-8646-1147
1
7
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 91-94
ST  - Comparison of Agrotain-treated and standard urea on an irrigated dairy pasture
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Comparison of Agrotain-treated and standard urea on an irrigated dairy pasture
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007112
VL  - 70
ID  - 983
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The Irrigation Calculator is a computer decision support tool that assists dairy farmers to decide when to irrigate, how much water to apply, and the consequences of wrong irrigation timings or amounts. The user interface has two data entry screens, one to enter background soils information, the other main screen for entering irrigator application times and amounts, grazings and run times. The Irrigation Calculator has been tested against actual pasture cut and plate data, and there was generally close agreement. Feedback from farmers who have been involved in testing and development has been positive, and their suggestions have been incorporated into a version that can be widely released to farmers.
AN  - CABI:20093007118
AU  - Martin, R. J.
AU  - Zyskowski, R. F.
AU  - Thomas, S. M.
AU  - Horrocks, A. J.
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Thomas, Steve/F-2064-2013
Thomas, Steve/0000-0002-9202-483X
0
1
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 131-136
ST  - The Irrigation Calculator - a decision support tool for dairy farmers
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The Irrigation Calculator - a decision support tool for dairy farmers
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007118
VL  - 70
ID  - 989
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Grazing forage crops during winter can lead to soil physical damage and contaminant losses especially on Pallic soils prone to compaction and structural degradation. A site in North Otago (Timaru silt loam) with 2 years sheep and cattle grazing on winter forage crops and pasture was used to measure phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) losses in sub-surface (leachate from shallow lysimeters) flow and P losses in overland flow. Overland flow losses of P were c. 0.95 kg P/ha/yr from cattle-grazed winter forage crop plots compared to 0.5 kg P/ha/yr from sheep-grazed winter forage crops. Approximately 30% of the P losses occurred in response to irrigation events. In sheep grazed pasture plots 0.15 kg P/ha/yr was lost of which <20% was attributable to irrigation events. Subsurface loss of P was greatest from sheep grazed pasture (0.084 kg P/ha/yr) than from sheep crop land (0.038 kg P/ha/yr) and cattle crop land (0.067 kg P/ha/yr). The relative loss of nitrate-N was significantly greater from cattle-grazed crop plots than from sheep-grazed crop plots and for urine patch areas compared with non-urine patch areas. Mitigation of N and P losses in grazed winter forage crops should focus on minimising irrigation-induced overland flow and strategies like restricting grazing to 4 hours for maintenance feed and the use of a stand-off pad at other times.
AN  - CABI:20093007110
AU  - McDowell, R. W.
AU  - Houlbrooke, D. J.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 4
0
4
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 77-83
ST  - Phosphorus, nitrogen and sediment losses from irrigated cropland and pasture grazed by cattle and sheep
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Phosphorus, nitrogen and sediment losses from irrigated cropland and pasture grazed by cattle and sheep
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007110
VL  - 70
ID  - 981
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Recent upgrades to the nutrient budgeting programme Overseer that affect environmental outputs for deer farms include: the deer intake model, which can influence nitrogen leaching losses; phosphorus losses from areas affected by wallowing and fence-line pacing; and, the greenhouse gas emissions database. In addition, farm blocks within Overseer are tested as sub-catchments (e.g. a group of paddocks 10-20 ha in size) within a farm as a "basic" spatial management tool to determine the likely areas at risk of contaminant losses (e.g. nutrient losses to water). Data were sourced from 10 deer-farmed sites in Otago and Southland representing the following scenarios: winter forage cropping, finishing and weaning blocks, fence-line pacing, wallowing and wetlands. Overall, the model predicted 87% of variation in phosphorus (P) losses (P<0.05), but this was based on limited data. Additional data will be incorporated when available. The recent upgrade of Overseer gives farmers a tool to see how deer affect environmental outputs at a farm and possibly, sub-catchment, scale.
AN  - CABI:20093007113
AU  - McDowell, R. W.
AU  - Wheeler, D. M.
AU  - Klein, C. A. M. de
AU  - Rutherford, A. J.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 95-99
ST  - Deer and environment: Overseer upgrade
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Deer and environment: Overseer upgrade
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007113
VL  - 70
ID  - 984
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Annual dry matter (DM) production and botanical composition of six dryland pasture combinations, grown under sheep grazing at Lincoln University for 5 years, are presented. In 4 years, lucerne produced the highest DM yields (13.1-18.5 t/ha/yr) through higher daily growth rates, compared with grass based pastures, particularly during periods of water stress in summer and autumn. Of the grass based pastures, cocksfoot sown with subterranean clover produced yields of 9.9-12.9 t DM/ha/yr which were greater than, or similar to, all other pastures (8.0-12.9 t DM/ha/yr). Cocksfoot established with white clover produced >9.7 t DM/ha/yr in years with wetter than average summers. Over the 5 years the contribution of perennial ryegrass to total DM yield declined by ~0.7 t/ha/yr, from 70% in Year 1, to 44% in Year 5. It was replaced by unsown dicotyledonous weeds and grasses which increased from 4% in Year 1 to 24% by Year 5. Overall results show a dryland pastoral system that includes both lucerne and cocksfoot with subterranean clover pastures is likely to produce more feed in dry years than perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures. The inclusion of white clover with cocksfoot and subterranean clover may allow utilisation of variable and unpredictable rainfall in moist summers.
AN  - CABI:20093007105
AU  - Mills, A.
AU  - Smith, M. C.
AU  - Lucas, R. J.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 7
0
8
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 37-44
ST  - Dryland pasture yields and botanical composition over 5 years under sheep grazing in Canterbury
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Dryland pasture yields and botanical composition over 5 years under sheep grazing in Canterbury
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007105
VL  - 70
ID  - 976
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - 'Bolta' and 'Frontier' balansa clover seedlings were counted through two autumns following a large seed set in November 2006, from monocultures sown in a dryland environment in Canterbury. Following rain on 5 January 2007, 65% of 'Bolta' seed and 54% of 'Frontier' seed emerged. Approximately 11% of seed produced in 2006 remained in the soil in April 2008. These results highlight the regeneration potential of balansa clover. In a separate dryland grazing experiment at Lincoln University, six 'Bolta' balansa clover/cocksfoot plots were managed individually during five spring flowering periods to provide different amounts of seed. The total annual dry matter production of the balansa clover was dependent on this grazing management. Specifically, clover content in those cocksfoot pastures averaged above 30% for the 3 years following a major seeding event. Closing the balansa clover/cocksfoot pasture on 6 September to allow flowering after a February sowing, or no spring grazing after a late May sowing, provided sufficient seed for successful re-establishment of the balansa clover for the next 3 years. In contrast, when the February sown plots were closed on 24 October, only half as much clover was produced in the following years. Thus, successful regeneration of balansa clover will require management for seed production in the establishment year and then on a 3 year cycle.
AN  - CABI:20093007128
AU  - Monks, D. P.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Smith, M. C.
AU  - Lucas, R. J.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 6
0
6
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 233-238
ST  - Grazing management for regeneration of balansa clover in a cocksfoot pasture
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Grazing management for regeneration of balansa clover in a cocksfoot pasture
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007128
VL  - 70
ID  - 999
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The water use efficiencies (WUE) of a range of temperate pasture species were calculated from measurements on several different dryland and irrigated pastures in Canterbury. The annual WUE ranged from 6.7 kg DM/ha/mm for a dryland cocksfoot pasture to 40 kg DM/ha/mm for a dryland lucerne crop grown on a Wakanui silt loam soil. The lucerne crop extracted 328 mm of water to at least 2.3 m depth. Its deep root enabled high recovery of rainfall stored in the soil profile. By comparison a perennial ryegrass pasture only extracted 243 mm of water to 1.5 m depth on the same soil type and it had an annual WUE of 18 kg DM/ha/mm. Where practical, species with deep roots should be sown on deep free draining soils to extract all available soil water. On a stony Lismore soil, perennial ryegrass extracted 129 mm of water to a depth of 1.5 m. On a more stony, shallower soil, at the same location, lucerne extracted 131 mm to a depth of 2.3 m. Both pastures had similar annual DM yields and an annual WUE of 16 kg DM/ha/mm. Within the year WUE of the ryegrass pasture ranged from 3 to 22 kg DM/ha/mm. This seasonal variability reflected how soil moisture deficit, soil evaporation and drainage affected pasture growth. During spring, when moisture was non-limiting, clover monocultures and binary mixtures had higher WUEs than pure grass swards due to higher herbage nitrogen (N). Furthermore, a cocksfoot monoculture had an annual WUE of 38 kg DM/ha/mm when fertilised with N but it was only 17 kg DM/ha/mm when unfertilised. These results suggest WUE can be maximised annually and seasonally by growing monocultures of legumes, such as lucerne, adopting grazing management to enhance clover production or strategic application of N fertiliser to maximize growth when soil moisture is available.
AN  - CABI:20093007107
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Brown, H. E.
AU  - Pollock, K.
AU  - Mills, A.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 17
0
18
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 51-57
ST  - Yield and water use of temperate pastures in summer dry environments
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Yield and water use of temperate pastures in summer dry environments
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007107
VL  - 70
ID  - 978
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - New Zealand pastures often contain a higher concentration of nitrogen (N) than required by ruminants, and this can be exacerbated by application of N fertilisers to boost pasture growth. Excess dietary nitrogen (N) has negative implications for environmental sustainability and animal production, but producers and rural professionals are sometimes unaware of these issues and especially the terminology often used to describe the forms and fate of N. Negative consequences for animal production are mostly defined by the energetic expenditure required for the elimination of N intake in excess to requirements. This is associated with costs for urea synthesis from ammonia absorbed from the rumen and degradation of amino acids that are surplus to animal needs for protein synthesis. Environmental consequences are mainly due to high N concentrations in urine patches. Urine is a major pollutant of waterways and a contributor to greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.
AN  - CABI:20093007115
AU  - Pacheco, D.
AU  - Waghorn, G. C.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 26
3
33
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 107-116
ST  - Dietary nitrogen - definitions, digestion, excretion and consequences of excess for grazing ruminants
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Dietary nitrogen - definitions, digestion, excretion and consequences of excess for grazing ruminants
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007115
VL  - 70
ID  - 986
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Inadequate pasture growth from September to November has been a major constraint on animal production at Limestone Downs, Port Waikato. In an attempt to address this, urea was applied by air in two applications per year (late autumn+winter) at rates up to 250 kg N/ha/year for each of 3 years (2004-2007). Pasture production, botanical composition and N concentration in leachate were determined on a range of slopes and aspects. Average N fertiliser response for the 3 years of the trial was, respectively, 18.9, 15.7 and 13.6 kg DM/kg N applied. Easy northerly slopes and southerly aspects showed strong positive responses to N application for all 3 years while moderate to steep northerly slopes showed smaller, inconsistent responses. Leachate N concentration was always higher in fertilised paddocks but values varied annually and with slope and aspect. Strategic use of high rates of N fertiliser use in hill country should ideally concentrate on areas showing a strong positive pasture growth response with limited N loss from leachate. At Limestone Downs, areas with little slope showed strong pasture growth responses but increased leachate N concentration while moderate southerly aspects had lower increases in leachate N concentration but only moderate pasture growth responses.
AN  - CABI:20093007116
AU  - Puha, M. R.
AU  - King, W. M.
AU  - Burggraaf, V. T.
AU  - Roberts, A. H. C.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 117-121
ST  - Pasture production gains from strategic winter nitrogen applications on a North Island sheep and beef hill country farm
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Pasture production gains from strategic winter nitrogen applications on a North Island sheep and beef hill country farm
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007116
VL  - 70
ID  - 987
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - White clover cultivars with enhanced levels of foliar condensed tannins would significantly contribute to pasture productivity via increased production, forage quality and decreases in adverse environmental impacts. Recent developments suggest it is feasible to achieve this via expression of a single transgene, but that accumulation will only occur in specialised cell types which contain an active anthocyanin pathway. In this study we: (1) investigated the transformation potential of clover genotypes expressing foliar anthocyanins and (2) introduced two condensed tannin biosynthetic genes into selected genotypes. Decreased anthocyanin accumulation was observed in plants expressing either transgene suggesting a potential change in flux from the anthocyanin to the condensed tannin pathway. These plants represent the first description of genetic transformation in anthocyanin expressing white clover genotypes. Our ultimate aim is to genetically enhance foliar condensed tannin levels in white clover allowing the development of novel "bloat-safe" cultivars conferring improved animal health performance. Results to date represent a significant milestone toward this goal.
AN  - CABI:20093007126
AU  - Richardson, K.
AU  - Maher, D.
AU  - Cousins, G.
AU  - Ford, J.
AU  - Hancock, K.
AU  - Scott, A.
AU  - Rasmussen, S.
AU  - Collette, V.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Rasmussen, Susanne/D-4526-2017
Rasmussen, Susanne/0000-0001-5464-8978
0
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 221-224
ST  - Targeting of "high anthocyanin" white clovers for increased condensed tannin levels via genetic modification
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Targeting of "high anthocyanin" white clovers for increased condensed tannin levels via genetic modification
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007126
VL  - 70
ID  - 997
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The paper precis the key published results from two 26- year grazing trials, involving an initial 25 species mix under 35 different S and P fertiliser rates, three sheep stocking rates and two stocking combinations. Species separation and transition from legume to grass dominance depended on fertiliser rate. Alsike and white clover dominated early stages at moderate fertiliser rates. The horticultural lupin was a highly successful pasture legume at low fertiliser inputs, and there was low success of introduced species without fertiliser. Caucasian clover established slowly but became the dominant legume in the second decade at higher fertiliser rates. Chewing fescue was the second most successful grass across the whole fertility gradient, cocksfoot reached maximum prominence towards the end of first decade, and tall oat grass increased over time. Grazing management effects on pasture species selection was small relative to fertiliser effects. Grazing capacity, as measured by sheep grazing days, was mainly determined by sulphur fertiliser rates. Nutrient budgets showed the large below-ground components which increased with fertiliser rates, stocking rate, and mob versus set stocking.
AN  - CABI:20093007102
AU  - Scott, D.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 19-23
ST  - Sustainability of high-country pastures under contrasting development inputs
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Sustainability of high-country pastures under contrasting development inputs
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007102
VL  - 70
ID  - 973
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The "FeedSmart" extension programme, focused on improved feed planning for sheep and beef farmers includes two computer models to assist with decision making. The Cost of Pasture model requires the user to input a farm income and cost structure, and a pasture growth curve. It calculates the costs of growing pasture on a dry matter (DM) basis. Cost of capital is included in the calculations and return on capital is also calculated. The Cost of Supplements model provides a simple sequence of steps to calculate the returns from feeding supplements at a given purchase price. All costs and wastage items are incorporated and technical tool tips are provided to assist the model user. Model results showed that in terms of growing pasture on New Zealand sheep and beef farms the cost of pasture was, on average, 3.3 cents/kg DM in 2006/07, excluding the cost of capital. When costs of capital, excluding stock, were included at an 8% interest rate, the cost was 12 c/kg DM. For supplementation, breakeven profitability in a cattle example was achieved at a schedule price of 400 c/kg carcass weight, if the supplement could be fed for 27 c/kg DM. Nitrogen fertiliser falls under this limit.
AN  - CABI:20093007120
AU  - Smeaton, D. C.
AU  - Rains, S. T.
AU  - Peyroux, G. R. J.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 145-151
ST  - The FeedSmart "Cost of Supplements and Cost of Pasture" models
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The FeedSmart "Cost of Supplements and Cost of Pasture" models
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007120
VL  - 70
ID  - 991
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Two experiments compared the effects of five rates (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg urea/ha) of urea (46% N) applied to existing pasture on subsequent establishment and final yields of two direct drilled brassica crops (turnips and kale, and swedes) on different soils in East Otago. Dry conditions in both early spring and again in late summer (estimated soil moisture deficit of 110 to 135 mm throughout) were reflected in low average yields (4300 and 1400 kg DM/ha in March and 6700 and 5400 kg DM/ha in July at Palmerston and Stoneburn respectively). Adding urea to pasture in early spring before a double spraying regime for swedes sown in November boosted yield by 17 kg DM/kg N applied. The turnip and kale crop showed a small response to added N in March but no response by July. This research suggests that knowledge of the available soil nitrogen levels will assist in decision making concerning rates of fertiliser use.
AN  - CABI:20093007104
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Carruthers, A. Y.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 4
0
4
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 31-36
ST  - Can nitrogen fertiliser applied before sowing increase brassica yields in a dry environment?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Can nitrogen fertiliser applied before sowing increase brassica yields in a dry environment?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007104
VL  - 70
ID  - 975
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Ripgut brome (Bromus diandrus) is an annual grass weed prevalent in dry, hill and high country regions throughout the South Island. Its large seeds contaminate wool and carcasses. Two studies were undertaken in 2006/2007 to test strategies to control and mitigate its impacts. The first study (South Canterbury) tested different rates and timing of application of herbicides on ripgut brome. Glyphosate applied in spring as a spray-topping application (112 g a.i./ha) showed potential as a control strategy, reducing ripgut brome seed production and seedling densities without large increases in bare ground caused by the other broad spectrum and grass selective herbicides. Herbicides had no effect on the cover of perennial grasses, dicots or forbs. In the second study (Marlborough and Central Otago), shearing lambs at weaning reduced the number of carcasses that were detained due to seed contamination (0.33 and 0.41 respectively, proportion of shorn and unshorn carcasses detained) but did not reduce the number of seeds contaminating each carcass. Shearing at weaning, combined with herbicide application targeted at ripgut brome dominant areas may be useful strategies to help reduce seed contamination.
AN  - CABI:20093007134
AU  - Tozer, K. N.
AU  - Marshall, A. J.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018
Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X
0
3
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 265-269
ST  - Methods of reducing ripgut brome seed production and carcass damage
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Methods of reducing ripgut brome seed production and carcass damage
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007134
VL  - 70
ID  - 1005
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Our goal is to increase the metabolisable energy of forage species (such as Lolium perenne, perennial ryegrass) via accumulation of lipids in the leaves, and further improve upon this by the delivery of polyunsaturated fatty acids whilst maintaining a low input agricultural system. To date we have generated transgenic ryegrass plants by over expressing the Arabidopsis thaliana triacylglyceride synthesising gene (DGAT1) which accumulate up to 40% more lipid in the leaf. We have also demonstrated that our invention, polyoleosin (designed to protect lipids from biohydrogenation), is correctly assembled and targeted to the oil bodies in the model plant A. thaliana. This paper reports on the preliminary findings of these studies.
AN  - CABI:20093007124
AU  - Winichayakul, S.
AU  - Cookson, R.
AU  - Scott, R.
AU  - Zhou, J.
AU  - Zou, X.
AU  - Roldan, M.
AU  - Richardson, K.
AU  - Roberts, N.
DA  - 2008
N1  - Times Cited: 6
0
6
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 211-216
ST  - Delivery of grasses with high levels of unsaturated, protected fatty acids
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Delivery of grasses with high levels of unsaturated, protected fatty acids
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20093007124
VL  - 70
ID  - 995
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Constraints to pasture renewal success have been identified by many farmers so this multi-disciplinary study was initiated to trial and monitor the establishment, persistence and production of key forage species. Eight farms in the Bay of Plenty are being monitored. On each farm, paddocks have been selected so that a wide range of contrasting previous management and current pasture performance is covered. Initial measures of pasture production, composition, insect populations, nematodes, earthworms and interactions amongst these variables were made in February 2009. Pasture renewal significantly increased white clover yield (P<0.01). Black beetle (Heteronychus arator) was the major pest insect at almost all sites and populations were significantly decreased by renewal (P<0.01). The root-knot (Meloidogyne) and cyst (Heterodera) clover-feeding nematodes were increased in renewed paddocks, probably in response to increased clover content. Earthworm populations were significantly reduced by renewal (P<0.05). The relationship between pasture performance and invertebrate populations is complex but critical to pasture establishment.
AN  - CABI:20103229654
AU  - Bell, N. L.
AU  - King, W. M. C. G.
AU  - Rennie, G. M.
AU  - Yates, L. J.
AU  - Wilson, D. J.
AU  - Howlett, S. A.
AU  - Trolove, M. R.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Bell, Nigel/0000-0003-0770-3254
0
2
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 155-159
ST  - Best-practice pasture renewal for forage production and sustainability: description of a farmer-led study and initial findings
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Best-practice pasture renewal for forage production and sustainability: description of a farmer-led study and initial findings
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229654
VL  - 71
ID  - 962
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A pot trial with two sampling times was conducted to compare the non-target effects of Nil endophyte ryegrass with three endophyte/ryegrass combinations, two selected endophytes (AR1 and AR37) and a wild-type, in the same cultivar. Shoot dry weight, soil nematode and microbial abundance and community diversity were assessed at each sample time. Plants infected with wildtype endophyte produced significantly less shoot weight than all other treatments due to slow initial growth. None of the plant-parasitic nematodes were consistently affected by any of the endophyte combinations. There was a significant overall effect of endophyte infection on some bacterial-feeding nematode families which was reflected in the community indices calculated but these were not consistent across sample times. Wildtype endophyte differed significantly from AR1 for one bacterial-feeding nematode family, and differed significantly from all other treatments in composition of Pseudomonas and Actinobacteria communities. Neither total fungal populations nor functional diversity were consistently different amongst treatments. While there were some differences in the microbial and nematode communities at one or other of the sampling times these did not appear to be consistent nor represent a threat to the non-target community as a whole.
AN  - CABI:20103229836
AU  - Bell, N. L.
AU  - Rohan, T. C.
AU  - James, S. M.
AU  - Aalders, L. T.
AU  - Burch, G.
AU  - Sarathchandra, S. U.
AU  - Gerard, E.
AU  - O'Callaghan, M.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 1
O'Callaghan, Maureen/J-2809-2013; Bell, Nigel/
O'Callaghan, Maureen/0000-0001-7406-3854; Bell, Nigel/0000-0003-0770-3254
0
1
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 139-144
ST  - An investigation of non-target impacts of ryegrass endophytes on nematodes and soil microorganisms
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - An investigation of non-target impacts of ryegrass endophytes on nematodes and soil microorganisms
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229836
VL  - 71
ID  - 959
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - High sugar grasses and novel endophytes are two new technologies promoted for pastoral farmers. While assessing their value for pastoral farming it is important to consider the interactive effects of these technologies on both pasture production and composition. Pasture production and botanical composition was measured over 2 years for a range of perennial ryegrass cultivars infected with different endophyte strains in grazed small plot trials under irrigation in Canterbury. Cultivar and endophyte strain had little effect on total dry matter production; agronomically the UK-bred high sugar grass performed as well as the New Zealand controls. There was a trend for less white clover with ryegrass cultivars infected with AR1 and AR37 endophyte compared with endophyte-free treatments. Generally, endophyte infection is promoted as being beneficial for ryegrasses. However, under irrigated conditions and low levels of insect pressure, the advantage of endophyte infection was minimal.
AN  - CABI:20103229428
AU  - Bryant, R. H.
AU  - Parsons, A. J.
AU  - Rasmussen, S.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Rasmussen, Susanne/D-4526-2017; Bryant, Racheal/G-7766-2014; Parsons, Anthony/E-7226-2011; Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018
Rasmussen, Susanne/0000-0001-5464-8978; Parsons, Anthony/0000-0001-7441-1855; Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X
0
2
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 177-185
ST  - Pasture production and botanical composition of high sugar and control ryegrasses with or without endophyte under irrigation in Canterbury
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Pasture production and botanical composition of high sugar and control ryegrasses with or without endophyte under irrigation in Canterbury
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229428
VL  - 71
ID  - 965
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - 'Pasja' (Brassica campestris * napus) was grown at Lincoln in 2008, with banded or broadcast phosphorus (P) fertiliser applied at 0, 20, 40 or 60 kg/ha at establishment on a Templeton silt loam soil of moderate fertility (Olsen P of 9-17 mg/kg range for individual plots). Total dry matter (DM) production, leaf to stem ratios and leaf area development were measured over time and related to the biophysical environment. Final DM yield increased with P rate from 3,730 kg DM/ha for the control to ~5,000 kg DM/ha at 60 kg P/ha. The leaf to stem ratio declined from between 22 and 31 at 17 days after emergence to 10.3 at the final harvest. Leaf area index (LAI) for the control crops was lower than for those that received P fertiliser, but there were no differences among the P fertilised crops. Total accumulated intercepted solar radiation (RIcum) was 8% greater when P was applied compared with the control. This difference was the main contributor to differences in total dry matter yield and was independent of the application method.
AN  - CABI:20103229614
AU  - Chakwizira, E.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Scott, W. R.
AU  - Fletcher, A.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Fletcher, Andrew/G-3915-2010; Fletcher, Andrew/J-7183-2013
Fletcher, Andrew/0000-0003-1236-2319
0
2
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 101-106
ST  - Effect of rate and method of phosphorus application on the growth and development of 'Pasja' crops
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effect of rate and method of phosphorus application on the growth and development of 'Pasja' crops
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229614
VL  - 71
ID  - 953
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Globally methane emissions from ruminant livestock account for 5-6% of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. In New Zealand, methane emissions from ruminants comprise 31.5% of our total emissions putting us in a unique position within the developed world. Reducing methane emissions from ruminant livestock is technically challenging and has to be achieved against a rising demand for animal products. There is currently no price on emissions meaning that there is little incentive for farmers to adopt mitigation practices unless these practices are profitable in their own right. In the short term the mitigation opportunities already identified by researchers have limited applicability for grazing ruminants or they involve actions (e.g. reducing animal numbers) that may adversely affect profitability. In the medium and longer term direct modification of rumen microbial processes (e.g. vaccination against methanogens) and the breeding of 'low' methane producing animals offer promise for universal, cost effective solutions.
AN  - CABI:20103229700
AU  - Clark, H.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
3
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 73-76
ST  - Methane emissions from ruminant livestock; are they important and can we reduce them?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Methane emissions from ruminant livestock; are they important and can we reduce them?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229700
VL  - 71
ID  - 948
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Enhancing the concentration of water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) in ryegrass by management or breeding affects other chemical constituents, which may also contribute to the animal response. A large data set (n=220) of chemical composition of 3 ryegrasses was examined to determine the relationship between elevated WSC and other constituents. Samples of pasture were collected at 8:00 am and 4:00 pm, 2-3 times per week during measurement periods in spring of 4 consecutive years and during autumn of 3 consecutive years, freezedried and concentrations of major constituents predicted by NIRS. Using a two-step statistical procedure effects due to year and day within season were removed, and then within season the concentration of WSC regressed, by six groups (3 cultivars * two times of day), against crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), lipid and ash. For each grass a unit increase in WSC (slope) was offset by a decrease in CP of 0.62 units in spring (R2=43%) and 0.44 units in autumn (R2=47%), and a decrease in NDF of 0.30 units in spring (R2=23%), and 0.17 units in autumn (R2=42%). The Y-axis intercepts differed for cultivar and time of day. For protein the decrease was greater than expected from the effect of dilution alone, and for NDF it was less than dilution. While the physiological basis for these relationships was not determined, they indicate that the reduction in protein and fibre should enhance the effect of greater WSC on the nutritional value of ryegrasses and the efficiency of nutrient utilisation in the animal.
AN  - CABI:20103229495
AU  - Cosgrove, G. P.
AU  - Koolaard, J.
AU  - Luo, D.
AU  - Burke, J. L.
AU  - Pacheco, D.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 9
0
12
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 187-193
ST  - The composition of high sugar ryegrasses
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The composition of high sugar ryegrasses
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229495
VL  - 71
ID  - 966
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - On 27 March 2008, my wife Emily and I purchased a 737 ha property adjoining Castlepoint Station, called Mockingbird Farm. The property is typical of Wairarapa hill country ranging from small amounts of rolling hill to steep hills with about 407 ha of reverting scrub, 200 ha of average pasture and 130 ha of pine trees. This paper covers the decision process we went through in deciding to purchase the property. A key component of that decision was the ability to sell carbon credits from the pine trees to meet the carrying costs of the purchase. The paper also outlines the process we have been through attempting to sell carbon credits, and the minefield of political whim which surrounds this. The end result is that over a year later we have yet to sell any carbon credits.
AN  - CABI:20103229701
AU  - Crofoot, A. N.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 85-88
ST  - Carbon credits - reliable cash flow?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Carbon credits - reliable cash flow?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229701
VL  - 71
ID  - 950
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A monitoring programme for the tropical grass webworm (TGW) (Herpetogramma licarsisalis) has been operating in the Far North since 1999, when high densities of the larva resulted in severe defoliation of large areas of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pasture. Flight patterns of adult TGW were monitored using pheromone traps; larval populations were sampled using quadrat sampling of pasture. Rainfall and temperature measurements were recorded throughout summer and late autumn in each of the years sampled. The data collected have enabled an early warning system to operate which advises farmers of the risk of a tropical grass webworm outbreak. Warnings of potential outbreaks are distributed via local media and the Northland Regional Council website. When larvae numbers in pasture are greater than 50/m2, and warm, moist conditions prevail, farmers can consider appropriate management decisions to secure feed for stock.
AN  - CABI:20103229531
AU  - Dymock, J. J.
AU  - Gibb, A. R.
AU  - Suckling, D. M.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
4
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 25-30
ST  - Monitoring and predicting populations of the tropical grass webworm (Herpetogramma licarsisalis) a pest of kikuyu pasture in Northland
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Monitoring and predicting populations of the tropical grass webworm (Herpetogramma licarsisalis) a pest of kikuyu pasture in Northland
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229531
VL  - 71
ID  - 939
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Loline alkaloids are non-toxic to livestock and protect endophyte-infected fescue against insects. They are not present in perennial ryegrass (PRG) infected with its natural endophyte. PRG has been artificially infected with the loline-producing endophyte AR525, sourced from tall fescue. One loline structure, N-formyl loline, is regularly expressed in AR525-infected PRG herbage but at lower concentrations than in tall fescue. There is significant variation between infected PRG families, and data indicate improved mean herbage concentrations in response to selection. Transmission of AR525 to seed of infected PRG plants is variable. Infection frequencies above 90% are achieved for some families, but the variation is not under simple genetic control, and there are as yet undetermined environmental influences. PRG infected with loline-producing endophytes will be a valuable future option for farmers, but to be viable on farms requires higher herbage loline concentrations and better seed transmission.
AN  - CABI:20103229714
AU  - Easton, H. S.
AU  - Lyons, T. B.
AU  - Cooper, B. M.
AU  - Mace, W. J.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 6
0
6
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 151-154
ST  - Loline alkaloids for better protection of pastures from insect pests
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Loline alkaloids for better protection of pastures from insect pests
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229714
VL  - 71
ID  - 961
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A set of 18 ryegrass cultivars and breeders' lines, some selected for elevated concentrations of high molecular weight fructan, were compared for forage composition in mown row trials at two sites, in Canterbury and Manawatu. Cultivars varied significantly and consistently, with cultivars selected for elevated high molecular weight fructan showing consistently higher concentrations of these and total soluble carbohydrate, and lower concentrations of crude protein. Some recently developed New Zealand breeding lines are comparable with imported cultivars. Plant breeding has delivered cultivars distinctive for soluble carbohydrate concentration, and further enhancements are likely to be possible. Optimum target levels for soluble carbohydrate concentration are not yet clear.
AN  - CABI:20103229464
AU  - Easton, H. S.
AU  - Stewart, A. V.
AU  - Lyons, T. B.
AU  - Parris, M.
AU  - Charrier, S.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 6
0
6
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 161-166
ST  - Soluble carbohydrate content of ryegrass cultivars
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Soluble carbohydrate content of ryegrass cultivars
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229464
VL  - 71
ID  - 963
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Over 10 years the health and production of sheep grazing ryegrass with AR37 fungal endophyte was compared to those grazing Standard and AR1 endophytes, and endophyte-free, under four different trial protocols, including short and long term grazing, cultivar effects and seasonal differences. Sheep developed some ryegrass staggers on AR37 treatments but it was less frequent and usually less severe than on Standard. Liveweight gains were similar to those from endophytefree controls, but this could be influenced by the degree of ryegrass staggers. AR37 had no adverse effects on body temperatures, dags or respiration rates. The large agronomic advantages of AR37 outweigh the ryegrass staggers that may occur in sheep, making it a better option in terms of both pasture persistence and animal productivity and welfare than Standard endophyte.
AN  - CABI:20103229664
AU  - Fletcher, L. R.
AU  - Sutherland, B. L.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 13
0
14
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 127-132
ST  - Sheep responses to grazing ryegrass with AR37 endophyte
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Sheep responses to grazing ryegrass with AR37 endophyte
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229664
VL  - 71
ID  - 957
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The effect of diploid and tetraploid ryegrass on clover establishment in new pasture following maize, turnips or grass was investigated in Northland and Waikato in autumn 2004. White clover seedling establishment at 4 weeks was 12-20% higher with tetraploid ryegrass compared to diploid ryegrass, and lowest clover seedling numbers were in the ex-grass paddocks. Production data from the Northland site showed that in December 2004, the ex-maize and exturnip paddocks, respectively, had 54% and 79% more pasture than ex-grass paddocks. Reducing the diploid ryegrass sowing rate from 16 to 8 kg/ha did not impact on its dry matter production. The benefit of successful establishment appeared to last with Year 3 ex-crop pastures in Waikato having more clover, fewer weeds, and higher autumn production compared to ex-grass pastures, and the tetraploid ryegrass having more clover than diploid pastures.
AN  - CABI:20103229445
AU  - Gerard, P. J.
AU  - Cooper, B. M.
AU  - Eden, T. M.
AU  - Howlett, S. A.
AU  - Lane, P. M. S.
AU  - Panckhurst, K. A.
AU  - Willoughby, B. E.
AU  - Wilson, D. J.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 133-137
ST  - Impact of ryegrass selection and paddock history on clover establishment in new dairy pasture
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Impact of ryegrass selection and paddock history on clover establishment in new dairy pasture
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229445
VL  - 71
ID  - 958
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Evidence from small plot and farm trials demonstrate that fungal endophyte infection plays a pivotal role in enhancing the persistence and yields of perennial, hybrid and Italian ryegrasses, tall and meadow fescues in Northland. In most situations these effects were evident within 2-3 years of sowing and were largely attributed to protection from insect attack that is conferred by endophyte infection. Many trials suffered from attack by African black beetle but root aphids were also important in one trial. For ryegrasses, there were differences between the effectiveness of the endophytes, with the AR37 strain imparting the best agronomic performance to the infected ryegrass cultivar.
AN  - CABI:20103229746
AU  - Hume, D. E.
AU  - Cooper, B. M.
AU  - Panckhurst, K. A.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 8
0
8
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 145-150
ST  - The role of endophyte in determining the persistence and productivity of ryegrass, tall fescue and meadow fescue in Northland
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The role of endophyte in determining the persistence and productivity of ryegrass, tall fescue and meadow fescue in Northland
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229746
VL  - 71
ID  - 960
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AN  - CABI:20103229542
AU  - Jagger, M.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 17-20
ST  - Farming in a subtropical environment: a farmer's perspective
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Farming in a subtropical environment: a farmer's perspective
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229542
VL  - 71
ID  - 937
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) is a summer growing annual grass with a C4 photosynthetic pathway. It is now becoming a serious weed in pasture where it is highly competitive with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/white clover (Trifolium repens) and is avoided by stock when at the seed head stage. On severely infested farms, it is estimated to cause production losses in the order of $100 000/100 ha unit, mostly due to stock not grazing areas where the yellow bristle grass is seeding. First recorded in the early 20th century, yellow bristle grass was a plant of minor significance until very recently. In the past 10 years several farming practices such as stocking rate, post-grazing residual and grazing rotation, have changed which could explain why it has become a problem weed. Selective herbicidal control in pasture is probably not a viable solution, so pasture renovation with intercropping and improved management methods are currently being evaluated.
AN  - CABI:20103229885
AU  - James, T. K.
AU  - Tozer, K. N.
AU  - Rahman, A.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
7
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 39-42
ST  - Yellow bristle grass: a recent weed incursion in Waikato dairy pastures
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Yellow bristle grass: a recent weed incursion in Waikato dairy pastures
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229885
VL  - 71
ID  - 942
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A field experiment evaluated the effect of plantain (Plantago lanceolata) on ewe and lamb liveweight changes and ewe faecal egg count (FEC) during lactation. Pregnant ewes were randomly allocated to either plantain or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) pastures. Ewes remained on the treatments from one week before lambing until weaning. In Year 1, stocking rate in each treatment group was adjusted weekly to maintain a constant pasture cover. In Year 2, all ewes were set-stocked at 10/ha. All ewes were dosed with Teladorsadagia circumcincta larvae 7 days before parturition. FEC and liveweight of ewes and lambs were monitored weekly. In both years, lamb liveweight gain was faster on plantain than on perennial ryegrass. During lactation, ewe liveweight on ryegrass decreased while increasing on plantain. Ewe peri-parturient FEC for the plantain treatment group was significantly lower than ewes grazing perennial ryegrass (P=0.03). Despite both treatments growing similar amounts of forage, the carrying capacity (ewes/ha) on plantain was lower suggesting animal production differences were a result of differences in daily intake whether grazing at a common pasture cover or while grazing at the same stocking rate.
AN  - CABI:20103229449
AU  - Judson, H. G.
AU  - McAnulty, R.
AU  - Sedcole, R.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 6
0
7
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 201-205
ST  - Evaluation of 'Ceres Tonic' plantain (Plantago lanceolata) as a lactation feed for twin-bearing ewes
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Evaluation of 'Ceres Tonic' plantain (Plantago lanceolata) as a lactation feed for twin-bearing ewes
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229449
VL  - 71
ID  - 968
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Including forage cropping as part of the pasture renewal process can be beneficial; however, too often farmers achieve unsatisfactory results in terms of both crop yield and the re-establishment of new perennial pasture. To be successful with this approach the farmer needs to have a wide range of information on pest and weed control and cropping techniques. This information is vital for the long-term success of a regrassing programme and is taken for granted by those that know, but is often hard for farmers to access. The Programmed ApproachTM to pasture renewal incorporating cropping is a package of information that has been gathered together from both field practitioners and scientists to address this need. This information package outlines the important issues that contribute to successful regrassing programmes that are currently being tested on-farm.
AN  - CABI:20103229630
AU  - Lane, P. M. S.
AU  - Addison, P. J.
AU  - Plateringen, M. J. van
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 89-92
ST  - The Programmed ApproachTM to pasture renewal and cropping
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The Programmed ApproachTM to pasture renewal and cropping
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229630
VL  - 71
ID  - 951
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The Greenhouse Effect acts to slow the escape of infrared radiation to space, and hence warms the atmosphere. The oceans derive almost all of their thermal energy from the sun, and none from infrared radiation in the atmosphere. The thermal energy stored by the oceans is transported globally and released after a range of different time periods. The release of thermal energy from the oceans modifies the behaviour of atmospheric circulation, and hence varies climate. Based on ocean behaviour, New Zealand can expect weather patterns similar to those from 1890-1922 and another Little Ice Age may develop this century.
AN  - CABI:20103229779
AU  - Lange, W. P. de
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 61-67
ST  - Greenhouses, hot water bottles, cycles and the future of New Zealand climate
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Greenhouses, hot water bottles, cycles and the future of New Zealand climate
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229779
VL  - 71
ID  - 946
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Temperate species and tropical crop silage are the basis for forage production for the dairy industry in the Australian subtropics. Irrigation is the key resource needed for production, with little survival of temperate species under rain-grown conditions except for lucerne. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), fertilised with either inorganic nitrogen or grown with clovers, is the main cool season forage for the dairy industry. It is sown into fully prepared seedbeds, oversown into tropical grasses, especially kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) or sown after mulching. There has been a continual improvement in the performance of annual and hybrid ryegrass cultivars over the last 25 years. In small plot, cutting experiments, yields of annual ryegrass typically range from 15 to 21 t DM/ha, with equivalent on-farm yields of 7 to 14 t DM/ha of utilised material. Rust (Puccinia coronata) remains the major concern although resistance is more stable than in oats. There have also been major improvements in the performance of perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) cultivars although their persistence under grazing is insufficient to make them a reliable forage source for the subtropics. On the other hand, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii) cultivars perform well under cutting and grazing, although farmer resistance to the use of tall fescue is strong. White clover (Trifolium repens) is a reliable and persistent performer although disease usually reduces its performance in the third year after sowing. Persian (Shaftal) annual clover (T. resupinatum) gives good winter production but the performance of berseem clover (T. alexandrinum) is less reliable and the sub clovers (T. subterraneum) are generally not suited to clay soils of neutral to alkaline pH. Lucerne (Medicago sativa), either as a pure stand or in mixtures, is a high producing legume under both irrigation and natural rainfall. Understanding the importance of leaf and crown diseases, and the development of resistant cultivars, have been the reasons for its reliability. Insects on temperate species are not as serious a problem in the subtropics as in New Zealand (NZ). Fungal and viral diseases, on the other hand, cause many problems and forage performance would benefit from more research into resistance.
AN  - CABI:20103229378
AU  - Lowe, K. F.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 9-15
ST  - The use of temperate species in the Australian subtropics
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The use of temperate species in the Australian subtropics
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229378
VL  - 71
ID  - 936
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Dicyandiamide (DCD) is an effective mitigation option for decreasing nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) losses in drainage water from New Zealand pastures. This study determined the relative effect of DCD on decreasing NO3-N losses from simulated sheep or cattle urine patches applied to a winter forage crop. Lysimeters were collected from a site in North Otago (Mottled Fragic Pallic Timaru silt loam). DCD was applied one day following the removal of crop herbage (triticale) and urine was added at rates pertinent to cattle and sheep. Loads of NO3-N in leachate during the study period (May 2007 until May 2008) were three times greater from lysimeters receiving cattle urine (~300 kg/ha) than those receiving sheep urine. DCD applied to lysimeters that received cattle urine decreased NO3-N leaching losses for 4 months after application, resulting in a net 39% decrease in N lost during the study. No significant effect was evident when the application of DCD followed sheep urine, suggesting that DCD only offers benefits for intensive cattle systems, but this requires further investigation.
AN  - CABI:20103229413
AU  - McDowell, R. W.
AU  - Houlbrooke, D. J.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 8
0
8
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 117-120
ST  - The effect of DCD on nitrate leaching losses from a winter forage crop receiving applications of sheep or cattle urine
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The effect of DCD on nitrate leaching losses from a winter forage crop receiving applications of sheep or cattle urine
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229413
VL  - 71
ID  - 955
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The feasibility of achieving the dairy industry's target of producing 45 t DM/ha/yr of forage with an average metabolisable energy (ME) value of 11 MJ ME/kg DM was evaluated for the Waikato and Northland regions of New Zealand. Recent productivity gains from pasturebased dairying systems are below that required to meet the industry's target, hence alternative practices that incorporate high yielding high quality crops into pastoral systems are being developed. A cropping sequence experiment was established in the Waikato to determine the practical upper limits of annual DM yield during the transition from old to new pasture from three different sequences of crops over 2 years. Results from experimental work were tested against climate-driven crop models to determine the theoretical upper limits of DM yield in the Waikato and extrapolated limits for Northland. Dry matter yields and nutritive value of forages from each sequence are reported for the first complete year of sequences (2007-2008). The target of 45 t DM/ha/yr was achieved in the field experiment using a sequence of maize followed by a winter oat crop, however, sequences combining summer brassica and winter cereal crops did not meet the target in either the field experiment or simulation study.
AN  - CABI:20103229584
AU  - Minnee, E. M. K.
AU  - Fletcher, A. L.
AU  - Ruiter, J. M. de
AU  - Clark, D. A.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 4
Fletcher, Andrew/J-7183-2013; Fletcher, Andrew/G-3915-2010
Fletcher, Andrew/0000-0003-1236-2319;
0
4
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 93-100
ST  - Forage crop sequences for pastoral systems in northern New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Forage crop sequences for pastoral systems in northern New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229584
VL  - 71
ID  - 952
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is a useful alternative to ryegrass in New Zealand pasture but it is slow to establish. Naturally occurring beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere can improve plant growth and health through a variety of direct and indirect mechanisms. In this study, we isolated bacteria colonising the roots of established tall fescue plants and screened isolates for their plant growth promotion characteristics in vitro. To date, 10% of rhizosphere bacteria and 25% of endorhiza bacteria produced the plant growth hormone auxin. A small proportion of auxin-producing bacteria could also produce iron-chelating agents (siderophores) and solubilise phosphorus, which promote plant growth and health. These bacteria will be tested to determine their potential to enhance tall fescue establishment in pot and field trials.
AN  - CABI:20103229751
AU  - Monk, J.
AU  - Gerard, E.
AU  - Young, S.
AU  - Widdup, K.
AU  - O'Callaghan, M.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 3
O'Callaghan, Maureen/J-2809-2013
O'Callaghan, Maureen/0000-0001-7406-3854
0
3
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 211-216
ST  - Isolation and identification of plant growth-promoting bacteria associated with tall fescue
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Isolation and identification of plant growth-promoting bacteria associated with tall fescue
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229751
VL  - 71
ID  - 970
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Over the last 10-15 years 'Ceres Tonic' plantain (Plantago lanceolata) has been added to many ryegrass/white clover pastures in Northland. From 2001 to 2009, measurements were undertaken monthly in six locations throughout Northland to record the dry matter contribution of 'Tonic' plantain in mixes relative to perennial ryegrass-based pasture, using pasture cages in paired paddocks. Addition of plantain to pasture mixes provided significant dry matter production advantages which ranged from 6 t DM/ha in the first year to 1.2 t DM/ha by Year 3. Plantain contributed between 32-90% of the yield over the measurement periods. Differences between plantain-based pastures and perennial ryegrass-based pastures were significant in summer (1.8 t DM/ha) and autumn (0.9 t DM/ha), but there were no production differences in winter and spring. Adding 'Tonic' plantain to ryegrass/white clover pastures (even at low seeding rates) has potential to increase production levels and to improve dry matter distribution over time.
AN  - CABI:20103229718
AU  - Moorhead, A. J. E.
AU  - Piggot, G. J.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 5
0
5
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 195-199
ST  - The performance of pasture mixes containing 'Ceres Tonic' plantain (Plantago lanceolata) in Northland
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The performance of pasture mixes containing 'Ceres Tonic' plantain (Plantago lanceolata) in Northland
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229718
VL  - 71
ID  - 967
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AN  - CABI:20103229866
AU  - Palmer, J. A.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 69-72
ST  - The future of pastoral farming in a changing climate
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The future of pastoral farming in a changing climate
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229866
VL  - 71
ID  - 947
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - There has been growing interest in including soil carbon (C) sequestration, as an offset to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, within New Zealand's commitment to the Kyoto Protocol, even though national trends report soil C concentrations in many areas is declining. There are different schools of thought as to what drives changes in soil C (e.g. grazing management, fertiliser inputs, species) and so in our capacity to increase the rate of sequestration of C since 1990 to gain C credits. Difficulties in measuring changes in soil C with the confidence and resolution sufficient for reporting C sequestration rates is encouraging IPCC panels to look for industry 'rules of thumb' (e.g. devise C changes from regional stock numbers or fertiliser use trends). Prospects may differ substantially in areas of degraded soils with New Zealand's widespread already C-rich soils; interpretation cf trees could make these soils a major liability. Pasture managers, like policy advisers, face the complexities of the carbon cycle, uncertainty over the extent to which it can realistically be manipulated, and must recognise the difference between sequestering versus maintaining sequestered carbon, within likely Kyoto/ETS rules.
AN  - CABI:20103229634
AU  - Parsons, A. J.
AU  - Rowarth, J. S.
AU  - Newton, P. C. D.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 6
Parsons, Anthony/E-7226-2011
Parsons, Anthony/0000-0001-7441-1855
0
6
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 77-84
ST  - Managing pasture for animals and soil carbon
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Managing pasture for animals and soil carbon
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229634
VL  - 71
ID  - 949
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - On a farm at Ruakaka, south of Whangarei, an intensive regrassing programme was begun in 2000 to remove kikuyu grass using glyphosate herbicide, replacing it with ryegrass. The programme reached a peak in 2003 and 2004 when up to 25% of the paddocks were in various stages of regrassing. The standard process was to spray kikuyu pastures with glyphosate in autumn, drill annual ryegrass, crop with turnips in summer and sow a permanent pasture mix in autumn - a three-spray programme. Other spray and regrass programmes, and alternative pasture mixes were also trialled. In the hill paddocks on northern aspects, kikuyu was detected at low levels in the sown new grass in the first and second years, rising to 60-70% of the observations in the third year and 100% by the fourth. On the southern aspects the ingress was much slower. On the flat paddocks, kikuyu content of the pasture was small until the fifth autumn. From a practical viewpoint, removing kikuyu from flat paddocks appears worthwhile, but this may not be so on hill or mixed hill/flats.
AN  - CABI:20103229392
AU  - Paton, B. A.
AU  - Piggot, G. J.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 35-37
ST  - Reinvasion by kikuyu grass after regrassing on a dairy farm
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Reinvasion by kikuyu grass after regrassing on a dairy farm
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229392
VL  - 71
ID  - 941
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This study aimed to understand how farmers responded to field days and newsletters delivered in a Focus Farm project for deer farmers in Otago and Southland. In 2006, 30 deer farmers from Otago and Southland were interviewed on their environmental practices. Farmers were re-interviewed after 2 years to assess their involvement in the Focus Farm project and the value of that project to them. This project had a significant impact on both environmental and productivity improvements on the farms (averaging 2.2 and 1.1 changes per farm, respectively), both of farmers who attended the field days and those who only received newsletters (averaging total changes of 4.6 and 2.0 per farm, respectively). While the value of focus or monitor farms has been reported before, this research shows a clear benefit from associated newsletters that are circulated and provide information to farmers that may not be able to attend the field days, or be directly involved.
AN  - CABI:20103229753
AU  - Payne, T. A.
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Casey, M. J.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 217-221
ST  - Deer focus farms - are they working?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Deer focus farms - are they working?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229753
VL  - 71
ID  - 971
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Pasture of low dry matter content (DM%) can occur in northern New Zealand. From 17 years of monthly pasture sampling on one farm at Kerikeri the DM% in regrowth was equal to or below 13% in more than half the samplings from April to June for ryegrass and ryegrass-kikuyu pastures. The DM% of pasture samples collected just before grazing were below that of regrowth samples (from cages) from April to September, but were higher than these from October to March. This effect was also seen in 9 years of pasture sampling at No. 2 Dairy at Ruakura (near Hamilton in Waikato). During April 1995, DM% of pastures sampled from Awanui in the north to Galatea in the south varied widely from 6 to 15%. Monthly pasture sampling from 2003 on a Ruakaka farm showed a similar seasonal pattern to the Kerikeri farm. On the Ruakaka farm, annual ryegrass pastures had low DM% both in regrowth as well as just before grazing (8% vs 11% in perennial ryegrass). Plantain-ryegrass-clover pastures had consistently 3-6% lower DM% compared with older ryegrass pastures. Factors such as weather, pasture species, and nitrogen fertiliser applications may contribute to low pasture DM% in Northland; this could restrict dry matter intake of cows grazing these pastures and hence milk production. Grazing management and choice of supplements might need to reflect the possible existence of pastures with a low DM%.
AN  - CABI:20103229408
AU  - Piggot, G. J.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
1
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 31-34
ST  - Low dry matter content of northern dairy pastures
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Low dry matter content of northern dairy pastures
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229408
VL  - 71
ID  - 940
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A paddock-scale field trial comparing pastures of perennial ryegrass without endophyte (Nil) or infected with the selected endophytes AR1, AR37 or the standard endophyte (SE) sown with clover was monitored for insect pests over 3 years (2006-2008). Argentine stem weevil larval damage was reduced by all endophytes in each year. Black beetle numbers remained low in AR37, SE and AR1 pastures, except in the third year when numbers showed an upward trend in AR1 pastures. Nil pastures always contained the highest black beetle numbers, significantly higher than in AR37 and SE by the second year. The percentage of samples infested with root aphid was consistently the lowest in AR37 pastures with significantly more infestations in AR1 and Nil pastures by 2008, when overall levels were the highest. Grass grub numbers also increased annually with no significant difference between treatments. The results are consistent with AR37 pastures having the lowest insect pressure and this was reflected in their superior ryegrass tiller density which was maintained during the 2008 drought.
AN  - CABI:20103229620
AU  - Popay, A. J.
AU  - Thom, E. R.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 26
0
28
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 121-126
ST  - Endophyte effects on major insect pests in Waikato dairy pasture
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Endophyte effects on major insect pests in Waikato dairy pasture
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229620
VL  - 71
ID  - 956
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Perennial ryegrass cultivars with high levels of watersoluble carbohydrates (WSCs) have been proposed as a means to increase animal performance and nitrogen use efficiency in pasture-based animal production systems, with consequent environmental benefits. But this depends on a sufficient elevation of WSC in leaves. A gene * environment interaction (G * E) in the expression of the high sugar (HS) trait has been shown previously, with WSCs measured at a single stage in regrowth. Here we report a controlled environment study of how WSCs change over the duration of regrowth (cf defoliation management, M) in 5 ryegrass cultivars, under two temperature regimes. Overall, the UK cultivar 'AberDart', and a breeding line 'PG1113', maintained significantly higher levels of WSCs in blades, than UK and New Zealand control cultivars. This was true both in a 20 * C/10 * C (day/night) temperature growth regime, where WSCs decreased substantially following defoliation before recovering to pre-defoliation levels, and in a 'colder' (10 * C/10 * C) regime, where the decrease in WSCs was less, notably in 'PG1113'. Any complexity in the change in WSCs during regrowth, and any gene * management (G * M) or G * E interaction, introduces uncertainty in assessing new plant traits under uncontrolled field conditions. This may go some way to explain some inconsistency in expression seen in field trials. Our results show simple guidelines for defoliation management are sufficient to ensure WSCs are high at the time of harvest. We also propose a method for presenting data on plant chemical composition that reveals reductions in fibre (and less so in crude protein) seen in HSGs may not be a fundamental change in plant structural composition, but largely a simple effect of 'dilution'.
AN  - CABI:20103229745
AU  - Rasmussen, S.
AU  - Parsons, A. J.
AU  - Xue, H.
AU  - Newman, J. A.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 15
Rasmussen, Susanne/D-4526-2017; Parsons, Anthony/E-7226-2011
Rasmussen, Susanne/0000-0001-5464-8978; Parsons, Anthony/0000-0001-7441-1855
0
16
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 167-175
ST  - High sugar grasses - harnessing the benefits of new cultivars through growth management
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - High sugar grasses - harnessing the benefits of new cultivars through growth management
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229745
VL  - 71
ID  - 964
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Accurate estimation of pasture mass is essential for managing farm systems for top performance. The C-DAX Rapid Pasturemeter has the potential to provide fast, accurate estimates of pasture mass. However, the Pasturemeter has been calibrated for 'typical' temperate dairy pastures and its suitability for use on kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinium)-based pastures in Northland, is unknown. This study determined the accuracy of the technology for estimation of pasture mass on kikuyu/ryegrass-based dairy pasture on the Northland Agricultural Research Farm at Dargaville, New Zealand. Monthly pasturemeter and rising plate meter (RPM) measurements were made over a year and compared with quadrat cut data. Large seasonal variations in the pasturemeter calibration at Dargaville reflected changes in pasture composition, although no specific kikuyu influence could be determined. Both the pasturemeter and the RPM benefit from the use of different seasonal calibration equations, specific to the region. The pasturemeter and RPM show similar accuracies for biomass (dry matter yield) estimation in Northland.
AN  - CABI:20103229522
AU  - Rennie, G. M.
AU  - King, W. M.
AU  - Puha, M. R.
AU  - Dalley, D. E.
AU  - Dynes, R. A.
AU  - Upsdell, M. P.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 49-55
ST  - Calibration of the C-DAX Rapid Pasturemeter and the rising plate meter for kikuyu-based Northland dairy pastures
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Calibration of the C-DAX Rapid Pasturemeter and the rising plate meter for kikuyu-based Northland dairy pastures
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229522
VL  - 71
ID  - 944
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Dairy industry strategies have demanded feeding systems with high productivity and high quality. A 45 t DM/ha annual target for feed production was addressed. Six crop sequence treatments were established in large plots (40*12 m) at Lincoln, Canterbury, in the first year of a 2-year experiment to determine practical upper limits for yield. Summer crops included maize, kale and whole crop barley and these were followed by combinations of winter crops (oats, Italian ryegrass, forage rape, tick beans and triticale). Crops were grown with minimal transition time to reduce potential yield losses, and with optimum nitrogen and irrigation management. Highest plot yield in the first annual crop cycle was 11.9 t DM/ha short of the 45 t DM/ha target. Best productivity was with a maize - triticale+tick bean (32.5 t DM/ha) sequence followed by maize - wheat (30.0 t DM/ha), barley - oats+Italian ryegrass (28.1 t DM/ha) and kale - triticale+tick bean (26.1 t DM/ha). Fertiliser management, crop water use in high input cropping systems are discussed together with practical issues around handling crops with large accumulated biomass.
AN  - CABI:20103229864
AU  - Ruiter, J. M. de
AU  - Fletcher, A.
AU  - Maley, S.
AU  - Sim, R.
AU  - George, M.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 9
Fletcher, Andrew/G-3915-2010; Fletcher, Andrew/J-7183-2013
Fletcher, Andrew/0000-0003-1236-2319
0
9
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 107-116
ST  - Aiming for 45 t/ha per annum: yield of supplementary feed crops grown in sequences designed for maximum productivity
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Aiming for 45 t/ha per annum: yield of supplementary feed crops grown in sequences designed for maximum productivity
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229864
VL  - 71
ID  - 954
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In autumn of 3 consecutive years, tetraploid annual and diploid perennial ryegrasses were sown, and over 6 weeks in each spring the growth rates of 11 month old Romney cross lambs grazing the different ryegrasses were compared. Lamb liveweight gains on annual ryegrasses (364 g/day) were lower (P<0.05) than on perennial ryegrasses (407 g/day). However, because growth rates of annual ryegrasses were greater than for perennials, they supported a higher stocking rate and produced an extra 95 kg of liveweight/ha over the grazing period. In Year 1, groups of lambs on separate areas of annual and perennial ryegrasses were supplemented with kibbled maize (240 g/head/day) and meadow hay ad libitum to determine if additional energy or fibre could increase lamb liveweight gain. Supplements had no significant impact on lamb growth rates, suggesting that in this experiment, neither the energy or fibre contents of the diets were limiting lamb growth.
AN  - CABI:20103229749
AU  - Thomson, B. C.
AU  - Muir, P. D.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 207-210
ST  - Lamb growth rate on annual and perennial ryegrasses
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Lamb growth rate on annual and perennial ryegrasses
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229749
VL  - 71
ID  - 969
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Yellow bristle grass (YBG) is a summer-active grass weed which is rapidly spreading in dairy pastures in the North Island. Different grazing attractants were applied to Waikato dairy pastures at the end of January and February. Cows responded to attractants containing molasses (foliar applied or pellets), but not to coarse agricultural salt or sugar. There was less pasture dry matter, less YBG cover and more bare ground in the pellets treatment. There was also less pasture dry matter, more bare ground and fewer YBG tillers with seedheads in the foliar applied molasses treatment. By April, ryegrass and other species had filled bare areas and YBG cover was least in the pellets treatment. These preliminary results suggest that pellets may provide a cost-effective and easy to apply tool which can reduce seed-producing YBG plants. Care needs to be taken that YBG seeds are not spread via dung into clean paddocks and further measurements will be required to validate its long-term effectiveness.
AN  - CABI:20103229429
AU  - Tozer, K. N.
AU  - Cameron, C. A.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
2
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 43-47
ST  - Sweet success? Managing yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) with grazing attractants in dairy pastures
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Sweet success? Managing yellow bristle grass (Setaria pumila) with grazing attractants in dairy pastures
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229429
VL  - 71
ID  - 943
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The results of a study investigating the response of farmers to adverse weather events are outlined. The aim was to identify adaptive management activities that would increase on-farm resilience. This project focused on beef/sheep farmers, dairy farmers and horticulturalists in Northland. Participants were pragmatic about adverse weather events, particularly storms. Local knowledge, previous experiences, information and networks helped build resilience. Participants highlighted a range of tactical decisions to address immediate damage from storms. However, strategic planning and adaption varied amongst farmers and orchardists as assessment of the cost-benefit of strategic actions differed. This information can be used to help farmers and organisations that assist with recovery assess and build resilience to adverse weather events.
AN  - CABI:20103229416
AU  - White, T. D.
AU  - Moodie, H. G.
AU  - Payne, T. A.
AU  - Wedderburn, M. E.
AU  - Botha, N.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 21-24
ST  - Increasing on-farm resilience to adverse weather events: a Northland case study
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Increasing on-farm resilience to adverse weather events: a Northland case study
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229416
VL  - 71
ID  - 938
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AN  - CABI:20103229778
AU  - Wratt, D. S.
DA  - 2009
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 57-59
ST  - Climate change, climate variability, and the future
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Climate change, climate variability, and the future
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20103229778
VL  - 71
ID  - 945
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This proceedings includes 45 papers presenting studies on forage crop production, farming systems involving forage crops, crop management and nutrition, dairy animals and production, biofertilizers used for forage crops, environmental factors influencing forage crop production, crop responses to soil ammendments and properties, grazing, crop genetic improvement, pests and their control, and nutritive value of these crops.
AN  - CABI:20113159749
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - lxvi + 282 pp.-lxvi + 282 pp.
ST  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Lincoln, Christchurch, New Zealand, November 2010
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Lincoln, Christchurch, New Zealand, November 2010
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159749
VL  - 72
ID  - 926
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Annual dry matter (DM) production and botanical composition from dryland cocksfoot and ryegrass pastures grown with and without subterranean clover were measured over 2 years (2006-2008) in Canterbury. Yields ranged from 6.4 to 12.4 t DM/ha/yr. Spring yield was increased by 23-45% by the inclusion of subterranean clover. Total DM production was similar between grass species but ryegrass pastures contained 45% weeds compared with <5% for cocksfoot by the end of winter in 2008. In non water-limited spring conditions, pastures with subterranean clover grew at over 60 kg DM/ha/day which was at least 40% faster than those that were grass-dominant and ryegrass grew faster than cocksfoot. This study confirms the positive impact that over-drilled subterranean clover can have on pasture production in grass-dominant dryland pastures.
AN  - CABI:20113159750
AU  - Ates, S.
AU  - Tongel, M. O.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 3-10
ST  - Annual herbage production increased 40% when subterranean clover was over-drilled into grass dominant dryland pasture
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Annual herbage production increased 40% when subterranean clover was over-drilled into grass dominant dryland pasture
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159750
VL  - 72
ID  - 890
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The yield potential of modern forage cultivars is a limit to production from pasture-based agriculture, and may influence profitability. Hybrid vigour has increased yield in a range of plant species, but is only partially captured in conventional forage breeding systems. The objective of this research was to assess the potential for harnessing hybrid vigour in a semi-hybrid breeding system for perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Paired crosses among eight parental sources, including four cultivars and four ecotypes, were used to create 28 semi-hybrid populations. Parents, semi-hybrids and check cultivars were trialled in pure grass plots under rotational grazing for 2 years in the Manawatu. Dry matter yield data were used to estimate cumulative and seasonal patterns of hybrid vigour expression for cultivar * cultivar semi-hybrid combinations. The mean level of high parent heterosis was less than 2%. However, one combination exhibited significant (p<0.05) high parent heterosis of 7% for cumulative yield. Seasonal levels of heterosis expression ranged up to 11% in winter and 19% in spring, with lower expression in the summer and autumn. These data suggest hybrid vigour may be expressed in some combinations among current populations, and that further experiments to identify superior combinations are warranted. Adoption of a semi-hybrid breeding system for variety development would have implications for population improvement, seed production and certification, and plant variety rights.
AN  - CABI:20113159751
AU  - Barret, B. A.
AU  - Turner, M. A.
AU  - Lyons, T. B.
AU  - Rolston, M. P.
AU  - Easton, H. S.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 11-16
ST  - Evaluation of semi-hybrid perennial ryegrass populations
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Evaluation of semi-hybrid perennial ryegrass populations
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159751
VL  - 72
ID  - 927
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Livestock farming in New Zealand and the United States is increasingly being scrutinised for its environmental impact. In some regions regulations intended to reduce non-point source pollution have been introduced. Regulations can impact agricultural sustainability and may have undesirable consequences including land use change. Livestock farmers in two catchments, Lake Taupo and Tomales Bay (California) were interviewed regarding the impacts of new water quality regulations on farm sustainability. The interviews identified motivations for farming and incentives for farms to improve water quality. The impact of a market-based strategy to reduce and cap N leaching in the Lake Taupo catchment seems to be resulting in fewer but more intensive farms. Concerns of future sustainability have driven some farmers in the catchment to sell their farms. The Tomales Bay catchment strategy, which requires self-assessment of farm water quality impacts, is resulting in most farmers initiating new conservation practices with little impact to farm sustainability. Regulations that go beyond market-based incentives and include substantial technical assistance and costshare incentives may be more effective at providing opportunities for sustaining less intensive farms.
AN  - CABI:20113159752
AU  - Barry, S.
AU  - King, W.
AU  - Larson, S.
AU  - Lennox, M.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 17-22
ST  - Opportunities to sustain "greener" farming: comparing impacts of water quality regulations in two catchments: Lake Taupo (NZ) and Tomales Bay, California (USA)
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Opportunities to sustain "greener" farming: comparing impacts of water quality regulations in two catchments: Lake Taupo (NZ) and Tomales Bay, California (USA)
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159752
VL  - 72
ID  - 891
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - New Zealand pastoral industries have set a goal of producing 45 t DM/ha annually from supplementary feed crops. Achieving this will require high inputs of water and nutrients that may increase the risk of nitrate leaching. This research describes nitrate leaching losses from the first year of intensively managed forage crop sequences to identify mitigation options. For cut-and-carry crops, the highest annual nitrate leaching losses were from crop sequences starting with maize compared to kale or barley. While maize-based sequences had the highest production (30-32 t DM/ha) they also had the highest N leaching losses per t DM produced (2.4 kg N/t DM). The best performing sequence was barley/oats/Italian ryegrass which produced 28 t DM/ha but leached <1 kg N/t DM produced. Based on plots treated with synthetic urine and treading, we calculated leaching losses of 70-124 kg N/ha from autumn grazed crops (forage rape or oats). In general, nitrate leaching losses were not closely linked to estimates of cumulative drainage or fertiliser N inputs but were strongly influenced by crop type, sowing date and additions of livestock urine.
AN  - CABI:20113159753
AU  - Beare, M. H.
AU  - Tabley, F.
AU  - Gillespie, R.
AU  - Maley, S.
AU  - Harrison-Kirk, T.
AU  - Ruiter, J. de
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 3
Beare, Michael/A-1997-2014
Beare, Michael/0000-0003-0027-3757
0
3
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 23-28
ST  - Nitrate leaching from high production forage crop sequences
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Nitrate leaching from high production forage crop sequences
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159753
VL  - 72
ID  - 892
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Pasture renewal on the milking platform of dairy farms may or may not involve growing forage crops in the transition from old to new pasture. Old pasture to new pasture sequences with and without forage cropping were evaluated on representative farms from Waikato, Taranaki, Canterbury (irrigated) and Southland using the Farmax Dairy Pro model. If no beneficial effects of pasture renewal were assumed, cropping scenarios with turnips (Taranaki) or maize silage (Waikato) increased milksolids (MS) production per ha, but kale (Southland) and no forage crops (all regions) resulted in lower MS yields. Consequently, the profit of cropping scenarios was similar or less profitable than the base scenarios without pasture renewal or crops. If beneficial effects of pasture renewal were assumed, the use of forage crops increased profit. Non-crop options also increased profit if the new pastures persisted for at least 4 years, and increases of either 10% in pasture production or 0.5 MJ ME/kg DM in pasture quality were observed. There was little difference in profitability between crop and non-crop scenarios in Taranaki (turnips) and Waikato (maize). Profitable results from cropping and pasture renewal assumed good crop and pasture establishment, and effective utilisation of the feed generated. In general, if old and renewed paddocks perform similarly (production and quality) and both contain beneficial endophytes, the benefits of cropping or renewal are expected to be small and not economically worthwhile.
AN  - CABI:20113159754
AU  - Bryant, J. R.
AU  - Lambert, M. G.
AU  - Brazendale, R.
AU  - Holmes, C. W.
AU  - Fraser, T. J.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
2
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 29-34
ST  - Effects of integrated cropping and pasture renewal on the performance and profit of dairy farms
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effects of integrated cropping and pasture renewal on the performance and profit of dairy farms
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159754
VL  - 72
ID  - 893
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The Agricultural Research Group on Sustainability (ARGOS) has been comparing soil quality between conventional, organic and alternative management systems for New Zealand sheep and beef (SB) and dairy (DY) sectors. The relative intensity of each sector was calculated from energy inputs (/ha) and energy return on investment values (ranked SB<DY). A simple null hypothesis was formed that there were no differences between different management systems, irrespective of the intensity of the sector. Of the 25 soil properties measured, P, S, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable-Mg, C/N ratio, earthworm numbers, basal-respiration and soil microbial biomass-C were significantly different at the management level. CEC, exchangeable-Ca, BS% and anaerobic mineralisable-N were significant at the sector-by-management interaction level i.e. there were few differences in management system with a difference in sector intensity. Most variation in soil properties between sectors and management could be attributed to soil order and landuse effects rather than management effects.
AN  - CABI:20113159755
AU  - Carey, P. L.
AU  - Moller, H.
AU  - Norton, S.
AU  - Benge, J. R.
AU  - Lucock, D. L.
AU  - Manhire, J. B.
AU  - Meenken, E. D.
AU  - Jiang, S.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 35-42
ST  - A perspective on differences in soil properties between organic and conventional framing in dairy and sheep and beef sectors
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - A perspective on differences in soil properties between organic and conventional framing in dairy and sheep and beef sectors
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159755
VL  - 72
ID  - 894
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), is a promising technology for reducing N losses from grazed pastures. However, insights as to its best usage are still required. Modelling offers a cost-effective way to determine best practice for DCD, synthesising the available knowledge. The APSIM model, with a newly developed module for nitrification inhibition, was used to investigate the role of DCD on N leaching. The model is sensitive to various environmental conditions (soil and climate) and management options (timing and application rate). The model satisfactorily described results from lysimeter experiments which showed that DCD reduced nitrate leaching by 25-50%, depending on soil and environmental conditions. The model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of DCD applications in different months and with different periods between urine and DCD applications. It is shown that DCD effectiveness in highest on winter and a lag between urine deposition and DCD application can greatly reduce the effect of DCD especially in summer. The model is a promising tool for determining DCD effectiveness under various conditions and for aiding the development of best management practices.
AN  - CABI:20113159756
AU  - Cichota, R.
AU  - Vogeler, I.
AU  - Snow, V. O.
AU  - Shepperd, M.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 17
0
17
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 43-47
ST  - Modelling the effect of a nitrification inhibiter on N leaching from grazed pastures
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Modelling the effect of a nitrification inhibiter on N leaching from grazed pastures
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159756
VL  - 72
ID  - 895
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Grazed forage underpins the productivity and economic performance of New Zealand's pastoral industries. This trial aimed to increase grazeable forage grown by 50% from 17 to 25 t DM/ha to meet industry targets. Six treatments consisting of different combinations of pasture species were established in March 2008 with the objective of increasing grazeable forage production by using irrigation, phosphate fertiliser and nitrogen, standoff, new cultivars of ryegrass ('Alto' perennial ryegrass containing AR1 endophyte) and alternative forages such as 'Advance' tall fescue with Max P endophyte, chicory (cv. 'Choice') or lucerne (cv. 'P54Q53'). The yield of perennial ryegrass was greater than tall fescue in the winter of 2008 (Year 1) and 2009 (Year 2). Tall fescue tended to have a greater summer yield than perennial ryegrass, although this effect was inconsistent between years. Irrigation increased the yield of tall fescue by 50% and perennial ryegrass by 13% in Year 2. Mean yield of milksolids for the six treatments over 2 years was 1 371 for perennial ryegrass and 1 310 kg MS/ha for tall fescue treatments.
AN  - CABI:20113159757
AU  - Clark, C. E. F.
AU  - Clark, D. A.
AU  - Waugh, C. D.
AU  - Roach, C. G.
AU  - Glassey, C. B.
AU  - Woodward, S. L.
AU  - Minnee, E. M. K.
AU  - Woodfield, D. R.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 9
0
9
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 49-54
ST  - Systems to increase grazeable forage production in the Waikato: a progress report on the tall fescue and perennial ryegrass component of these systems
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Systems to increase grazeable forage production in the Waikato: a progress report on the tall fescue and perennial ryegrass component of these systems
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159757
VL  - 72
ID  - 896
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - There is scant information on nitrate-N leaching in East Coast hill country. Castlepoint Station, a focus farm in the Wise Use of Fertiliser Nitrogen (N) project and in the face of potential restrictions on fertiliser N use, ran a 3 year trial focused on the impacts of N fertiliser on pasture and animal production as well as nitrate leaching. The paddock-scale trial was run by the focus farm community group, a farm consultant, and representatives from the Regional Council and AgResearch. Fertiliser N (0, 60 and 120 kg N/ha) (0 N, 60 N and 120 N, respectively) was applied as urea annually in early August. Twinning ewes were stocked at rates modelled by Farmax for poor pasture growth. Young cattle were added to maintain pasture control in the event of an average or favourable growing season. Application of fertiliser N increased pasture and animal production for both of the rates used. The 3 year mean annual amount of nitrate-N leached from the 120 N treatment was 3* that from the 0 N treatment and 2* that from the 60N treatment (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the 3 year mean annual amount of nitrate-N leached between the 0 N and 60 N treatments (P>0.05). Early August application of fertiliser of 60 N had no significant impact on annual nitrate-N leaching in this East Coast hill environment. Research initiated and led by farmers successfully contributed to increased understanding of management impacts on nitrate-N leaching losses in East Coast hill country. Implications for on-farm research are discussed.
AN  - CABI:20113159758
AU  - Crofoot, A. N.
AU  - Crofoot, E. W.
AU  - Hoogendoorn, C. J.
AU  - Litherland, A. J.
AU  - Garland, C. B.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 55-60
ST  - N-leaching in hill country; farmer led research
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - N-leaching in hill country; farmer led research
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159758
VL  - 72
ID  - 897
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A series of field experiments were carried out to assess the impact of two important global change factors (increased temperature and elevated atmospheric CO2) on the germination and growth of three C4 grass species found in New Zealand pastures: Digitaria sanguinalis (summer grass), Paspalum dilatatum (paspalum) and Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu). The early spring seedling emergence of all species combined was decreased by elevated CO2. Spring growth of paspalum and kikuyu transplants was unaffected by temperature or CO2 concentration. Kikuyu showed a positive growth response to warming in autumn that was associated with increased soil N mineralisation. However, elevated CO2 dampened the mineralisation response to temperature and reduced the stimulatory effect of increased temperature on growth. Due to this secondary feedback, C4 grass spread under future environmental conditions (elevated CO2) may be less than anticipated when considering temperature responses alone.
AN  - CABI:20113159759
AU  - Dodd, M. B.
AU  - Newton, P. C. D.
AU  - Lieffering, M.
AU  - Luo, D.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 61-66
ST  - The responses of three C4 grasses to elevated temperature and CO2 in the field
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The responses of three C4 grasses to elevated temperature and CO2 in the field
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159759
VL  - 72
ID  - 898
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Nitrification inhibitors are an important mitigation practice for nitrate leaching since they reduce leaching loads and can potentially increase farm profit through promoting pasture production. This study investigated the role and value of a nitrification inhibitor on a representative dairy farm in the Waikato region using a whole-farm bioeconomic model. Given an assumed 10% pasture growth response, nitrogen inhibitors like dicyandiamide (DCD) are a critical component of the optimal set of mitigation practices required to satisfy regulatory goals. Model output highlights that the net benefits associated with nitrification inhibitors are positive, but are likely too low to warrant their widescale adoption for improved environmental outcomes without direct regulation. Thus, reliance on voluntary approaches to acquire high mitigation levels on New Zealand dairy farms continues to be inherently constrained by a lack of profitable practices.
AN  - CABI:20113159760
AU  - Doole, G. J.
AU  - Paragahawewa, U. H.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 67-70
ST  - System-level evaluation of dicyandiamide (DCD) for improved environmental outcomes on New Zealand dairy farms
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - System-level evaluation of dicyandiamide (DCD) for improved environmental outcomes on New Zealand dairy farms
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159760
VL  - 72
ID  - 899
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Genetic changes in fibre characteristics of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) may enhance degradability and thereby improve voluntary feed intake and energy availability from ingested grass. Plant breeding and genetic modification (GM) approaches to altering fibre composition have been initiated, with the ultimate objective of developing cultivars with improved fibre degradability. Ryegrass was modified with gene constructs designed to reduce the activity of key genes in lignin biosynthesis, a major component of fibre that impedes digestion. Concurrently, a grass fungal endophyte was manipulated to express enzymes that digest the structural components of grass fibre. Development of new analytical tools have enabled mining of a diverse collection of ryegrass germplasm, and natural variants were identified for both lignin concentration and levels of specific cell wall compounds that were shown to correlate with forage digestion rate. Both conventional breeding and GM strategies may be exploited to improve degradability traits in perennial ryegrass but further development will be required.
AN  - CABI:20113159761
AU  - Faville, M. J.
AU  - Richardson, K.
AU  - Gagic, M.
AU  - Mace, W.
AU  - Sun, X. Z.
AU  - Harrison, S.
AU  - Knapp, K.
AU  - Jahufer, M. Z. Z.
AU  - Palanisamy, R.
AU  - Pirlo, S.
AU  - Johnson, R.
AU  - Rasmussen, S.
AU  - Bryan, G.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 8
Rasmussen, Susanne/D-4526-2017
Rasmussen, Susanne/0000-0001-5464-8978
1
8
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 71-78
ST  - Genetic improvement of fibre traits in perennial ryegrass
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Genetic improvement of fibre traits in perennial ryegrass
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159761
VL  - 72
ID  - 900
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Kale is used throughout New Zealand as a supplement to pasture during winter. However, kale contains the antinutritional compounds S-methylcysteine sulphoxide (SMCO), glucosinolates and nitrate (NO3-). All can be increased by inappropriate applications of fertiliser nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S). When concentrations exceed either 1.5% SMCO or 2 000 mg NO3-/kg DM in forage, the performance of grazing animals may be reduced. Experiments were undertaken in 2005/2006 at Hinds (moderate soil N and S) and Lincoln (high soil N and S) to test the effect of four rates of N (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha) and three rates of S (0, 50 and 100 kg/ha) fertiliser on yield, SMCO, NO3- and glucosinolate content in kale. Sulphur fertiliser did not increase yield at either site while N only increased yield at Hinds. At Hinds, regardless of fertiliser S or N, the SMCO contents of forage were below 1.5% of DM and unlikely to affect grazing animals. At Lincoln, fertiliser N increased SMCO, but S did not. At the highest rates of N the SMCO contents were above the 1.5% risk threshold and would likely have affected animal performance. Glucosinolates were higher at Lincoln than at Hinds, reflecting the higher background soil S at Lincoln. Fertiliser had only a minor effect on glucosinolate levels. Leaf NO3- content was increased by fertiliser N at both sites, but was always below the risk threshold. Fertiliser N should be carefully managed in kale crops to avoid the build up of potentially harmful SMCO and NO3- levels, particularly on sites with high soil S.
AN  - CABI:20113159762
AU  - Fletcher, A. L.
AU  - Wilson, D. R.
AU  - Maley, S.
AU  - McCallum, J.
AU  - Shaw, M.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Fletcher, Andrew/J-7183-2013
Fletcher, Andrew/0000-0003-1236-2319
0
2
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 79-84
ST  - The effect of sulphur and nitrogen fertiliser on levels of anti-nutritional compounds in kale
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The effect of sulphur and nitrogen fertiliser on levels of anti-nutritional compounds in kale
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159762
VL  - 72
ID  - 928
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Clover root weevil (CRW) has become one of New Zealand's most serious pasture pests. An Irish ecotype of Microctonus aethiopoides has been released and established as a biocontrol agent. Since early 2006, field samples have been taken to monitor its spread and establishment. The biocontrol agent has established well at sites where 1 000-2 500 parasitised CRW were initially released, except in the Far North, and is spreading at around 15 km/year. Industry field personnel assisted with distributing 2 000 mini-releases (10 parasitised CRW) to areas where CRW was causing damage. One hundred farmers were sent a postal survey and feedback from 59 respondents showed the mini-release approach was successful in terms of distribution of the parasitoid, technology transfer and funder recognition. Based on natural spread from many of the release sites, it is predicted that the parasitoid will be present on most North Island farms by the end of summer 2010/2011.
AN  - CABI:20113159763
AU  - Gerard, P. J.
AU  - Wilson, D. J.
AU  - Eden, T. M.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 5
0
8
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 85-89
ST  - Clover root weevil biocontrol distribution in the North Island - release tactics and outcomes
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Clover root weevil biocontrol distribution in the North Island - release tactics and outcomes
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159763
VL  - 72
ID  - 901
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A planned approach to pasture renewal is recommended for improved feed supply and animal production. From 2006-2010 measurements of pasture dry matter (DM) yield and quality were made on two dairy farms, where pasture renewal was implemented. These measurements were to determine if extra DM and feed quality resulted. In each case, weekly and/or monthly measurements included comparisons with older, established pastures on the same farm. On a research farmlet, with a majority of renewed pasture less than 3 years old, an additional 2.1 t DM/ha (+11%) of pasture was measured compared with another farmlet without renewal for a decade. On a commercial dairy farm, 2 years of monthly cuts of pastures, representing four different stages of the Programmed ApproachTM to renewal, showed a DM yield advantage of 4% and feed quality advantage of 7%, generating, according to UDDER modelling, additional profit of more than $900/ha/yr. Higher quality pasture in response to pasture renewal contributed to increased production and profit.
AN  - CABI:20113159764
AU  - Glassey, C. B.
AU  - Roach, C. G.
AU  - Strahan, M. R.
AU  - McClean, N.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 6
0
6
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 91-96
ST  - Dry matter yield, pasture quality and profit on two Waikato dairy farms after pasture renewal
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Dry matter yield, pasture quality and profit on two Waikato dairy farms after pasture renewal
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159764
VL  - 72
ID  - 902
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Recent unprecedented demands on freshwater for irrigation have led to over-allocations and restrictions. Variable rate irrigation (VRI) aims to optimise scheduling according to soil differences using irrigation prescription maps coupled with software-driven variable rate irrigators and individual sprinkler control for site specific management. Irrigation scheduling is varied using soil available water holding capacity (AWC) maps, generated from soil apparent electrical conductivity maps, with real time soil moisture monitoring using wireless sensor networks (WSN). Simulated results for a Canterbury site show that water savings between 2004 and 2009 are between 4 and 7% for any one season, the years with larger savings relating to rainfall events during the irrigation period. Drainage during the irrigation period was reduced by between 16 and 33%. VRI allows irrigation to be placed where it has greatest benefit; this is particularly important when freshwater is limited during peak growth periods. It aims for improved water productivity with environmental benefits of reduced run-off and drainage.
AN  - CABI:20113159765
AU  - Hedley, C. B.
AU  - Bradbury, S.
AU  - Ekanayake, J.
AU  - Yule, I. J.
AU  - Carrick, S.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 6
0
8
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 97-101
ST  - Spatial irrigation scheduling for variable rate irrigation
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Spatial irrigation scheduling for variable rate irrigation
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159765
VL  - 72
ID  - 903
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Humping and hollowing of wet and infertile soils on the West Coast is a practice used to improve drainage and pasture dry matter production (DMP). There is little information for farmers to help manage nutrient responses on these new soils. On-farm trials were established to investigate how time following modification (1, 5 or 10 years), position (humps, slopes and hollows) and fertiliser N rates (0 to 480 kg N/ha/yr) affected DMP. Soil organic matter tended to be greatest on the oldest sites; 10-year-old sites had soil organic C and N concentrations and stocks that were up to twice those of the 1-year-old sites. Understanding the rate of soil organic matter accumulation in humps and hollows and how this affects nutrient supply, water storage and DMP will help farmers adjust their fertiliser applications to target specific production and environmental goals.
AN  - CABI:20113159766
AU  - Horrocks, A. J.
AU  - Thomas, S. M.
AU  - Tregurtha, C. S.
AU  - Beare, M. H.
AU  - Meenken, E. D.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 3
Beare, Michael/A-1997-2014; Thomas, Steve/F-2064-2013
Beare, Michael/0000-0003-0027-3757; Thomas, Steve/0000-0002-9202-483X
0
3
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 103-108
ST  - Implications for dry matter production and nitrogen management as soils develop following 'humping and hollowing' on the West Coast
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Implications for dry matter production and nitrogen management as soils develop following 'humping and hollowing' on the West Coast
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159766
VL  - 72
ID  - 904
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of two pastoral farming systems using automatic milking systems (AMS). Two farmlets were established at the DairyNZ Greenfield Farm and were evaluated over a single lactation. The GRASS farmlet (92 cows, 3.2 cows/ha) was self-contained except for 2% of the diet fed as supplement in the AMS. In the GRASS+ farmlet (72 cows, 3.6 cows/ha) 18% of the diet was from feed grown off the milking platform. Modelling the economic performance of the two systems showed a greater operating profit for the GRASS system at milk payouts ranging from $4.50 to $6.50/kgMS. The field study showed that AMS can be successfully integrated into both all-pasture and higher supplementary feed pastoral dairy production systems. The design of profitable farming systems incorporating AMS technology should consider maximising milksolids per AMS through both milking frequency and ratio of cows per AMS.
AN  - CABI:20113159767
AU  - Jago, J.
AU  - Burke, J.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 5
0
7
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 109-116
ST  - An evaluation of two pastoral dairy production systems using automatic milking technology
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - An evaluation of two pastoral dairy production systems using automatic milking technology
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159767
VL  - 72
ID  - 905
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Nutrient loading can be high in dairy-farm soils that are regularly irrigated with shed effluent, especially when the area treated is small or the farming system has intensified. Negative effects on animal health and the environment can occur as a consequence. In 2007, a 3 year project commenced to explore opportunities to mitigate these impacts through the strategic use of maize. Nine on-farm trials have shown that nitrogen (N) fertiliser is not necessary to maximise maize silage yield for first year crops planted in nutrient-rich, effluent treated soils. An additional two trials indicated that this N reserve can also meet all or most of the crop N demand in second year crops. This approach allowed fertiliser costs to be eliminated or minimised. It also reduced residual soil mineral N levels at harvest. Further work is required to give farmers certainty as to when extra fertiliser is required, particularly in the second year.
AN  - CABI:20113159768
AU  - Johnstone, P.
AU  - Parker, M.
AU  - Kaufler, G.
AU  - Arnold, N.
AU  - Pearson, A.
AU  - Mathers, D.
AU  - Wallace, D.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Johnstone, Paul/0000-0003-4487-3412
0
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 117-120
ST  - Growing maize silage in dairy effluent paddocks for two consecutive seasons - effect on crop yield and soil nitrogen
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Growing maize silage in dairy effluent paddocks for two consecutive seasons - effect on crop yield and soil nitrogen
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159768
VL  - 72
ID  - 906
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Dry matter (DM) yields of unimproved resident browntop-dominant pasture on three Central Otago dryland farms was <1.5 t/ha/year from 2008-2010. An intensive pasture renewal programme over >18 000 ha applied lime to increase soil pH to ≥5.8 and reduce aluminium to <1.5 mg/kg. The resident vegetation was sprayed in autumn before spring drilling of perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures or lucerne monocultures. After renovation, ryegrass pastures yielded 3.1-5.3 t DM/ha and lucerne produced 4.2-8.4 t DM/ha. Yields of improved pastures were affected by the soil moisture stored during autumn and winter and spring rainfall. Together these gave a water use efficiency of ~16.0 kg DM/ha/mm for lucerne compared with 3.5 kg DM/ha/mm for browntop dominant pasture. Quantifying and explaining yield improvements on-farm in relation to rainfall and soil moisture deficits provide a transferable basis for interpretation of results at other sites.
AN  - CABI:20113159769
AU  - Kearney, J. K.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - M Pollock, K.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
4
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 121-126
ST  - On-farm comparison of pasture production in relation to rainfall in Central Otago
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - On-farm comparison of pasture production in relation to rainfall in Central Otago
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159769
VL  - 72
ID  - 907
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Many aspects of plant growth and physiology following defoliation have been investigated in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The changes, however, have rarely been characterised at a molecular (gene) level. Perennial ryegrass plots were defoliated at the 3-leaf stage to 1 600 kg DM/ha (recommended grazing practice) and throughout the subsequent regrowth cycle, pasture mass, water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content and expression of carbon metabolism genes were determined. Plots accumulated 1 900 kg DM/ha, 45% of this between the 2- and 3-leaf stages of regrowth. Following defoliation, stubble WSC content declined (P<0.001) until the first new leaf had emerged, with replenishment occurring during emergence of the second new leaf. In stubble tissue, expression of the fructan degradation gene was greatest immediately after defoliation (P<0.001), while expression of a fructan synthesis gene was greatest following emergence of the first leaf (P<0.05). Throughout regrowth, expression of photosynthesis genes increased (P<0.05) in leaf tissue, peaking at the 2-leaf stage of regrowth. These data indicate how perennial ryegrass plants alter their physiological processes following defoliation to survive and grow, and support recommendations for rotation lengths that are longer than the time taken to reach the 2-leaf stage of regrowth. Understanding how defoliation affects gene expression in perennial ryegrass could influence future plant breeding outcomes.
AN  - CABI:20113159770
AU  - Lee, J. M.
AU  - Donaghy, D. J.
AU  - Sathish, P.
AU  - Roche, J. R.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 4
0
4
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 127-134
ST  - Perennial ryegrass regrowth after defoliation - physiological and molecular changes
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Perennial ryegrass regrowth after defoliation - physiological and molecular changes
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159770
VL  - 72
ID  - 908
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Both foliar endophytes and root arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can infect perennial ryegrass and improve its performance, mainly by improving herbivore resistance and phosphorus (P) uptake, respectively. Here, we report a study of how the endophytic fungus (Neotyphodium lolii) and two mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus spp.) are affected by P supply and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cultivars differing in water soluble carbohydrate content. Endophyte and alkaloid concentrations were reduced at high P supply and in the high sugar grass (HSG) 'AberDart', and these effects were modulated by the presence of mycorrhizal fungi. High P supply resulted also in a strong reduction of mycorrhizal colonisation, while the effect of the high sugar grass was subtle and modulated by endophyte infection. Our results show that the simultaneous association of perennial ryegrass with both endophytic and mycorrhizal endosymbionts can negatively affect each endosymbiont, but this depends on other factors such as resource supply and genetic background of the partners.
AN  - CABI:20113159771
AU  - Liu, Q.
AU  - Parsons, A. J.
AU  - Xue, H.
AU  - Newman, J. A.
AU  - Rassmussen, S.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Parsons, Anthony/E-7226-2011
Parsons, Anthony/0000-0001-7441-1855
0
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 135-139
ST  - Effect of resource supply on interactions between foliar endophytic and root mycorrhizal fungi in perennial ryegrass
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effect of resource supply on interactions between foliar endophytic and root mycorrhizal fungi in perennial ryegrass
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159771
VL  - 72
ID  - 929
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The amount of nitrogen (N) in clover dry matter (DM) herbage derived from N fixation in subterranean or white clover was estimated using the 15N enrichment technique in a dryland grazing experiment at Lincoln University. Clovers were established in separate mixed swards with cocksfoot in February 2002. Nitrogen fixation measurements were made between November 2002 and December 2005. Both clovers fixed 280.7 kg N/t clover DM (R2=0.96). Using the 28 kg N/t DM reported here and previously published clover yields from the 'MaxClover' experiment in Years 1-7, N fixation averaged 81 kg N/ha/yr (range: 41-106 kg N/ha/yr) from subterranean clover and 46 kg N/ha/yr (range: 18-90 kg N/ha/yr) from white clover. Annually, total N fixed by subterranean clover exceeded that from white clover in 4 of the 7 years.
AN  - CABI:20113159772
AU  - Lucas, R. J.
AU  - Smith, M. C.
AU  - Jarvis, P.
AU  - Mills, A.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 141-146
ST  - Nitrogen fixation by subterranean and white clovers in dryland cocksfoot pastures
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Nitrogen fixation by subterranean and white clovers in dryland cocksfoot pastures
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159772
VL  - 72
ID  - 909
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The issue of high nitrate levels in fresh water is becoming increasingly important in New Zealand. This trial examined the effectiveness of using a nitrification inhibitor applied to a dairy farm pasture to reduce the amount of nitrate leached in coastal Taranaki soils. The product used (DCn) was a granular form of dicyandiamide. It was applied as recommended. Two 5 ha farmlets (Control and DCn) were established and managed for 2 years. Leachate samples were collected using 240 ceramic cups. Milk production, cow liveweight (Lwt), pasture growth and amount conserved were also measured. There was no significant difference between treatments for milk, fat and protein yield, fat and protein concentration, Lwt, body condition or pasture growth. Analysis of the leachate results showed that, except at the first samplings (when the DCn paddocks were highest), there was no difference in nitrate and Kjeldahl N content. The application of DCn did not increase milk or pasture production, nor did it decrease nitrate leaching. It is possible that N leachate measurements were compromised by the use of insufficient porous ceramic cups and that urine deposits over or near these cups could have reduced treatment effects. Current recommendations are that DCn be applied when soil temperature is <10°C (winter/spring). This has practical on-farm limitations and it may be preferable to apply DCn in early autumn to coincide with the period of greatest leaching risk.
AN  - CABI:20113159773
AU  - MacDonald, K. A.
AU  - Williams, Y.
AU  - Dobson-Hill, B.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 10
0
11
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 147-152
ST  - Effectiveness of a nitrification inhibitor (DCn) on a Coastal Taranaki dairy farm
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effectiveness of a nitrification inhibitor (DCn) on a Coastal Taranaki dairy farm
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159773
VL  - 72
ID  - 910
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This paper summarises progress in a field-based study exploring the phosphorus (P) requirements of high producing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)-based pastures, where the constraints to pasture growth and associated P uptake imposed by low nitrogen (N) availability and soil moisture over summer-autumn and poor physical condition of the soil have been removed. Field sites are located in the Waikato, Manawatu, Canterbury and Southland. Initial findings indicate that the critical Olsen P level for near maximum (97%) pasture production is greater than current industry standard. A higher Olsen P appears to compensate to some degree for the negative impact of a compacted soil on pasture growth. The implications of the present findings to current soil test interpretation and recommendations are discussed.
AN  - CABI:20113159774
AU  - Mackay, A. D.
AU  - Gillingham, A.
AU  - Smith, C.
AU  - Budding, P.
AU  - Phillips, P.
AU  - Clarke-Hill, W.
AU  - Johnstone, P.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 153-158
ST  - Evaluation of the effects of grass species, irrigation, nitrogen fertiliser application and soil compaction on the response of modern dairy pastures to phosphorus fertiliset
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Evaluation of the effects of grass species, irrigation, nitrogen fertiliser application and soil compaction on the response of modern dairy pastures to phosphorus fertiliset
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159774
VL  - 72
ID  - 930
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Earthworm species beneficial to pastures are not indigenous to New Zealand and because there has been no systematic release of earthworms, their distribution is patchy. The findings from an on-farm survey in the Central North Island in spring 2009, reinforces this with only 14% of paddocks sampled containing species from all three earthworm functional groups. At a field site, where both endogeic (surface acting) Aporrectodea (A.) caliginosa and anecic (deep burrowing) A. longa had been introduced 26 and 20 years earlier, respectively, healthy populations of both species were observed. The average rate of spread of anecic A. longa from the release site was 12.5 m/yr, similar to the rates reported previously for A. caliginosa. A strong case can be made for introducing epigeic and endogeic (both surface active) earthworms to pasture using proven technologies. Evidence is mounting of the benefits of introducing anecic earthworms to pastoral soils.
AN  - CABI:20113159775
AU  - Mackay, A. D.
AU  - Gray, R. A. J.
AU  - Schon, N. L.
AU  - Tuck, R.
AU  - Palmer, A. S.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 159-164
ST  - Do I have the required soil bioengineers?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Do I have the required soil bioengineers?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159775
VL  - 72
ID  - 931
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The abundance of four naturalised annual clovers (striated, cluster, suckling, haresfoot) and two sown clovers (subterranean and white clover) was investigated in relation to topographical, soil fertility and management factors on two contrasting hill/high country stations in the South Island: Glenfalloch in inland Canterbury (1 665 mm annual rainfall), and Mt Grand in Central Otago (703 mm annual rainfall). Site surveys were conducted in three hill blocks per farm, with measurements of grassland species cover, slope, aspect, grazing intensity, soil fertility, soil depth, and altitude made within quadrats along three transects at upper, middle and lower hill slope positions. The only naturalised clover present at Glenfalloch was suckling, whereas all were present at Mt Grand. The % cover of naturalised annual clovers was greater (30.1) than that of white clover (3.8) or subterranean clover (0.1) at Mt Grand. The % cover of white clover decreased with increasing altitude. The % cover of striated and cluster clover was greatest on sunny aspects, while white clover % cover was greatest on shady aspects. White clover cover increased and striated clover cover decreased with increasing available soil phosphorus. Naturalised annual clovers exhibit regeneration and persistence strategies that allow them to regenerate and grow in dry hill/high country pastures.
AN  - CABI:20113159776
AU  - Maxwell, T. M. R.
AU  - Moir, J. L.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 5
Moir, Jim/F-1232-2018; Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018
Moir, Jim/0000-0001-6677-3901; Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X
0
5
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 165-169
ST  - Influence of environmental factors on the abundance of naturalised annual clovers in the South Island hill and high country
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Influence of environmental factors on the abundance of naturalised annual clovers in the South Island hill and high country
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159776
VL  - 72
ID  - 911
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Surface water quality can be impaired by phosphorus (P) loss from land. The lower Olsen P requirement of ryegrass compared with clover can, when growing them separately, allow for more targeted application of nutrients and better profitability than is possible for a mixture. Creating areas of low P (e.g. near streams) can improve water quality. Modelled results of a split white clover-ryegrass system for a dairy farmed paddock in Southland, indicated that it would improve profitability by $46/ha, compared with a mixed pasture receiving 150 kg N/ha. A field trial tested the best method of converting to the split grass-clover system to decrease P loss. Compared with direct-drill or restricting P applications, cultivation decreased the concentration of P in the topsoil and distributed this P more uniformly throughout the plough layer. This suggests that in areas such as near streams where runoff is likely to move nutrients such as P to waterways, ryegrass established by cultivation to 15 cm, and the application of P to maintain an Olsen P concentration no greater than agronomically optimum, is a quick method of maintaining pasture production while minimising the loss of P to surface waters.
AN  - CABI:20113159777
AU  - McDowell, R. W.
AU  - Knowler, K.
AU  - Cosgrove, G. P.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 171-176
ST  - Establishment of a split grass-clover system to improve water quality and profitability
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Establishment of a split grass-clover system to improve water quality and profitability
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159777
VL  - 72
ID  - 932
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Dry matter (DM) yields, botanical composition, liveweight production and pasture quality of six grazed dryland pastures established in 2002 at Lincoln University, Canterbury, are reported for Years 6 (2007/08) and 7 (2008/09). Lucerne (Medicago sativa) yielded 14.0 t DM/ha/yr and sheep liveweight (LW) production totalled 903 (2007/08) and 1 141 kg/ha/yr (2008/09). Metabolisable energy (ME) on offer (~134 GJ/ha/yr) and N yield (>500 kg/ha/yr) from the lucerne exceeded those of grass-based pastures. Yields (9.8-11.2 t DM/ha/yr) and liveweight production (814-912 kg/ha/yr) from cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) pastures established with subterranean (Trifolium subterraneum) clover were greater than all other grass-based pastures. Annual ME was 79-96 GJ/ha and N yield was 269-316 kg/ha from the cocksfoot, subterranean clover and volunteer white clover (T. repens) components. For Year 7, the contribution of unsown weeds and grasses in cocksfoot-based pastures was ~28% of total annual yield compared with 55% in ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/white clover pastures. Consequently, the ME and N yields from sown pasture components in ryegrass/white clover pastures were lower than those from cocksfoot-based pastures. These results indicate dryland farms with lucerne and/or cocksfoot/sub clover pastures can produce higher DM yields from more persistent pasture species. Persistence led to more ME and N on offer to grazing livestock, which resulted in higher liveweight production than from the ryegrass pastures.
AN  - CABI:20113159778
AU  - Milles, A.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 7
0
9
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 177-184
ST  - Annual dry matter, metabolishable energy and nitrogen yields of six dryland pastures six and seven years after establishment
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Annual dry matter, metabolishable energy and nitrogen yields of six dryland pastures six and seven years after establishment
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159778
VL  - 72
ID  - 912
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The major limitation to perennial ryegrass-based systems is low soil moisture which reduces perennial ryegrass growth. Irrigation can maintain adequate soil moisture levels for pasture growth, however, the associated cost requires high levels of forage water use efficiency. The field plot experiments reported here evaluate dry matter production (DM) of two varieties of tall fescue (Lolium arundinacea), a Continental (CTF) and a Mediterranean type (MTF), and a tetraploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) (PR) under irrigation in the Canterbury and Waikato regions of New Zealand. In Year 1, perennial ryegrass produced more dry matter than tall fescue. However, in the Waikato, in summer, CTF was more water use efficient and productive than ryegrass pastures. In Years 2 and 3 of the Canterbury experiment, there was no significant difference in yield between ryegrass and CTF, but the MTF pastures had failed by the third year.
AN  - CABI:20113159779
AU  - Minnee, E. M. K.
AU  - Knight, T. L.
AU  - Sutherland, B. L.
AU  - Vlaming, J. B.
AU  - Fletcher, L. R.
AU  - Clark, D. A.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 185-190
ST  - Herbage production from perennial ryegrass and tall fescue pastures under irrigation in the Canterbury and Waikato regions of New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Herbage production from perennial ryegrass and tall fescue pastures under irrigation in the Canterbury and Waikato regions of New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159779
VL  - 72
ID  - 913
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A 2-year field experiment was conducted on a high country brown stony soil in the Lees Valley, North Canterbury. Two forms of lime ('AgLime' and 'Quicklime') were applied at 4 rates (0, 2, 4 and 8 t/ha) and plots sown with 'Grasslands Kaituna' lucerne. Soil pH was strongly (R2=0.73) related to exchangeable aluminium (Al), with a sharp rise in plant-available Al levels below a pH of 5.8. Soil pH changes of 0.15 units/t lime applied in the 0-7.5 cm horizon, and lower, variable, pH changes in the 7.5-15 and 15-30 cm horizons were achieved. Soil exchangeable Al dropped to low levels (<0.3 me/100 g) at all liming rates in the 0-7.5 cm soil horizon, and had a moderate to low effect in deeper soil horizons. Increases in soil exchangeable Al below soil pH 5.8 were linear, increasing at 0.2 me Al/100 g per 0.1 pH unit decrease in soil pH. Effects of lime form were unclear. Lucerne yields were often low, in the order of 700-1 200 kg DM/ha, and were not influenced by lime rates or soil exchangeable Al. Other, soil and climate variables are discussed in relation to current DM yields. Measurements at this site are ongoing.
AN  - CABI:20113159780
AU  - Moir, J. L.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 5
Moir, Jim/F-1232-2018
Moir, Jim/0000-0001-6677-3901
1
5
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 191-195
ST  - Soil pH, exchangeable aluminium and lucerne yield responses to lime in a South Island high country soil
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Soil pH, exchangeable aluminium and lucerne yield responses to lime in a South Island high country soil
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159780
VL  - 72
ID  - 914
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The intensification of modern pastoral agriculture has increased the risk of environmental degradation. The use of nitrification inhibitor technology has been shown to reduce nitrate (NO3-) leaching losses and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from New Zealand dairy pasture systems. However, published data on inhibitor usage to reduce these losses from intensive sheep winter grazing systems is also needed. A trial was conducted at Lincoln University using lysimeters in a Templeton silt loam soil. Four treatments (control, control+DCD, urine, urine+DCD) were applied in May 2009, with urine applied in patches at an N loading rate of 300 kg/ha with dicyandiamide (DCD) at 10 kg/ha. Water (simulating rainfall) was applied in spring to supplement natural rainfall. Nitrous oxide gas sampling and leachate collections were made for 4 months. Application of DCD reduced the N2O emissions by up to 72% (4.55 kg N2O-N/ha without DCD to 1.32 kg N2O-N/ha with DCD) from late autumn applied sheep urine and also reduced the amount of NO3--N leached by up to 70% (147 kg NO3--N/ha to 44 kg NO3--N/ha). These results indicate that the use of DCD may be a useful technology to mitigate N losses from sheep break-fed pasture over winter. The need for further research in this area is discussed.
AN  - CABI:20113159781
AU  - Moir, J. L.
AU  - Wild, M. A.
AU  - Cameron, K. C.
AU  - Di, H. J.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 5
Di, Hong/G-5583-2010; Cameron, Keith/C-3301-2018; Moir, Jim/F-1232-2018; Brown, Barbara/J-3269-2012
Cameron, Keith/0000-0002-7631-1636; Moir, Jim/0000-0001-6677-3901;
0
5
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 197-202
ST  - The effect of DCD on nitrogen losses from sheep urine patches applied to lysimeters in autumn
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The effect of DCD on nitrogen losses from sheep urine patches applied to lysimeters in autumn
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159781
VL  - 72
ID  - 933
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The rate of emergence, time of the first mainstem leaf appearance, phyllochron and branch initiation and inflorescence development were quantified for balansa clover (Trifolium michelianum). Thermal time requirement was ~57 degree days (°Cd) for 50% final emergence, 111°Cd for first leaf, 54°Cd for phyllochron and 230°Cd for branch initiation all above a base temperature of 0°C. Each inflorescence required 380°Cd from pollination to reach physiological maturity and a further 270°Cd until all seeds were dark within pods, an indicator of harvest maturity. These values are transferable to different locations and can be used to define best management practices to maintain balansa clover in a grazed pasture or for seed production.
AN  - CABI:20113159782
AU  - Monks, D. P.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 203-206
ST  - Vegetative and reproductive development of balansa clover
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Vegetative and reproductive development of balansa clover
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159782
VL  - 72
ID  - 915
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Our current survey revealed that soil water repellency (SWR) is a widespread phenomenon under pasture in the North Island. If present, SWR controls soil water dynamics. Runoff and preferential flow of water and contaminants and reductions in pasture growth are possible consequences. We quantified the impact of SWR on soil water dynamics at two hill country pasture sites. Our objectives were to assess how SWR impacts on the soil's buffering for water, and to assess if SWR leads to reduced pasture growth. Initial results show that SWR reduced infiltration rates by up to a factor of 20 and increased runoff rates. Pasture growth was reduced between 5 and 20%. SWR increased the risk of contaminant loss and compromised pasture production. We need research to better understand the source of SWR so that efficient and affordable mitigation strategies can be developed.
AN  - CABI:20113159783
AU  - Muller, K.
AU  - Deurer, M.
AU  - Slay, M.
AU  - Aslam, T.
AU  - Carter, J. A.
AU  - Clothier, B. E.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 3
Clothier, Brent/H-3124-2013
Clothier, Brent/0000-0003-1901-0324
0
3
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 207-210
ST  - Environmental and economic consequences of soil water repellency under pasture
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Environmental and economic consequences of soil water repellency under pasture
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159783
VL  - 72
ID  - 916
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Intensive lamb finishing requires a consistent supply of high quality forage throughout the year to regularly finish lambs. Per head and per ha liveweight gain of weaned lambs was compared in 13 batches of lambs on replicated irrigated farmlets for 2.5 years from conventional mixed tetraploid perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures (Conv) and pastures that were pure white clover for spring and summer and switched to overdrilled Italian ryegrass for the winter (Switch). Seasonal differences in stocking rate (lambs/ha), liveweight gain per head and per ha were significant (P<0.05). Average daily liveweight gain/ha was significantly higher (6.01 versus 5.66 kg/ha/day for Switch and Conv), respectively, but the total grazing days were slightly lower on the Switch farmlets resulting in similar annualised liveweight gain per ha (1 800 kg) and net carcass weight (800 kg/ha) on both pasture treatments. The farmlets apparently utilised 10 000 kg DM/ha/yr of the 16 000 kg DM accumulated.
AN  - CABI:20113159784
AU  - Nichol, A. M.
AU  - Bryant, R. H.
AU  - Ridgway, M. J.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Bryant, Racheal/G-7766-2014; Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018
Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X
0
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 211-215
ST  - Liveweight gain per head and per ha throughout the year of lambs grazing conventional pastures and those that switch from grass to clover
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Liveweight gain per head and per ha throughout the year of lambs grazing conventional pastures and those that switch from grass to clover
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159784
VL  - 72
ID  - 917
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - There is limited research investigating the extent of soil physical damage under repeated winter forage cropping practices, the impact of management factors and the rates of soil recovery following winter grazing practices. A trial on a Fragic Pallic soil type (Aeric Fragiaquept) in the North Otago rolling down lands compared cattle versus sheep and dryland versus irrigation management. Forage crops were direct-drilled for 4 consecutive years in the following sequence: kale, swedes, triticale and kale. For this study, soil physical properties (macroporosity and bulk density) were assessed post-grazing in mid winter of 2007 following triticale grazing and again before grazing the following kale crop (Year 4) to assess soil physical recovery. Soil compaction was evident following grazing of winter forage crops with lower macroporosity measured at 0-50 mm under cattle grazing compared with sheep grazing. Recovery, particularly under cattle grazing, was evident 11 months later before the next grazing event. Therefore, natural soil recovery processes can help ameliorate the considerable soil physical damage caused by intensive animal grazing of winter forage crops.
AN  - CABI:20113159785
AU  - Paton, R. J.
AU  - Houlbrooke, D. J.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 223-225
ST  - Recovery of soil physical quality under repeated dryland and irrigated winter forage crops grazed by sheep or cattle
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Recovery of soil physical quality under repeated dryland and irrigated winter forage crops grazed by sheep or cattle
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159785
VL  - 72
ID  - 918
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) (CRW), a white clover pest from the Northern Hemisphere, was first found in the North Island in 1996. Its 2006 detection in the South Island coincided with the introduction from Europe of an insect parasitoid for biocontrol of CRW. Upon detecting CRW in the South Island, we surveyed for suitable locations to release the biocontrol agent. Our goals were to reduce clover damage and to minimise the number of releases required by allowing the parasitoid to spread with the pest. We released it in three large CRW infestations where it quickly became established. Although the parasitoid's natural spread rate appears similar to that of CRW, additional geographically isolated CRW infestations were detected which have probably arisen from accidental human assisted transportation, and the parasitoid will take several years to reach them. Three further releases of the biocontrol agent have been made, and more are planned.
AN  - CABI:20113159786
AU  - Phillips, C. B.
AU  - McNeill, M. R.
AU  - Hardwick, S.
AU  - Ferguson, C. M.
AU  - Kean, J. M.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 3
Kean, John/0000-0002-4012-1048
0
5
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 227-232
ST  - South Island distribution of clover root weevil and its biocontrol agent
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - South Island distribution of clover root weevil and its biocontrol agent
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159786
VL  - 72
ID  - 934
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) tillers of cultivar 'Alto' were grown in hydroponic culture in winter-spring and autumn experiments and roots of known age were individually dissected and a number of properties including dry weight, main axis length and total length were measured to define root developmental status at successive positions or phytomers on the tiller axis. Root initiation occurred about 5 leaf appearance intervals after leaf emergence at the same phytomer and co-located on the tiller axis with leaf senescence. Root development exhibited co-ordination between successive phytomers as previously described for leaf turnover, but with approximately five adjacent roots developing at any one time. There was little or no root main axis elongation later than six leaf appearance intervals from root initiation, though total length of roots continued to increase for a longer period, especially in autumn.
AN  - CABI:20113159787
AU  - Robin, A. H. K.
AU  - Matthew, C.
AU  - Crush, J. R.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 6
0
6
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 233-240
ST  - Time course of root initiation and development in perennial ryegrass - a new perspective
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Time course of root initiation and development in perennial ryegrass - a new perspective
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159787
VL  - 72
ID  - 935
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Sustainable food production requires maintaining land of suitable quantity and quality to meet the needs of current and future generations. We analysed urbanisation trends and their impact on soil resource availability in New Zealand, with a particular focus on highly versatile soils defined as Land Use Capability Class (LUC) 1 or 2 soils. LUC Class 1 and 2 soils occur predominantly in four regions (Canterbury, Manawatu-Wanganui, Taranaki, and Waikato). Urbanisation rates (% converted of original extent measured by the Land Resource Inventory) were highest for LUC Class 1 (5.6%) and Class 2 (3.96%) compared with <0.01 to 2.0% for LUC Classes 3-8. Dwelling densities outside of urban areas as measured by census data also gradually increased, although the full implication for soil resources requires further research. Overall currently available data sources for analysing land-use/land-cover change provide only broad assessments, are inconsistent, and have their own issues with data quality. Soils are non-replaceable national assets that require long-term protection. Appropriate policies and land-use management planning underpinned by robust land-use data and trend analyses are needed nationally, regionally, and locally to ensure future generations enjoy the same range of options for their food production as we do today.
AN  - CABI:20113159788
AU  - Rutledge, D. T.
AU  - Price, R.
AU  - Ross, C.
AU  - Hewitt, A.
AU  - Webb, T.
AU  - Briggs, C.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Price, Robert/F-4706-2013
0
2
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 241-246
ST  - Thought for food: impacts of urbanisation trends on soil resource availability in New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Thought for food: impacts of urbanisation trends on soil resource availability in New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159788
VL  - 72
ID  - 919
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Soil potassium (K) accumulation and associated metabolic cow health risks result from increased volumes of land-treated farm dairy effluent (FDE) generated by the intensification of dairy farming in New Zealand. A dairy farm system is described and modelled, in which turnips are supplementary feed to a daily pasture ration during summer. The model shows how a K-rich crop of turnips can be grown and grazed to mine up to 283 kg K/ha from K-rich soils of effluent blocks to reduce soil K accumulation and cow health risks and redistribute K to pasture blocks.
AN  - CABI:20113159789
AU  - Salazar, M. E.
AU  - Hedley, M. J.
AU  - Horne, D. J.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 247-250
ST  - Using turnips to reduce soil K loading on the effluent block
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Using turnips to reduce soil K loading on the effluent block
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159789
VL  - 72
ID  - 920
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - An analysis of the pasture growth pattern in a summer-dry environment compared with the feed requirements of breeding hinds shows that the inclusion of a brassica crop can improve feed supply. The impacts of summer crops on productivity of hinds and calves in a summer dry climate was tested by comparing a single use forage rape and a specialist crop of chicory, plantain and clovers, and undersowing a forage crop with a perennial pasture mix to remove the need to re-establish pasture once the crop was used. Calf liveweight gain ranged from 424 to 455 g/d between birth and weaning in early March but did not differ significantly between the forage systems. Hind liveweight change was negatively related to the amount of forage on offer, with hinds beginning to lose weight when forage covers for each crop mix fell below about 1 850 kg DM/ha. As the amount of new pasture in the system increased after cropping the need for large areas of summer crops declined, suggesting constant re-evaluation of the role of summer crops in supplying extra forage to fill feed shortfalls is necessary.
AN  - CABI:20113159790
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Corson, I. D.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 251-255
ST  - Feeding systems in summer dry environments for red deer in lactation
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Feeding systems in summer dry environments for red deer in lactation
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159790
VL  - 72
ID  - 921
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) contains the bioactive compounds catalpol, aucubin and acteoside. We investigated the genetic variation in the concentrations of these compounds, measured methanol-extracted superoxide anion radical-scavenging activity (M-SOSA), and fed this plant to the animals to clarify its effects on growth performance and animal product quality. The genetic variation was large: cultivars that differ in the type and content of bioactive compounds can therefore be bred efficiently. M-SOSA in plantain was much higher than in common herbage grasses and legumes, indicating the former's higher content of lipid soluble antioxidants. Feeding of plantain enhanced tissue insulin responsiveness in sheep. Abdominal fat accumulation, plasma non-esterified fatty acids content, n-6/n-3 of fatty acids and peroxide values of meat were reduced in chickens that were fed plantain. Meat from plantain-fed chicken scored higher in Scheffe's paired-comparison test. It is concluded that plantain improves animal health and is useful for producing healthy, high-quality animal products.
AN  - CABI:20113159791
AU  - Tamura, Y.
AU  - Yoshida, T.
AU  - Rikimaru, K.
AU  - Imanari, M.
AU  - Fujimura, S.
AU  - Al-Mamun, M.
AU  - Sano, H.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 257-262
ST  - Bioactivity and practical use of plantain (Plantago lanceolata)
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Bioactivity and practical use of plantain (Plantago lanceolata)
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159791
VL  - 72
ID  - 922
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Potassium (K) build up in soils is a side effect of prolonged farm dairy effluent irrigation, and can result in animal health issues. A kale crop was planted to investigate its potential to take up K applied in farm dairy effluent. Removing the crop at maturity and feeding it elsewhere is a management option to reduce the build up of soil K that occurs when farm dairy effluent is applied to land at K loading greater than maintenance requirements. As winter approaches soils tend to become wetter than field capacity reducing the opportunity for mechanical harvesting. We examined the trade-off between the potential to damage soil and achieving maximum yield. Kale K concentrations increased in a linear fashion (P<0.001) with the increasing rates of K input applied from 1.98 to 3.90 g K/100 g DM with no effect on dry matter yields, but removing up to 499 kg K/ha. Maximum yield (13 t DM/ha) was reached in late May when mechanical harvesting was still possible with little or no potential damage to the soil regardless of sowing technique (conventional tillage versus direct-drilled). This demonstrates the potential of a kale crop to remove high levels of K in farm dairy effluent in a cut and carry system.
AN  - CABI:20113159792
AU  - Thompson, B. R.
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Knowles, I.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 263-267
ST  - Investigating the potential of kale to remove soil potassium accumulated from farm dairy effluent application
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Investigating the potential of kale to remove soil potassium accumulated from farm dairy effluent application
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159792
VL  - 72
ID  - 923
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Vulpia (Vulpia myuros) and goose grass (Bromus hordeaceus) are common annual grass weeds throughout New Zealand in dryland pastures. They compete with sown species, suppressing pasture production and livestock performance. Their seeds may also damage hides and carcasses. Choice of sown pasture species can be important in limiting their spread. The abundance and fecundity of sown vulpia and goose grass was measured over 1 year in dryland Canterbury pastures sown with different grass and legume species. Survival and seedhead production of both vulpia and goose grass were lower in pastures oversown with the annual legumes subterranean and balansa clover. Annual grass weed establishment was also lower in cocksfoot than perennial ryegrass pastures. In Canterbury dryland pastures subject to summer drought, cocksfoot-based pastures oversown with subterranean and balansa clover show promise as a better alternative to ryegrass-based pastures for suppressing the ingress of these species. Repeating this study over several years in different environments would determine how widely these conclusions can be applied.
AN  - CABI:20113159793
AU  - Tozer, K. N.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
AU  - Cameron, C. A.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018
Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X
0
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 269-272
ST  - Suppression of vulpia and goose grass in dryland pastures through the
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Suppression of vulpia and goose grass in dryland pastures through the
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159793
VL  - 72
ID  - 924
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) provides readily available energy in the rumen that improves the efficiency of crude protein (CP) utilisation, partitioning of dietary N towards animal growth, and reduces the loss of N as urea. Divergent selections within three populations of white clover were made using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) estimates of WSC and CP concentrations in leaves from potted plants in the Manawatu. After four selection cycles (2001-2004), the high sugar (HS) populations had 35% greater WSC concentration and 28% lower CP concentration than the cycle average. The magnitude and rate of response to selection was equivalent in all three source populations. The HS and low sugar (LS) populations together with two modern cultivars were field tested in Canterbury. Some HS populations had significantly (P<0.001) higher WSC and concomitantly lower CP concentrations than the LS populations and cultivars during all seasons except winter. HS plants from different populations were inter-crossed to restore plant vigour which had declined during the selection process. The resultant progenies were evaluated in mixed clover/ryegrass swards in Canterbury and Manawatu for 2 years. Individuals from families exhibiting HS and vigour comparable to cultivars were identified and inter-crossed within medium and large-leaf size classes.
AN  - CABI:20113159794
AU  - Widdup, K. H.
AU  - Ford, J. L.
AU  - Barret, B. A.
AU  - Woodfield, D. R.
DA  - 2010
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 277-282
ST  - Development of white clover populations with higher concentrations of water soluble carbohydrate
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Development of white clover populations with higher concentrations of water soluble carbohydrate
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20113159794
VL  - 72
ID  - 925
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Forage brassica calculators can be used to assist fertiliser consultants and farmers plan nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) applications for site-specific brassica production. The cost of each nutrient and the predicted productivity are used to recommend both economic and environmentally sound application rates. In this study, simulated yield was that modelled by PARJIB (a model that analyses and forecasts yield responses to nutrients) from the soil available nutrient levels, the potential yield and the fertiliser rates. The actual (observed) yields are those measured from the field. Simulations for 'Pasja' (R2=0.96; root mean square of the deviation (RMSD) ≤3% (0.25 t/ha)) followed observed data closely with individual harvests at 60 and 90 days after sowing, consistent with observed data (R2>0.93; RMSD≤4% (0.20 t/ha)). The 'Pasja' model is sufficiently robust to predict site specific N and P fertiliser requirements. However, the model may need to be extended to more than two grazing events. Simulations for bulb turnips (R2=0.10; RMSD≤28.1% (2.70 t/ha)) was poor. Simulations predicted the same yield for different treatments within sites, while observed yields differed widely (4-12 t/ha). This was because experiments included establishment and seeding method treatments which are not currently accounted for by the calculators. Thus, practical use of the brassica calculators for assisting with fertiliser rates currently depends on other agronomic factors being managed optimally.
AN  - CABI:20123184873
AU  - Chakwizira, E.
AU  - Fletcher, A. L.
AU  - Zyskowski, R. F.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Fletcher, Andrew/J-7183-2013
Fletcher, Andrew/0000-0003-1236-2319
0
1
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 87-92
ST  - Validation of the forage brassica calculator: a fertiliser forecasting system for forage brassica crops grown in New Zealand. Pasja and bulb turnips
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Validation of the forage brassica calculator: a fertiliser forecasting system for forage brassica crops grown in New Zealand. Pasja and bulb turnips
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184873
VL  - 73
ID  - 875
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Recent interest in building soil carbon in pastoral systems is driven by the imperative to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. It has been proposed that increasing root growth via deep rooting plants is a means of increasing soil carbon storage. Data on root depth distribution and production from a number of New Zealand studies are summarised to examine whether variation in root profiles can be manipulated and exploited. Most of the variation in root mass under grazed grass-clover pastures occurs in the upper 100 mm of soil. Changes in pasture management, such as soil fertility, grazing intensity and pasture species composition have a limited effect on root mass below this depth layer, of the order 10-30%. Greater mass and length of roots in deeper soil layers under grazed grass-clover pastures is associated with lower soil fertility, drought stress and less commonly sown pasture species. The relationship between root mass (particularly deeper-root mass) and soil carbon storage has yet to be clearly established.
AN  - CABI:20123184866
AU  - Dodd, M. B.
AU  - Crush, J. R.
AU  - MacKay, A. D.
AU  - Barker, D. J.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 4
0
4
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 43-50
ST  - The "root" to more soil carbon under pastures
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The "root" to more soil carbon under pastures
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184866
VL  - 73
ID  - 881
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) offers a number of advantages as a forage legume, but is constrained by poor persistence under grazing. The objective of this research was to test the growth and persistence of 18 populations among a wider set of 142 New Zealand and overseas accessions of red clover, in a mixed-sward replicated plot trial under rotational grazing by cattle in the Manawatu. We also measured plant morphological trait expression in a row trial using samples of the same red clover populations evaluated in the plot trial. Most red clover populations showed a marked decline in growth score after two years under grazing. The new variety 'Grasslands Relish' showed significantly (P<0.05) higher growth and persistence than all other entries over the three and a half years of the trial. After three and a half years under grazing, 60% of the 'Grasslands Relish' plants were alive, more than any other entry, and significantly (P<0.05) more than any commercial cultivars in the trial. Traits observed in the row trial were weakly to moderately correlated with performance in the mixed sward trial. Variation among growth habit in the row trial was the best predictor of performance in the three and a half year mixed sward trial (R2=0.50). This research identifies a new red clover cultivar with potential for high growth and improved persistence under cattle grazing, and demonstrates the value of global genetic resources for improving the genetic merit of forages available in New Zealand.
AN  - CABI:20123184878
AU  - Ford, J. L.
AU  - Barrett, B. A.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 6
0
7
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 119-124
ST  - Improving red clover persistence under grazing
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Improving red clover persistence under grazing
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184878
VL  - 73
ID  - 889
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A group of 24 Hawke's Bay hill country farmers are working with service providers to improve the resilience of their farming systems. An important step in the process was to undertake an inventory of their risk management strategies. Farmers were interviewed about their farming systems and risk management strategies and the data was analysed using descriptive statistics. There was considerable variation in the strategies adopted by the farmers to cope with a dryland environment. Importantly, these strategies had to cope with three types of drought and also upside risk (better than expected conditions), and so flexibility was critical. Infra-structure was important in managing a dryland environment. Farmers chose between increased scale (increasing farm size) and geographic dispersion (owning a second property in another location) through to intensification (investing in subdivision, drainage, capital fertiliser, new pasture species). The study identified that there may be scope for further investment in infra-structural elements such as drainage, deeper rooting alternative pasture species and water harvesting, along with improved management of subterranean clover to improve flexibility. Many of the farmers used forage crops and idling capacity (reduced stocking rate) to improve flexibility; others argued that maintaining pasture quality and managing upside risk was a better strategy in a dryland environment. Supplementary feed was an important strategy for some farmers, but its use was limited by contour and machinery constraints. A surprisingly large proportion of farmers run breeding cows, a policy that is much less flexible than trading stock. However, several farmers had improved their flexibility by running a high proportion of trading cattle and buffer mobs of ewe hoggets and trade lambs. To manage market risk, the majority of farmers are selling a large proportion of their lambs prime. Similarly, cattle are either sold prime or store onto the grass market when prices are at a premium. However, market risk associated with the purchase of supplements and grazing was poorly managed.
AN  - CABI:20123184861
AU  - Gray, D. I.
AU  - Reid, J. I.
AU  - Horne, D. J.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 4
0
4
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 13-22
ST  - The management of risk in a dryland environment
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The management of risk in a dryland environment
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184861
VL  - 73
ID  - 871
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A wide variation in profitability exists between farmers across New Zealand. Not all of this variation can be simply attributed to land class, absolute production levels or debt levels. Understanding what makes one farmer profitable when another struggles to break even is necessary to enable the development of programmes and support to improve the overall sector's profitability. This paper reports on the results of exploratory analysis on North Island hard hill country to identify what factors are linked to the large variation in profitability observed between farms. The exploratory analysis used simple correlation analysis to study the relationship between selected farm attributes to identify those that appear most important to determining overall farm profitability. The initial results indicated that on Class 3 farms stocking rate, sheep to cattle ratio and lambing percentage are important variables related to profit. As with any business, realising the profit potential of a farm is the combination of a well thought through strategy and sound execution. The variables identified in this exploratory analysis are core parts of the strategy, but to realise the profit potential, implementing these has to be tailored to the farm.
AN  - CABI:20123184862
AU  - Hawkins, B. W.
AU  - Wu, S.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 23-26
ST  - Understanding the variability in sheep and beef farm profitability
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Understanding the variability in sheep and beef farm profitability
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184862
VL  - 73
ID  - 878
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Silage is an important supplement in New Zealand dairy systems, however quality can be variable. Challenges with pasture silage lie mainly in the fermentation process, while maize silages tend to have a better fermentation profile, but are prone to heating and spoilage at feed-out. A series of laboratory scale silo trials were used to investigate the effect of different silage inoculants on aerobic stability in maize silage (n=8) and fermentation quality in pasture silage (n=6). Inoculants affected aerobic stability in maize silage, and pH, fermentation losses, ammonia-N and fermentation acid profile in pasture silage, however products differed in their efficacy. Farmers can make better inoculant purchase decisions by choosing products that have supporting trial data as well as guaranteed bacteria numbers.
AN  - CABI:20123184871
AU  - Kleinmans, J. J.
AU  - Dewar, W. R.
AU  - Erasmus, H. J. H.
AU  - Densley, R. J.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 75-80
ST  - Using silage inoculants to improve the quality of pasture and maize silage in New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Using silage inoculants to improve the quality of pasture and maize silage in New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184871
VL  - 73
ID  - 884
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This paper reviews the requirement for inoculation of white clover (Trifolium repens) seed with rhizobia bacteria in New Zealand. The pastoral industry relies on the nitrogen fixed by clover's rhizobia bacteria. These rhizobia were not present in soils prior to European settlement, but were introduced as contaminants, and naturally spread with pastoral development. The advent of large scale land development in the 1950s identified areas where clovers failed to nodulate and establish due to the absence of rhizobia, which led to the development of inoculated lime coated seed. Rhizobia have spread widely throughout New Zealand, and in the great majority of situations where pasture is being sown, soils now contain high levels of resident rhizobia capable of nodulating white, red and alsike clover, and inoculation of clover seed is not required. However, it is suggested the use of inoculated clover seed should be considered in the following three situations as an insurance against nodulation failure: undeveloped grasslands with no evidence of resident clover; virgin pastoral land cleared directly from scrub; and paddocks cropped with maize continually for over 10 years. It has been hypothesised that inoculating clover seed may improve clover growth through introducing more effective rhizobia with better nitrogen fixation ability, but the research in this area suggests there is little likelihood of any significant response from doing this.
AN  - CABI:20123184874
AU  - Lowther, W. L.
AU  - Kerr, G. A.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 13
0
13
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 93-102
ST  - White clover seed inoculation and coating in New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - White clover seed inoculation and coating in New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184874
VL  - 73
ID  - 876
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Many hill country farmers have struggled to maintain fertiliser inputs in recent years. The long-term fertiliser and sheep grazing farmlet study at the AgResearch Ballantrae Hill Country Research Station provides invaluable insights into the benefits of continued annual inputs of phosphorus (P) fertiliser on production levels and the farm business, and also the implications to the production system when fertiliser is withheld. Since detailed monitoring stopped in 1990, the fertiliser treatments have been maintained, along with nominal sheep stocking rates and grazing practices. Occasional measurements of soil fertility have also been made on the farmlets that have received either no fertiliser inputs for 30 years, a low annual fertiliser input (125 kg superphosphate (SSP)/ha/yr), or a high input (375 kg SSP/ha/yr) for 35 years. In this paper changes in sheep stocking rate and soil fertility are reported and compared with earlier published data from this longterm site. This field study provides a valuable resource for ongoing research into nutrient requirements and cycling in hill land environments, and a visual demonstration of the continued importance of fertiliser application as a driver of hill country production.
AN  - CABI:20123184865
AU  - MacKay, A. D.
AU  - Lambert, M. G.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 5
0
5
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 37-42
ST  - Long-term changes in soil fertility and pasture production under no, low and high phosphorus fertiliser inputs
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Long-term changes in soil fertility and pasture production under no, low and high phosphorus fertiliser inputs
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184865
VL  - 73
ID  - 872
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Validation of satellite-based prediction of pasture cover for dairy farms in Canterbury (New Zealand) during the 2008 and 2009 milking seasons is reported. Satellitebased predictions made using the new Canterbury model were validated against estimates from a rising plate meter for the Lincoln University Dairy Farm (LUDF) weekly farm walks and from nine commercial farms, across 15 images. Validation against LUDF data showed high coefficients of determination (mean R2=0.85, range 0.69 to 0.97 kg DM/ha) and low residual standard errors (mean RSE=138 kg, range 53 to 244 kg DM/ha). Validation against commercial data showed a higher level of variability between farms and images than the LUDF data. The Canterbury model accounted for a large proportion of the observed variability in pasture cover of dairy pastures when matched to high quality data, and showed seasonal trends in the model coefficients. Higher variability associated with commercial data may be attributed to geographic distribution, timing and method of data collection as well as varying levels of competency in monitoring skills.
AN  - CABI:20123184876
AU  - Mata, G.
AU  - Purdie, N.
AU  - Handcock, R. N.
AU  - Dalley, D.
AU  - Ota, N.
AU  - Rossi, L.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Mata, Gonzalo/H-1160-2013; Handcock, Rebecca/B-5378-2011
Handcock, Rebecca/0000-0001-5903-6620
0
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 109-114
ST  - Validating satellite monitoring of dairy pastures in Canterbury with Lincoln University Dairy Farm and commercial farm data
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Validating satellite monitoring of dairy pastures in Canterbury with Lincoln University Dairy Farm and commercial farm data
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184876
VL  - 73
ID  - 887
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Information was gathered from dairy farms in four regions of New Zealand for the season ending May 2010. The regions were Waikato, Taranaki, Canterbury and Southland. Two farms were selected from each region, one that had undertaken regrassing on a regular basis for at least five years (Modern Varieties, MV) and the other had not undertaken any regrassing in the previous decade (Traditional Varieties, TV). A computer simulation tool (UDDER) was used to model the effect of regrassing on these farms. In three regions, MV generated more milksolids/ha and a greater net farm margin compared with TV. The use of computer modelling allows farmers to make a decision based on the data from their own property rather than rely on data that is sourced from different growing conditions.
AN  - CABI:20123184872
AU  - McLean, N.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 81-86
ST  - Determining the value of pasture renewal to a dairy farm system in the 2009-2010 season
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Determining the value of pasture renewal to a dairy farm system in the 2009-2010 season
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184872
VL  - 73
ID  - 885
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - McRae Trust Farm was used to examine how hill country farming policies and management affected the quantity of livestock greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, profitability, and risk. Land use decisions were subject to the opportunities and constraints inherent in the natural soil capital of the farm. Analysis was undertaken using FARMAX and OVERSEER. Features of the pastoral farming system in 2009 were compared with 1990, and data around livestock GHG emissions was compared with the methodology proposed in the Climate Change (Agriculture Sector) Regulations 2010 which is intended to be the basis for calculating farmers' liability in 2015. Changing livestock policies can potentially change livestock GHG emissions by around 10%. Reduced emission intensity (kg CO2-e/kg meat & fibre) is achievable, but total GHG emissions may be increased over the baseline. Profitability, as measured by Economic Farm Surplus, may be increased or decreased with no relationship with the level of GHG emissions. Between 1990 and 2009, intensity of GHG emissions has been reduced by about 5% on this farm. An area of 12 ha of forestry will assist in reducing GHG liability in the initial period of agriculture's inclusion in the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS).
AN  - CABI:20123184864
AU  - Rhodes, A. P.
AU  - Dynes, R. A.
AU  - Brown, M.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 31-36
ST  - McRae Trust - a study of issues around livestock greenhouse gas emissions and the implications for farmers
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - McRae Trust - a study of issues around livestock greenhouse gas emissions and the implications for farmers
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184864
VL  - 73
ID  - 880
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A 18-year trial at Lake Tekapo compared changes in proportions of species in a common mixed species pasture under two mean grazing intensities, three seasons of grazing and spelled in alternate years or unspelled. The main species changes related to season of grazing, with the effect of biennial spelling being small and ambiguous, and that of mean grazing intensities slight.
AN  - CABI:20123184877
AU  - Scott, D.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 115-118
ST  - Effect of biennial spelling from grazing of a high country, moderate input, mixed pasture
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effect of biennial spelling from grazing of a high country, moderate input, mixed pasture
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184877
VL  - 73
ID  - 888
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The financial and environmental performance of a typical dairy and sheep/beef farm under contrasting inputs and systems were modelled to test associations between productivity, profitability, nitrogen (N) leaching and green house gas (GHG) emissions. GHG emissions and N leaching were found to be closely correlated (R2>0.90) but the correlation between these two emissions items and production and/or profit was less so, suggesting that systems that are both profitable and have a modest emissions output should be possible. The reasons why farmers have not already adopted these systems are complex but could include any of: requirement of higher level of managerial skill, incompatibility with farm soil type or contour, increased risk and capital cost to convert to the new system. Any system that involves improvements in animal efficiency is associated with a reduction in emissions per kg of saleable product.
AN  - CABI:20123184868
AU  - Smeaton, D. C.
AU  - Cox, T.
AU  - Kerr, S.
AU  - Dynes, R.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 8
0
9
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 57-62
ST  - Relationships between farm productivity, profitability, N leaching and GHG emissions: a modelling approach
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Relationships between farm productivity, profitability, N leaching and GHG emissions: a modelling approach
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184868
VL  - 73
ID  - 882
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Current winter feeding practice using a daily grazing duration to ration feed is based on the sheep industry of the 1960s to the 1980s when per head performance was much lower than today. This study investigated the impact of changing from a 1-day grazing duration to a 4-day grazing duration during winter on subsequent productivity. Ewe condition score and liveweight, tailing percentages, and tailing and weaning weights of lambs, as well as the incidence of vaginal prolapse in ewes at lambing were recorded over several years on a total of seven farms. Spring pasture growth and botanical composition was measured on one farm. Results suggest 4-day shifting had little impact on vaginal prolapse but did result in more settled sheep, easier winter shifting regime, and less pasture damage, leading to improved pasture production in early spring (P<0.01). Changing to a 4-day shifting regimen also decreased labour requirements.
AN  - CABI:20123184867
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Casey, M. J.
AU  - Scandrett, J. S.
AU  - Baxter, G. S.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
4
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 51-56
ST  - Winter feeding - changing labour requirements and productivity
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Winter feeding - changing labour requirements and productivity
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184867
VL  - 73
ID  - 873
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A trial was conducted in Canterbury to determine the relative preference of lambs for seven different specialist forages, each of which was established in a separate plot, replicated three times. Lambs with a history of grazing ryegrass had access to all plots simultaneously and continuously for 12 days. Herbage mass, utilisation and composition were assessed every two days. By day 12 the proportion of the forages utilised ranged from 67 and 65% for red clover and rape respectively to less than 1% for chicory and a new grass sward. In the context of creep grazing the present trial suggests that both red clover and rape might have the potential to motivate lambs to make greater use of creep gates and increase feed intake and consequentially further enhance lamb liveweight performances associated with creep grazing.
AN  - CABI:20123184869
AU  - Taylor, A. L.
AU  - Moss, R. A.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 63-68
ST  - The relative contribution of seven forages to the apparent intake of weaned lambs over 12 days
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The relative contribution of seven forages to the apparent intake of weaned lambs over 12 days
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184869
VL  - 73
ID  - 874
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Increasing production from drier hill country to maintain economic viability must be balanced with environmental impacts and the preservation of the tussock landscape. This trial investigated the use of a one-off autumn application of nitrogen (100 kg N/ha) to increase pasture production from drier hill country over subsequent seasons while maintaining the tussock biota. Comparative controls and previously oversown blocks were included. The response to nitrogen in the first winter-spring period was approximately 13 kg DM/kg N applied with no measurable response occurring thereafter. The oversown block produced around 3200 kg/DM/annum more than the other blocks, as expected in the first two years. The botanical analysis showed that browntop reinvasion of recently oversown pasture was rapid, increasing to a presence of over 50% in three years. Tussocks decreased in size in the nitrogen treated block, but this was possibly due to management practices rather than a response to fertiliser nitrogen. This trial highlights some of the issues that surround the optimal use of nitrogen fertiliser in drier hill country and also documents the invasion of less desirable grasses into the preferred developed pastures.
AN  - CABI:20123184863
AU  - Thompson, B. R.
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 27-30
ST  - Pasture and tussock responses to a single application of nitrogen or a full development process for drier hill country over two years
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Pasture and tussock responses to a single application of nitrogen or a full development process for drier hill country over two years
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184863
VL  - 73
ID  - 879
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The New Zealand pastoral industry has many simultaneous drivers, including market and policy compliance, that operate from the local to the global scale. The ability to adapt to these multiple drivers against a background of constrained natural resources and climate change is vital to the continued success of New Zealand's pastoral industry. Here we describe a case study based in the Horizons Region where we worked with pastoral sector stakeholders to apply a process in which an integrated systems perspective was used to identify and explore the impact of drivers on dairy and sheep/beef systems. Drawing from this process we have designed a generic framework, including tools and processes, to enable policy, farmers, and agribusiness to collectively explore the influence of multiple drivers on the future behaviour of farm systems and associated value chains.
AN  - CABI:20123184870
AU  - Wedderburn, M. E.
AU  - Kingi, T. T.
AU  - MacKay, A. D.
AU  - Brown, M.
AU  - Oca, O. M. de
AU  - Maani, K.
AU  - Burton, R.
AU  - Campbell, H.
AU  - Peoples, S.
AU  - Manhire, J.
AU  - Dynes, R.
AU  - Kaye-Blake, B.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
3
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 69-74
ST  - Exploring rural futures together
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Exploring rural futures together
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184870
VL  - 73
ID  - 883
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Focused group projects engaging owners and managers of Maori farm businesses were initiated on the East Coast of New Zealand. The objective was to improve productivity and profitability on-farm through enhanced capability building and collaboration. Five group projects were evaluated. Critical success factors of learning groups were identified. Leadership, communication, organisation and commitment were required from project participants and facilitators. Collaborative and interactive processes built the knowledge and confidence of farm managers. Building trust was critical. Participation of mentor farmers reinforced learning in the group. Social network building was also important. We conclude that interactive group projects are a powerful way of building confidence of farm managers to communicate issues and make clearer, more strategically aligned decisions and actions. Collaborative farm initiatives foster ownership of issues, develop farmer support networks and ultimately the confidence to change.
AN  - CABI:20123184860
AU  - White, T. D.
AU  - Sheath, G. W.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 9-12
ST  - Building rural capability through collaboration of Maori farm businesses
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Building rural capability through collaboration of Maori farm businesses
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184860
VL  - 73
ID  - 877
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Plots were established on three farms in Northland in April 2009 and were monitored from May to December for differences in total pasture dry matter (DM) yield after direct-drilling Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) into kikuyu (Pennisitum clandestinum) following mulching. Pesticide-treated or untreated Italian ryegrass was drilled at 10, 15, 20 and 30 kg seed per hectare. Plot DM yields were estimated pre- and post-grazing using a rising plate meter. Daily pasture growth rates and total DM yields varied between sites but tended to increase with increased sowing rate. There was no significant pasture yield response to pesticide treatment of seed. This work suggests that sowing Italian ryegrass into kikuyu increases total pasture DM yield during winter and spring.
AN  - CABI:20123184875
AU  - Wynn, K.
AU  - Hodgson, R.
AU  - Andrewes, W.
DA  - 2011
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 103-108
ST  - Comparison of sowing rate and seed treatment of Italian ryegrass on kikuyu pasture dry matter yields
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Comparison of sowing rate and seed treatment of Italian ryegrass on kikuyu pasture dry matter yields
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20123184875
VL  - 73
ID  - 886
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - This trial provided information about the effects of defoliation intensity and frequency on the productivity and plant population of a plantain pasture. Despite the restrictions in plantain management, the focus is to promote its use as specialised pasture for specific purposes. Maximum herbage production was 10.9 t DM/ha/year for a frequent and severely defoliation treatment. Frequency of defoliation affected productivity at different times, mainly in spring (P=0.0013), production being promoted by frequent defoliation intervals (21 days). Plant population was affected by defoliation strategies during the year, being promoted by infrequent and lightly defoliation regimes. Previous results showed that the effects of intense defoliation increased over time, reducing plant size and density. The understanding of plantain response to defoliation regimes will contribute to increased outputs of plantain pastures and extend species persistence, and allow management strategies to be defined according to the production system.
AN  - WOS:000314999600023
AU  - Ayala, W.
AU  - Barrios, E.
AU  - Bermudez, R.
AU  - Serron, N.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 143-145
ST  - Understanding Plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) responses to defoliation in Uruguay
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Understanding Plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) responses to defoliation in Uruguay
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600023
VL  - 74
ID  - 847
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Perennial ryegrass plants (Lolium perenne) were taken from an established field at two different stages in the season (mid-winter and again at mid-summer). They were then grown in a controlled environment to both "lock in" their contrasting developmental states and to look at the role of nitrogen supply, temperature, and developmental state separately to evaluate the potential of plants to respond to exogenous application of gibberellin. Responses to exogenous gibberellin (gibberellic acid, GA) were significant but were far smaller in summer-derived than winter-derived plants. The major difference in response to GA (compared with controls) between winter-derived and summer-derived plants suggests that seasonal changes in plant developmental state have a major effect in the field on the capacity for the plants to respond to exogenous GA application. This effect is greater than that of temperature and N availability. This raises new prospects for making sustained increases in plant growth, but only if the fundamental mechanisms by which plants control their responses to environmental signals (e.g., temperature and soil N status) can be understood. The role of gibberellins (endogenous as well as externally applied) in changes in plant growth strategy presents a new challenge for forage plant science.
AN  - WOS:000314999600030
AU  - Ball, C. C.
AU  - Parsons, A. J.
AU  - Rasmussen, S.
AU  - Shaw, C.
AU  - Rowarth, J. S.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 4
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
Rasmussen, Susanne/D-4526-2017; Parsons, Anthony/E-7226-2011
Rasmussen, Susanne/0000-0001-5464-8978; Parsons, Anthony/0000-0001-7441-1855
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 183-+
ST  - Seasonal differences in the capacity of perennial ryegrass to respond to gibberellin explained
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Seasonal differences in the capacity of perennial ryegrass to respond to gibberellin explained
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600030
VL  - 74
ID  - 854
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Giant buttercup (Ranunculus acris L. subsp. acris), a weed of European origin with a potential distribution embracing all of New Zealand, currently infests pastures in six of 17 dairying regions. It reduces the quantity of pasture consumed by deterring grazing, but its impact on whole-farm profitability is not well understood. To redress this, the effect of the weed and the impact of herbicides varying in efficacy were modelled with Farmax Dairy Pro (R). On a dairy farm "typical" of the Golden Bay area, with the ground cover of giant buttercup peaking at 12% in November (the average per paddock cover measured on an infested farm), profit was reduced by $1040/ha ($1830 vs. $2870). Synthetic herbicides applied at label rates increased profitability, but only where the control was better than ca. 30% with MCPA or ca. 60% with flumetsulam. By contrast, a hypothetical biological herbicide giving 50% control had a break-even cost of $485/ha. The models show that giant buttercup reduces the profitability of a typical Golden Bay dairy farm by 36% and that its effective control can bring large financial gains.
AN  - WOS:000314999600029
AU  - Bourdot, Graeme
AU  - King, Warren
AU  - Rennie, Grant
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
Bourdot, Graeme/J-7582-2013
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 177-+
ST  - Giant buttercup - modelling the financial benefits of control on a Golden Bay dairy farm
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Giant buttercup - modelling the financial benefits of control on a Golden Bay dairy farm
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600029
VL  - 74
ID  - 853
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Economic values (EVs) are an estimate of the change in farm system profit per unit of change in a defined plant trait. Cultivars within species such as perennial ryegrass differ in the major production traits of dry matter yield, nutritive value and persistence, but the impact of those differences on farm financial performance is seldom calculated and reported. This paper explains what EVs are, describes how they can be calculated, and discusses some of the associated methodological issues. EVs have been derived for seasonal dry matter yield in New Zealand dairy systems. Extra feed produced in late spring has consistently low economic value, while extra feed produced in early spring has consistently high value. There have been no systematic investigations into the EVs of nutritive value and persistence in New Zealand pastures; this is a clear opportunity for future research. The lack of data on cultivar differences in these traits will restrict the application of EVs to pasture cultivar evaluation. This gap is now being addressed by new industry initiatives.
AN  - WOS:000314999600034
AU  - Chapman, D. F.
AU  - Bryant, J. R.
AU  - McMillan, W. H.
AU  - Khaembah, E. N.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 12
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
Khaembah, Edith/K-6209-2016
Khaembah, Edith/0000-0001-8332-9730
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 209-+
ST  - Economic values for evaluating pasture plant traits
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Economic values for evaluating pasture plant traits
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600034
VL  - 74
ID  - 858
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Dairy farmers in New Zealand are encouraged to adopt a range of management strategies, both well established and emerging, to reduce nitrogen (N) losses to waterways. In most regions the OVERSEER (R) nutrient budgeting software (Version 6) (hereafter referred to as Overseer) is the tool of choice in the assessment of N losses for both regulatory and monitoring purposes. As part of these processes, Overseer is used to assess the impact of improved farm practices on N leaching and runoff from individual farms. In a 3-year dairy system field trial at Massey University, N losses in leaching and runoff under duration-controlled grazing (DC; 4 hours per grazing) were compared with those under standard grazing (SG; 7 hours per day-grazing, 13 hours per night-grazing). A 36% reduction in total nitrogen (TN) losses under DC grazing was measured (14 kg TN/ha) relative to standard grazing (22 kg TN/ha). Farmers adopting DC grazing as a mitigation strategy will only be able to claim the reduction in TN losses estimated by Overseer, and thus observations from the field trial were compared with outputs from Overseer. There was good agreement between the Overseer predictions of N leaching and values measured at the trial site for both the SG and DC grazing treatments. A second Overseer simulation of a DC system suggests that while Overseer is able to predict the reductions in N leaching under DC grazing reasonably well, some issues such as runoff losses and storage of effluent need further consideration.
AN  - WOS:000314999600019
AU  - Christensen, C. L.
AU  - Hedley, M. J.
AU  - Hanly, J. A.
AU  - Horne, D. J.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 7
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 115-119
ST  - Nitrogen loss mitigation using duration-controlled grazing: Field observations compared to modelled outputs
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Nitrogen loss mitigation using duration-controlled grazing: Field observations compared to modelled outputs
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600019
VL  - 74
ID  - 843
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - The expansion of the southern dairy herd in New Zealand has raised a number of concerns about the sustainability of grazing brassica forage crops. Here we provide an assessment of the contribution of these crops to the potential for N losses to water at a whole-farm system level, and compare these with metrics derived for systems that use alternative approaches for wintering cows. The risks of nutrient losses to water from six Monitor Farms that use contrasting approaches to dairy cow wintering were assessed using the Overseers Nutrient budgets model (Overseer). This modelling assessment was supplemented with detailed information about the management of effluent generated from off-paddock cow wintering facilities such as wintering pads and covered housing. Predictions of N losses from individual farm blocks indicated that both winter- and summer-grazed brassica forage crops have a relatively high potential for N leaching losses. Expressed at a whole-system level (i.e. accounting for the milking platform, winter forage crop and other support land), the winter forage crops accounted for between 11 and 24% of total N leaching losses, despite representing only 4 to 9% of the area. The high N leaching losses predicted for summer-grazed forage crops were attributed to the limited opportunity for N uptake of excreted urinary N by the following new pasture. Another risk identified for some farms was the current practice of applying effluents collected from off-paddock facilities to land during winter. These assessments suggest that off-paddock cow wintering systems can help to minimise N losses from farms to water, although the storage and safe return to land of effluents and manures generated from the housing facilities is essential if this potential benefit is to be realised. Our assessments also suggest that summer crop paddocks have a relatively high potential for N leaching losses, although further research is needed to confirm this.
AN  - WOS:000314999600009
AU  - Chrystal, J. M.
AU  - Monaghan, R. M.
AU  - Dalley, D.
AU  - Styles, T.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 3
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 51-+
ST  - Assessments of N leaching losses from six case study dairy farms using contrasting approaches to cow wintering
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Assessments of N leaching losses from six case study dairy farms using contrasting approaches to cow wintering
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600009
VL  - 74
ID  - 833
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Southern New Zealand has seen major changes in land use in the past 20 years with the rise in dairy cows in milk from 149 000 in 1994 to 682 000 in 2010, while breeding ewe numbers have declined from 11.2 million to 7.3 million over the same period. The development of milking platforms with a significant need for winter dairy grazing has opened up many opportunities for sheep, beef and deer farmers in the region. The need to remain profitable, displacement of sheep to more marginal land, and social influences such as retaining family ownership have encouraged farmers to make the most of potential land-use change opportunities. Three case studies outline the changes made and potential profitability increases in dairy conversion, flexible sheep and beef operations and improved deer production, with cash surplus after expenses being more than doubled in each case.
AN  - WOS:000314999600001
AU  - Copland, R. J.
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 6
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 1-6
ST  - The changing face of southern New Zealand farming: opportunities of land use change
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The changing face of southern New Zealand farming: opportunities of land use change
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600001
VL  - 74
ID  - 825
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AN  - WOS:000314999600044
AU  - Crofoot, Anders
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 281-281
ST  - NZGA PRESIDENT'S ANNUAL REPORT FOR 2010/2011
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - NZGA PRESIDENT'S ANNUAL REPORT FOR 2010/2011
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600044
VL  - 74
ID  - 868
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Variation in rainfall, soil type and growing degree days across the West Coast creates wide variation in pasture growth rates. Farmers require pasture growth rate and quality information local to their environment to assist them with their on-farm decision making. Four farms in different geographical regions of the South Island's West Coast were monitored for four years to measure pasture growth rate (weekly, plate meter), nutrient composition (fortnightly, pre-grazing) and soil temperature (weekly, 10 cm depth). Average monthly pasture growth rate varied between the farms, however the seasonal trends were similar in all regions. There was significant variation in average monthly growth rate between years for individual farms. Soil temperature explained some of the trends in pasture growth rate, particularly in winter and early spring. Pasture quality was lowest during the summer months when neutral detergent fibre concentrations were greater. Pasture crude protein concentration exceeded 25% in 63% of the samples collected. Information reported will allow dairy farmers and their advisors to develop feed budgets and assess the appropriateness of the stocking rate and calving date of the farm relative to the annual pasture growth patterns. Times of year when the greatest variability occurs have now been identified for each sub-region.
AN  - WOS:000314999600037
AU  - Dalley, D. E.
AU  - Gardner, G.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 3
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 231-+
ST  - Pasture growth and quality on West Coast dairy farms
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Pasture growth and quality on West Coast dairy farms
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600037
VL  - 74
ID  - 861
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - There is debate on how pasture growth rates and annual production on dairy farms in Southland/Otago compare to the comprehensive data collected at AgResearch Woodlands under sheep grazing. Additionally, there are no good data on seasonal variation in dairy pasture quality from the region. Six farms in different geographical regions of Southland and south and west Otago were monitored from spring 2007 until May 2012 to measure pasture growth rate, soil temperature and pasture nutrient composition (with the exception of south Otago). Pasture growth rates varied between farms and between years. The highest growth rates were recorded in coastal Southland and the lowest in northern Southland. Rainfall and soil temperature differences explained some of the changes in pasture growth rate throughout the seasons. Sharp drops in pasture quality in early summer were recorded on all farms. Considerable variation in pasture growth rate occurs across the Southland/Otago regions. Times of year when the greatest variability occurs have now been identified for each region.
AN  - WOS:000314999600038
AU  - Dalley, D. E.
AU  - Geddes, T.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 6
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 237-+
ST  - Pasture growth and quality on Southland and Otago dairy farms
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Pasture growth and quality on Southland and Otago dairy farms
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600038
VL  - 74
ID  - 862
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Currently spring forage crops are used to manage late calving cows on the dairy platform, protect spring pasture from pugging damage, and allow the animals to feed on a mix of brassica and pasture to transition to a pasture-based diet. In addition, like winter forage crops, they could contribute considerable water quality contaminants via surface runoff. However, it may be possible to manage farms without spring forage crops. Two Southland daily farms were used to show: 1) flow-weighted mean concentrations of many water quality contaminants in surface runoff from a spring-grazed forage crop were similar to those found in studies of winter-grazed forage crops; and 2) that, using growth rate data for 2007-2012, in no year was the modelled forage crop beneficial from a feed supply perspective, and in all years the farms had similar financial performances and fewer feed deficits under all-grass management. Hence, good pasture management (e.g. avoiding treading damage using a stand-off pad and short grazing times) may negate the need for a spring forage crop, decreasing contaminant losses while not impairing farm profitability.
AN  - WOS:000314999600008
AU  - Dennis, S. J.
AU  - McDowell, R. W.
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Dalley, D.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 45-+
ST  - Opportunities to decrease the water quality impact of spring forage crops on dairy farms
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Opportunities to decrease the water quality impact of spring forage crops on dairy farms
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600008
VL  - 74
ID  - 832
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Decline in soil phosphorus (P) concentrations is slow, and environmentally significant concentrations of P can be lost to water long after fertiliser application is decreased. One potential method to accelerate the decline in soil P concentrations is to increase plant uptake by applying nitrogen (N). A one-year lysimeter trial investigated P losses to leachate on three soil types receiving three rates of N fertiliser (0, 150 and 300 kg N/ha/yr) and zero or half maintenance P fertiliser, with regular cutting and removal of pasture. Increasing N input increased annual pasture yield and decreased DRP loss in leachate compared to the zero N treatment, without increasing nitrate or ammonium loss. Furthermore, treatments receiving half maintenance P at all N rates had lower P losses than the zero N and zero P treatment. Based on a cut and carry system, increasing N fertiliser in conjunction with decreasing P fertiliser has potential as a mitigation strategy to decrease P loss without compromising yields or increasing N leaching.
AN  - WOS:000314999600020
AU  - Dodd, R. J.
AU  - McDowell, R. W.
AU  - Condron, L. M.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 3
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
Condron, Leo/E-9458-2013
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 121-+
ST  - Using nitrogen fertiliser to decrease phosphorus loss from high phosphorus soils
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Using nitrogen fertiliser to decrease phosphorus loss from high phosphorus soils
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600020
VL  - 74
ID  - 844
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - This paper presents results from a breeding program which, using seed mutagenesis combined with traditional plant breeding techniques, has resulted in the development of the Cleancrop (TM) Brassica system. Seedlings of Brassica napus with increased chlorsulfuron resistance were identified following seed mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and in vitro screening of seedlings in the presence of the herbicide. Surviving herbicide resistant seedlings were used in a traditional breeding program to introgress resistance into leafy turnip, bulb turnip, rape and swede. Acceptable herbicide resistance to at least a double application of chlorsulfuron from either a pre-emergence or a 4-leaf post emergence timing has now been produced in all these crops. Results from trials sown at Lincoln, Canterbury and Knapdale, Southland with chlorsulfuron herbicide application at both these timings with HT-S57 swede showed excellent weed control and no noticeable crop phytotoxicity. The pre-emergence herbicide application produced significantly more total dry matter per hectare than the untreated control. This weed management system represents a new tool for New Zealand farmers which will expand the use of forage brassica crops into more marginal areas which historically have had difficult to control weed problems.
AN  - WOS:000314999600005
AU  - Dumbleton, A.
AU  - Gowers, S.
AU  - Conner, A.
AU  - Christie, M.
AU  - Kenny, P.
AU  - Mulcock, H.
AU  - Charteris, B.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 25-+
ST  - Cleancrop (TM) Brassica System: The development of herbicide resistant brassica crops for New Zealand farming systems
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Cleancrop (TM) Brassica System: The development of herbicide resistant brassica crops for New Zealand farming systems
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600005
VL  - 74
ID  - 829
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - One of the problems which arises when analysing and interpreting results from field trials designed to test the efficacy of fertilisers and fertiliser-type products on pastures and crops is the conundrum of Type 1 and Type 2 statistical errors: is the product having literally no effect, or is the trial not "powerful" enough to detect small differences. This problem can be objectively and pragmatically solved, when sufficient trial data are available, by using cumulative frequency distribution functions. In this paper we explain what cumulative frequency distribution functions are and their usefulness for determining the agronomic effectiveness of products. This technique is then applied to field trial data testing the effectiveness of a number of fertiliser and fertiliser-type products used in agriculture today. It is concluded that this approach provides a more objective basis for determining the efficacy or otherwise of fertilisers.
AN  - WOS:000314999600035
AU  - Edmeades, D. C.
AU  - McBride, R. M.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 3
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 217-224
ST  - Evaluating the Agronomic Effectiveness of Fertiliser Products
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Evaluating the Agronomic Effectiveness of Fertiliser Products
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600035
VL  - 74
ID  - 859
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - In developing marker-assisted selection (MAS) for herbage yield and persistence traits in forages, trait-linked markers were tested in elite breeding populations of complex parentage, to identify population-specific marker:trait associations. The effectiveness of these were subsequently evaluated in progeny generated by MAS. In white clover (Trifolium repens), markers detected significant (P<0.005) within-population differences in node number, a trait contributing to plant persistence. Progeny carrying beneficial marker variants exhibited a 19% increase in node number compared to those lacking these markers. In perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), a single marker detected a herbage yield differential of up to 23% within the populations tested, and progeny from divergent MAS exhibited a similar performance difference. These findings show that trait-linked markers can be used to manipulate quantitative traits in elite breeding populations of forage species and may subsequently contribute to development of improved cultivars. A next generation of marker technology will support expansion from single locus selection approaches to genomic selection, applied directly in breeding populations, offering enhanced contribution to genetic gain. This proof of concept for MAS for yield and persistence traits in forage breeding is an important step toward acceleration of genetic gain in forages, underpinning the ongoing competitiveness of New Zealand's pastoral sector.
AN  - WOS:000314999600031
AU  - Faville, M. J.
AU  - Griffiths, A. G.
AU  - Jahufer, M. Z. Z.
AU  - Barrett, B. A.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 3
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 189-194
ST  - Progress towards marker-assisted selection in forages
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Progress towards marker-assisted selection in forages
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600031
VL  - 74
ID  - 855
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Clover root weevil was first discovered in the South Island in 2006. Since then its distribution has been monitored. Although not yet occurring throughout all the South Island, it is widespread and has become common in many regions. The first releases of a biocontrol agent, the Irish ecotype of the parasitoid wasp Microctonus aethiopoides, were also made in 2006, with more made as suitable weevil populations were detected. In all areas where the releases have been monitored the biocontrol agent has established and extensive natural spread has occurred from the earlier release sites. As a consequence it is now established extensively in the northern South Island. Targeted releases have established the agent in Canterbury, Otago and Southland.
AN  - WOS:000314999600028
AU  - Ferguson, C. M.
AU  - McNeill, M. R.
AU  - Phillips, C. B.
AU  - Hardwick, S.
AU  - Barton, D. M.
AU  - Kean, J. M.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 171-+
ST  - Status of clover root weevil and its biocontrol agent in the South Island after six years
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Status of clover root weevil and its biocontrol agent in the South Island after six years
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600028
VL  - 74
ID  - 852
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AN  - WOS:000314999600045
AU  - Guy, Bryan
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 283-284
ST  - NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND TRUST ANNUAL REPORT 2011-12
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND TRUST ANNUAL REPORT 2011-12
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600045
VL  - 74
ID  - 869
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - It is often claimed that nutrient management in organic dairying is more environmentally sustainable than its conventional counterpart. Organic dairy farmers often focus on pH, trace elements and nutrient ratios rather than the major nutrients such as phosphorus. As a consequence of less nutrient input, the environmental impacts of organic dairy systems may be smaller than for conventional farms. Some of these issues were explored by surveying eight organic farms in the North Island. The objectives of the nutrient management plans along with trends in soil test values were examined. OVERSEER Nutrient Budgeting software was used to quantify maintenance fertiliser requirement for the organic dairy farms and likely trends in nutrient status. Nitrogen leaching from the organic farms was also assessed using OVERSEER. This study suggest that while the current nutrient status of organically managed soils is not dissimilar to that found on conventional farms, sustainable nutrient management on organic dairy farms is an emerging challenge. Of particular note here is a decline in phosphorus status. While organic dairy farms leach much less nitrogen than conventional farms, some of these advantages are eroded when efficiency indicators are invoked. A field trial has been established to identify products that will help organic farmers increase soil nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition.
AN  - WOS:000314999600018
AU  - Horne, D. J.
AU  - Dijkstra, E. F.
AU  - Palmer, A. S.
AU  - Carey, P.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 109-+
ST  - Issues related to the management of nutrients on organic dairy farms: Nitrate leaching and maintaining soil nutrient levels
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Issues related to the management of nutrients on organic dairy farms: Nitrate leaching and maintaining soil nutrient levels
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600018
VL  - 74
ID  - 842
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Pasture pests are often held in check by natural enemies but we have observed that severe pest attack over a wide area can occur after large scale land use change. Data were reviewed from current projects and databases for pest density and damage records covering the past 30 years. The focus was on areas where large scale land change has been implemented, including new irrigation schemes, pasture development from tussock. or scrub, and land moulding for drainage via "flipping" or "hump and hollow". In these situations, pest outbreaks reached unprecedented levels, e.g. 2200 grass grub larvae/m(2) in the Amuri irrigation scheme, 770 porina larvae/m(2) on the East Otago Plateau and 3500 manuka beetle larvae/m(2) at Cape Foulwind on the West Coast. With major land use change, a new environment is created where pest species are provided abundant resources and the initial invaders multiply rapidly, free from the pressure of natural enemies. Monitoring systems, to provide early warning of pest attack, and remediation strategies can be used to overcome damage by these pests.
AN  - WOS:000314999600025
AU  - Jackson, T. A.
AU  - Townsend, R. J.
AU  - Dunbar, J. E.
AU  - Ferguson, C. M.
AU  - Marshall, S. D. G.
AU  - Zydenbos, S. M.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 153-+
ST  - o Anticipating the unexpected - managing pasture pest outbreaks after large-scale land conversion
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - o Anticipating the unexpected - managing pasture pest outbreaks after large-scale land conversion
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600025
VL  - 74
ID  - 849
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - The agronomic performance of a range of perennial ryegrass cultivar-endophyte combinations was compared in 16 trials conducted at sites throughout New Zealand. Each trial was run for 3 years according to seed industry evaluation protocols, measuring variables including: dry matter (DM) yield (total annual and seasonal DM yield), ryegrass ground cover at the end of 3 years, susceptibility to plant pulling, and rust incidence. The change in DM yield over the 3-year term of each trial was also analysed. There were significant differences among cultivars in total annual DM yield, and in seasonal DM yield for each of the five periods of the year among which yield was split (winter, early spring, late spring, summer, and autumn). Mean annual yield declined between Year 1 and Year 3 in all regions except Taranaki, by between 0.8 t DM/ha (Canterbury) and 5.3 t DM/ha (Waikato). There were significant region, year, region x year, and cultivar x year interactions in yield change. Significant differences in ground cover score for perennial ryegrass at the end of 3 years were recorded among cultivars. However, these differences did not mirror on-farm observations of ryegrass persistence in the Waikato during the drought of 2007/08, suggesting that the standard trial protocols currently used do not adequately test persistence. It is recommended that industry cultivar testing needs to more accurately assess perennial ryegrass persistence, using new protocols including running trials on commercial farms, for more than 3 years, and using mixed swards. Genetic differences in persistence could be generated more quickly by choosing sites known to challenge perennial ryegrass growth and survival.
AN  - WOS:000314999600021
AU  - Kerr, G. A.
AU  - Chapman, D. F.
AU  - Thom, E. R.
AU  - Matthew, C.
AU  - Van Der Linden, A.
AU  - Baird, D. B.
AU  - Johnston, E.
AU  - Corkran, J. R.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 9
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 127-+
ST  - Evaluating perennial ryegrass cultivars: improving testing
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Evaluating perennial ryegrass cultivars: improving testing
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600021
VL  - 74
ID  - 845
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Inter-annual weather variation has profound effects on pasture production and pastoral farm performance. However, the relationship between the variation in herbage and animal production and farm economic and environmental (nitrate leaching and greenhouse gas emission) outcomes are not clearly quantified, especially with varying farm management strategies applied under variable weather scenarios. We used a pasture model (APSIM-AgPasture), corroborated by measured pasture growth data, to generate pasture growth curves for a typical sheep and beef farm in northern Southland for the past 39 years, and grouped them into five weather scenarios. We fed these curves into a farm system model (Farmax) to examine the changes in farm performance with various management adaptations. We found that farm economic and environmental outcomes did not respond proportionally to pasture production; compared with the variation range in herbage production, the variation range in animal production was smaller, but the variation range in farm profitability was larger. Environmental efficiency (nitrate leaching and greenhouse gas emissions per unit of animal products) was high in wet years. Our results highlight the importance of considering the non-proportional changes among pasture production, animal production, profitability, and environmental outcomes of pastoral farming when selecting farm management strategies and tactics to adapt to weather variations, and indicate the necessity of incorporating these non-linear relationships in the development of farm management decision support tools.
AN  - WOS:000314999600013
AU  - Li, F. Y.
AU  - Vibart, R.
AU  - Dynes, R. A.
AU  - Vogeler, I.
AU  - Brown, M.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 77-+
ST  - Effects of weather variability on sheep and beef farming in northern Southland, New Zealand: A modelling analysis
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effects of weather variability on sheep and beef farming in northern Southland, New Zealand: A modelling analysis
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600013
VL  - 74
ID  - 837
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Cropping sequences were introduced to a pasture-based dairy system with the aim of improving the annual feed supply, herd productivity and overall profitability. Two farmlets were established on the Waimate West Demonstration Farm (Taranaki) in June 2007 and ran for 5 years. The All-grass farmlet was a pasture-only system (except for 70 kg/cow palm kernel expeller in one year) and the Cropping farmlet had on average 12.5% of the farm cropped each year plus palm kernel expeller (250 kg/cow/year over 3 years). Crop sequences varied in duration from 12 to 28 months. Crops grown were maize (for silage), turnips, chicory, rape, oats, barley and triticale. Stocking rates were 4.0 and 4.2 cows/ha for the All-grass and Cropping farmlets, respectively. Pasture growth for the two farmlets was similar, averaging 16.6 t DM/ha/year. The inclusion of crops added an extra 1.7 t DM/ha/year over the All-grass treatment, averaged over the 5-year trial. In the first 2 years, milksolids (MS) production per hectare was 2% lower for the Cropping farmlet (1145 kg MS/ha) than for the All-grass farmlet (1165 kg MS/ha), but was 11% higher (1237 vs. 1112 kg MS/ha) over the next 2 years, increasing to a 27% advantage (1453 vs. 1143 kg MS/ha) in the fifth year. Financial analysis indicated a $338 lower operating profit for the Cropping farmlet for the first 2 years but there was an advantage of $560/ha/annum over the next 3 years. Introducing cropping onto a dairy farm system can increase MS production and profit. Careful consideration must be given to the choice of crops to maximise DM yield and minimise the cost of production. Cropping on dairy farms can be successfully implemented, but is dependent on successful crop establishment and efficient feed management. There is potential for sustained higher MS production per cow and higher per ha by including crops in the system, but the potential may not be realised immediately due to reduced area for grazing while the first crops are being established.
AN  - WOS:000314999600004
AU  - Macdonald, K. A.
AU  - Clough, J.
AU  - de Ruiter, J. M.
AU  - Glassey, C. B.
AU  - Sears, T.
AU  - Sears, N.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 17-+
ST  - Integrating high yielding crops into a Taranaki dairying system
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Integrating high yielding crops into a Taranaki dairying system
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600004
VL  - 74
ID  - 828
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - It is timely, with farming within biophysical limits as an emerging feature of the future operating environment for the sector, to explore whether the substantial productivity gains seen in the sheep and beef sector over the last 20 years translate into improved eco-efficiency and a reduction in the sector's environmental footprint. In this paper the changes in the relationship between inputs (e.g., livestock numbers, nutrients) and outputs (e.g., meat and fibre, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, nitrate) of the MAF Sheep and Beef Farm Monitoring models that cover hard hill country (Gisborne and Central North Island) and easy hill finishing (Manawatu) over the last 20 years were explored using the Overseer nutrient budget model. For the hard hill country extensive sheep and beef farm operation, the productivity gains made since 1989/90 translate into significant eco-efficiency gains, including a 47% increase in saleable product/ha (107 to 167 kg per ha), 21% reduction in nitrate leaching per kg of saleable product (0.065 to 0.054 kg N per kg animal product) and 40% reduction in the GHG emissions per kg of saleable product (27 to 19.2 kg CO2-e per kg animal product). The improvements have come through increased meat production. In contrast, the contribution from wool has been unchanged since 1989/90. These eco-efficiency gains, however, did not extend to include an overall reduction in N leaching or GHG emissions per hectare. In the easy hill finishing operation, where the MAF model farm size more than doubled over the last 20 years, there was little change in the eco-efficiency, but again also little change in total emissions. As we move to an operating environment where there are limits on emissions to the environment, understanding how to quantify eco-efficiency and monitor changes in this performance indicator becomes more than just an academic exercise.
AN  - WOS:000314999600003
AU  - Mackay, A. D.
AU  - Rhodes, A. P.
AU  - Power, I.
AU  - Wedderburn, M. E.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 4
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 11-+
ST  - Has the eco-efficiency of sheep and beef farms changed in the last 20 years?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Has the eco-efficiency of sheep and beef farms changed in the last 20 years?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600003
VL  - 74
ID  - 827
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Pasture moisture stress for "summer" (November to March) was calculated for five main pastoral regions of New Zealand, and 9 or 10 years' weather data were modelled in each case. Amelioration of water deficit with deeper rooting, stronger plant tissue osmotic potential for greater water extraction, or increased photosynthetic water use efficiency (WUE) was also modelled. Regional mean summer moisture deficits ranged from 34 mm in Taranaki to 447 mm in Canterbury. For a 10-cm increase in rooting depth, the model predicted an additional 16 mm water extraction. Increased plant osmotic potential was predicted to only slightly increase water extraction and paradoxically reduce yield. The assumed increase in photosynthetic WUE improved production by 240 kg DM ha(-1) for the same water use. Drought tolerance traits exhibited by a range of ryegrass cultivars were measured in a series of glasshouse experiments and the potential to improve New Zealand ryegrass drought tolerance by introgression with germplasm originating from North Africa was assessed. North African germplasm possesses a trait of deep rootedness but has low summer productivity as a soil moisture conservation strategy and a high percentage of tillers flowering, so initial evaluations of this material for suitability for use in New Zealand are not promising. Ryegrass cultivars incorporating germplasm of Spanish origin appear to maintain summer production with enhanced WUE.
AN  - WOS:000314999600032
AU  - Matthew, C.
AU  - van der Linden, A.
AU  - Hussain, S.
AU  - Easton, H. S.
AU  - Hatier, J. H. B.
AU  - Horne, D. J.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 4
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 195-+
ST  - Which way forward in the quest for drought tolerance in perennial ryegrass?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Which way forward in the quest for drought tolerance in perennial ryegrass?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600032
VL  - 74
ID  - 856
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Phosphorus (P) loss from land is a central factor in poor surface water quality in Southland. Much loss of P can occur if surface runoff occurs soon after the application of highly water soluble P fertilisers (e.g. superphosphate). Three P fertilisers (superphosphate, serpentine super, and a Ca-phosphate) of different water solubilities were applied (30 kg P/ha in spring) to a grazed dairy pasture, and the relative agronomic effectiveness and P losses determined. Across all 3 years, there were no differences in annual pasture production among the different types of P fertilisers. For 2 years out of 3, significantly more P was lost via surface runoff from the superphosphate-treated plots than from plots treated with either serpentine super or the Ca-phosphate. On average, the use of low water soluble Ca-P fertiliser decreased P losses by an average of 47% over the 3 years. It is currently recommended that to decrease P losses associated with fertiliser, applications should be timed when runoff events are unlikely for at least 3 weeks following application. If this runoff cannot be avoided, or to ensure P losses are as low as possible, the use of a low water soluble P product may be of benefit.
AN  - WOS:000314999600036
AU  - McDowell, R. W.
AU  - Smith, L. C.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 225-+
ST  - Potential water quality impact and agronomic effectiveness of different phosphorus fertilisers under grazed dairying in Southland
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Potential water quality impact and agronomic effectiveness of different phosphorus fertilisers under grazed dairying in Southland
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600036
VL  - 74
ID  - 860
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Successful establishment of lucerne requires an adequate plant population to maximise yield and maintain stand persistence. The impact of autumn sowing lucerne at four sowing rates was investigated in a split-plot experiment at Lincoln University, Canterbury from 2007-2012. Emerged seedlings represented about 50% of the seeds sown regardless of the 7-16 kg/ha sowing rate. Self-thinning occurred at a faster rate from the higher sowing rates with populations of 80 plants/m(2) in all treatments by Year 6. These populations ensured annual DM yields were maximised and similar across sowing dates and rates, in all years. However, the 10 t DM/ha yield in Year 1 was below the 13 t/ha average from Years 2-5. This suggests Year 1 crops were still in an establishment phase in their first spring after autumn sowing. This is supported by the initial spring water use efficiency (WUE) in Year 1 crops of 15-20 kg DM/ha/mm of water used. This was lower than the 30-40 kg DM/ha/mm in subsequent years, and is consistent with Year 1 crops partitioning a higher proportion of assimilate below ground during the establishment phase. These calculated WUE values were probably overestimated because they were based on NIWA assumptions of 150 mm of available water for pastures, which appears to be too low for lucerne.
AN  - WOS:000314999600016
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Pollock, K. M.
AU  - Lewis, B.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 3
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 97-102
ST  - Plant population, yield and water use of lucerne sown in autumn at four sowing rates
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Plant population, yield and water use of lucerne sown in autumn at four sowing rates
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600016
VL  - 74
ID  - 840
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - The novel endophyte, AR37, in ryegrass has reduced porina larval survival and plant damage in pot trials. To determine the effect of AR37 on larvae in the field, populations were estimated in two ryegrass field trials in Canterbury. Plant damage and plant densities were also scored in one trial. At Ceres Farm, no porina were found in Italian ryegrass 'Status' infected with AR37 whereas low populations (<10 m(-2)) were present in endophyte-free and AR1-infected ryegrass of the same cultivar. In the third year of an endophyte ryegrass trial near Oxford, density of porina tunnels was 60% lower in the tetraploid perennial ryegrass 'Halo' with AR37 than in 'Bealey' with NEA2. In the diploid perennial ryegrass cultivars, 'Commando' and 'One50', porina populations were 81-84% lower in AR37-infected plots compared with the same cultivars infected with AR1 or with low level Wild-type infection. Plant damage was on average 71% lower and plant densities 63% higher in AR37 than in the AR1 and low endophyte treatments.
AN  - WOS:000314999600027
AU  - Popay, A. J.
AU  - Cotching, B.
AU  - Moorhead, A.
AU  - Ferguson, C. M.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 165-+
ST  - AR37 endophyte effects on porina and root aphid populations and ryegrass damage in the field
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - AR37 endophyte effects on porina and root aphid populations and ryegrass damage in the field
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600027
VL  - 74
ID  - 851
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Reactive phosphate rock (RPR) has been studied extensively in field trials and laboratory research in New Zealand since the 1930s. This paper looks at the different approaches to research over the decades, at what conclusions were drawn, at the recommendations made to farmers, and at the commercial promotion and sales of RPR. It is not an exhaustive literature review, but sufficiently comprehensive to demonstrate the large amount of research conducted, and to document the important issues that have arisen, particularly with respect to advice being given to farmers. RPR research has suffered from a series of mishaps which have hindered, in one way or another, the results being accurately interpreted and passed on clearly to farmers. There is a need for specific advice for farmers regarding managing or minimising any lag in production following a switch to RPR. New Zealand's grazed pastures, water quality and "clean and green" image internationally are closely interlinked. Given the proven significant reduction in P losses in run-off to waterways with RPR, the conditions in which RPR can be successfully used in New Zealand's pastoral agriculture have been reassessed.
AN  - WOS:000314999600041
AU  - Quin, B. F.
AU  - Zaman, M.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 255-+
ST  - RPR revisited (1): Research, recommendations, promotion and use in New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - RPR revisited (1): Research, recommendations, promotion and use in New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600041
VL  - 74
ID  - 865
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AN  - WOS:000314999600043
AU  - Rennie, G. M.
AU  - King, W. McG
AU  - Bell, N. L.
AU  - Eden, T. M.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 277-277
ST  - CLARIFICATION
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - CLARIFICATION
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600043
VL  - 74
ID  - 867
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - The DairyNZ Modelling Group has developed a model called the Conservation Demo to assist in identifying and conserving surplus pasture on dairy farms. The hypothesis was that a computer algorithm would be able to make decisions concerning timing and amount of conservation similar to an experienced pasture manager. Weekly grazing decisions on DairyNZ farmlets, with stocking rates of 2.6 to 3.5 cows/ha, were made by a team of research staff over three years. The model was run for each farmlet to compare its recommendations with the conservation decisions made by the research team. In spring on all farmlets and in summer on the higher stocked farmlets, the model was more conservative than the team in recommending paddocks to be closed in all seasons. In summer 2011/12 the recommendations from the model were more variable week-to-week (paddocks being closed one week and not the next), and on the lower stocked farmlet the model was more aggressive than the team. The Conservation Demo is a useful tool for identifying surplus pasture if the output is moderated by the farm manager, and the use of a feed wedge in conjunction with the model would improve the decisions. However the model requires pasture covers for each paddock, ideally at least weekly, and currently <20% of dairy farmers collect these data on a regular basis.
AN  - WOS:000314999600040
AU  - Roach, C. G.
AU  - Beukes, P. C.
AU  - Romera, A. S.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 249-253
ST  - Farm let testing of the DairyNZ Conservation Demo
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Farm let testing of the DairyNZ Conservation Demo
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600040
VL  - 74
ID  - 864
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AN  - WOS:000314999600002
AU  - Rowarth, Jacqueline
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 7-10
ST  - President's address 2012
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - President's address 2012
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600002
VL  - 74
ID  - 826
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - A mixture experiment was conducted at Lincoln University to investigate if mixtures of Italian ryegrass, red clover and balansa clover gave more high quality forage and suppressed weeds better than Italian ryegrass monocultures. Thirteen seed mixtures with varied species proportions were sown at 20 and 30 kg/ha in March 2011. The minimum amount of Italian ryegrass was 50% of the total sowing rate. Plots were harvested six times over 12 months and were neither irrigated nor fertilised. Inclusion of red clover increased yield by 41% compared with the Italian ryegrass monocultures (13.79 vs. 9.75 t DM/ha), and provided effective weed suppression (<5% of total annual yield) and high quality forage (17.5% crude protein, 11.3 MJ/kg DM metabolisable energy). No benefits were gained from mixing balansa clover with Italian ryegrass. The optimum seed mixture was 12 kg/ha of Italian ryegrass, 8 kg/ha of red clover and no balansa clover.
AN  - WOS:000314999600033
AU  - Ryan-Salter, T. P.
AU  - Black, A. D.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 201-207
ST  - Yield of Italian ryegrass mixed with red clover and balansa clover
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Yield of Italian ryegrass mixed with red clover and balansa clover
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600033
VL  - 74
ID  - 857
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Grazing of brassica winter forage crops returns large amounts of excreted nitrogen (N) back to the paddock during winter when risk of leaching is high. This experiment measured nitrate-N leaching below 60 cm of 132 and 173 kg N/ha following June grazing by dairy cows of swede/kale crops in 2008 and 2009. Application of DCD immediately after grazing plus 6 weeks later decreased leaching by 20-27% (significant at P<0.05). The retained N was measurable in the soil (0-60 cm) at the end of drainage. We conclude that: grazing of winter forage crops can leach large amounts of N; DCD is one tool to decrease leaching; retained N needs to be utilised by the following crop or pasture and represents a valuable resource on the farm.
AN  - WOS:000314999600017
AU  - Shepherd, M.
AU  - Stafford, A.
AU  - Smeaton, D.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 9
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 103-+
ST  - The use of a nitrification inhibitor (DCn (TM)) to reduce nitrate leaching under a winter-grazed forage crop in the Central Plateau
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The use of a nitrification inhibitor (DCn (TM)) to reduce nitrate leaching under a winter-grazed forage crop in the Central Plateau
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600017
VL  - 74
ID  - 841
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Herb-clover mixes have resulted in faster lamb liveweight gain than perennial ryegrass over summer, but it is not known if this would occur in spring. Lamb liveweight gain in spring was compared on three treatments: Pasture mix: perennial ryegrass and white clover; Plantain mix: plantain, white clover and red clover; and Chicory mix: plantain, chicory, white clover and red clover, over a 28-day period. Average daily liveweight gain (g/day) was higher (P<0.05) on the Chicory mix (360 +/- 20.0) than the Pasture mix (322 +/- 10.0). Individual carcass weight was higher (P<0.05) on the Plantain and Chicory mixes than on the Pasture mix. Plantain mix produced 162 kg net carcass weight per ha compared to the Pasture mix (141 kg/ha) and Chicory mix (146 kg/ha). Farmers can obtain greater individual carcass weights and net carcass weight per ha by feeding herb-clover mixes rather than ryegrass pasture during the spring.
AN  - WOS:000314999600022
AU  - Sinhadipathige, S. C. S.
AU  - Kenyon, P. R.
AU  - Kemp, P. D.
AU  - Morris, S. T.
AU  - Morel, P. C. H.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 5
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 137-141
ST  - Can herb-clover mixes increase Iamb liveweight gains in spring?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Can herb-clover mixes increase Iamb liveweight gains in spring?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600022
VL  - 74
ID  - 846
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Pasture growth rates for Southland were reported by several researchers in the late 1970s and early 1980s. However, pasture species and farm management systems have changed somewhat since then. This paper presents data from measurements at Woodlands, near Invercargill, that have been ongoing since 1977, and discusses some of the variability that has occurred over the years. Measurement of pasture growth was done using a standardised cutting method known as "rate of growth" or moving cages, with measurements every 3 weeks. Annual yields were calculated from 1 June to 31 May of the next year. The pasture growth at Woodlands is characterised by a spring-summer peak of growth followed by a deep winter trough where growth is minimal. Long-term average annual growth was 11.8 t DM/ha for older 'Ruanui' based pasture and 12.7 t DM/ha for newer 'Nui'/'Supreme'/'Greenstone' ryegrass based pasture. However the newer pasture produced considerably more (ca.14.2 t DM/ha/year) for an initial period of 3 years, after which time the production dropped back to be similar to the old pasture (ca.12.0 t DM/ha/year).
AN  - WOS:000314999600024
AU  - Smith, L. C.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 5
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 147-151
ST  - Long term pasture growth patterns for Southland New Zealand: 1978 to 2012
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Long term pasture growth patterns for Southland New Zealand: 1978 to 2012
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600024
VL  - 74
ID  - 848
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Evidence suggests that the wintering of stock on forage crops is a significant contributor to N losses from livestock farming. Losses are likely to be exacerbated if crops are grown on shallow free-draining soils types and grazed by dairy cattle. A three-year trial (December 2008 November 2011) was conducted in northern Southland on a soil classified as having severe vulnerability for nutrient leaching to groundwater. Porous ceramic cups were installed under a brassica crop which was grazed by dairy cows in June each year and the leachate collected regularly for N analysis. The treatments evaluated were with and without a single application of DOD applied at the time of crop grazing. Concentrations of nitrate-N in drainage water ranged from <1 mg/L initially to a peak of >40 mg/L in May 2011. Concentrations of dissolved organic N (DON) also increased from a low initial value (<4 mg/L) to peak at 48 mg/L in May 2011. Estimates of mean annual losses of total nitrogen (TN) in drainage to groundwater averaged 81 kg N/ha/yr and ranged from 8.5 kg N/ha in 2009 to 125 kg N/ha in 2011. The single post-grazing application of DCD did not significantly reduce nitrate leaching losses.
AN  - WOS:000314999600007
AU  - Smith, L. C.
AU  - Orchiston, T.
AU  - Monaghan, R. M.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 13
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 39-+
ST  - The effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) for mitigating nitrogen leaching losses from a winter grazed forage crop on a free draining soil in northern Southland
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) for mitigating nitrogen leaching losses from a winter grazed forage crop on a free draining soil in northern Southland
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600007
VL  - 74
ID  - 831
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - The Lucerne for Lambs Sustainable Farming Fund project used on-farm data and whole-farm modelling to help farmers understand the impact of increasing the amount of grazing dryland lucerne on Central Otago farms. On-farm results from 2 years showed that spring stocking rate on lucerne-based pasture averaged 10 ewes and their lambs per hectare compared with 3 ewes and their lambs on dryland grass-based pasture. Lamb growth rate was approximately 50 g/day higher on lucerne-based pastures, resulting in a total lamb production of 358 kg liveweight/ha at weaning compared with 108 kg liveweight/ha on grass-based pastures. Whole-farm modelling showed that increased profitability could be achieved by the addition of significant areas of grazing lucerne. Profitability increased by $119/ha on a 5000 ha traditional merino property. Profitability of a 522 ha partially irrigated valley floor property running crossbred ewes was increased by $249/ha. Using lucerne for spring grazing also reduced the impacts of both winter and summer droughts in the variable conditions of Central Otago.
AN  - WOS:000314999600012
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Thompson, B. R.
AU  - Carruthers, A.
AU  - Wall, A. J.
AU  - Casey, M. J.
AU  - Phiskie, R.
AU  - Young, P.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 69-+
ST  - Understanding the role of spring grazing of lucerne in the Central Otago environment
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Understanding the role of spring grazing of lucerne in the Central Otago environment
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600012
VL  - 74
ID  - 836
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - It is common practice to renew old and "run-out" pastures that are not performing. Renewing pasture is costly so it is critical that the regrassing pays off. This trial on ten irrigated dairy farms from North Canterbury to North Otago was initiated to determine the value of regrassing on long term production and persistence of the new pastures. A pasture, deemed as run-out by the farmer, was subdivided and one half was renewed to a novel endophyte ryegrass pasture while the remainder of the paddock remained in the old pasture. The new pasture was compared with the original and another pasture on the same farm, considered by the farmer to be high performing. Pasture composition, production, and quality and pasture pests and endophyte infection have been monitored for two years. Herbage production is presented for the first 2 years of an ongoing trial, with quality and determination of wild/novel endophyte. When averaged across all 10 farms, the "control", "new" and "good" paddocks have all produced 15 t DM/ha in the year to May 2012. Levels of novel endophyte have remained high in the majority of new paddocks over the first 2 years. Clover root weevil is now present on all ten farms, at high levels (>200/m(2)) in some paddocks. Production from the new pastures equalled the total DM production from old pastures within 10 months of sowing. However, 2 years following pasture renewal, there has been no production advantage achieved from regrassing a stable old pasture.
AN  - WOS:000314999600026
AU  - Taylor, A. L.
AU  - Fraser, T. J.
AU  - King, W. M. C. G.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 159-+
ST  - Performance of new dairy pastures
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Performance of new dairy pastures
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600026
VL  - 74
ID  - 850
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - The actual intake requirements of kale and swedes for maintenance and gain are not well defined for pregnant cows in winter. Farmer observations of cows grazing brassicas suggested that the winter feed requirements appeared much greater than those calculated using industry standards. Two balanced groups of dairy cows were grazed under similar management practices on a kale or swede brassica crop for a 5-week period during winter to estimate total energy intake and intake rate. Brassica intake rates did not differ significantly except for the period 5-24 hours after the commencement of grazing, when the swede group cows consumed more crop than the kale group (P=0.042). Body condition score change was higher (P<0.05) for the swede grazing group than the kale group. This was attributed to a higher overall consumption of crop and supplement, as estimates of total energy intake over the 5-week experimental period were 132 and 149 MJ ME/day for kale and swedes, comparing favourably with estimated energy requirements of 126 and 140 MJ ME/day. Allocation of feed has a much greater effect on changing condition score in cows than the type of crop fed.
AN  - WOS:000314999600011
AU  - Thompson, B. R.
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 63-67
ST  - A comparison of the intake of cows grazing swedes and kale and consequent condition score change
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - A comparison of the intake of cows grazing swedes and kale and consequent condition score change
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600011
VL  - 74
ID  - 835
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Wintering cows on forage crops leads to urine being excreted onto wet, compacted soils. This is likely to result in significant gaseous emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), which may be reduced through strategic applications of nitrification inhibitors. A study was established on a winter swede crop to (i) determine N2O emissions from compacted soil treated with cattle urine, and (ii) quantify the effectiveness of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), in reducing these emissions. Nitrous oxide emissions from the urine + compacted soil were significantly greater (P < 0.001) than from compacted soil without urine, with 3.2% of the urine-N being lost as N2O. DCD application significantly reduced this loss (P < 0.05) to 0.8% of the applied urine-N. Expressed at a paddock scale, total N2O emissions from the winter-grazed swede crop were 7.9 kg N ha(-1), which was reduced to 3.4 kg N ha(-1) when DCD was applied.
AN  - WOS:000314999600010
AU  - van der Weerden, T. J.
AU  - Styles, T. M.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 5
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 57-62
ST  - Reducing nitrous oxide emissions from grazed winter forage crops
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Reducing nitrous oxide emissions from grazed winter forage crops
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600010
VL  - 74
ID  - 834
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - The performance of the national ewe flock has increased significantly in the past 20 years. Pasture management in winter and early spring has a large impact on the success of the subsequent seasons. Overgrazing in winter can reduce spring pasture production by up to 80%. Treading and pugging damage can also decrease spring pasture production by 10% for every 10% of bare area created. Maintaining pasture cover at over 2000 kg DM/ha can improve pasture growth, and leaving a residual pasture mass of more than 1200 kg DM/ha also aids in pasture production in late winter. Techniques such as feed budgeting, longer winter feeding periods (4 day cf. 1 day shifting) and increasing the control of feed intake during late pregnancy can be used to help achieve the goals of higher pasture residuals and increased pasture growth and availability. More tools for managing the transition from winter rotational grazing to spring continuous grazing would help farmers.
AN  - WOS:000314999600014
AU  - Wall, A. J.
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Thompson, B. R.
AU  - Goulter, C. L.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 3
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 85-+
ST  - Winter management practices to optimise early spring pasture production: a review
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Winter management practices to optimise early spring pasture production: a review
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600014
VL  - 74
ID  - 838
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Wintering cows on forage crops leads to urine being excreted onto wet, compacted soils. This is likely to result in significant gaseous emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), which may be reduced through strategic applications of nitrification inhibitors. A study was established on a winter swede crop to (i) determine N2O emissions from compacted soil treated with cattle urine, and (ii) quantify the effectiveness of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), in reducing these emissions. Nitrous oxide emissions from the urine+compacted soil were significantly greater (P<0.001) than from compacted soil without urine, with 3.2% of the urine-N being lost as N2O. DCD application significantly reduced this loss (P<0.05) to 0.8% of the applied urine-N. Expressed at a paddock scale, total N2O emissions from the winter-grazed swede crop were 7.9 kg N ha-1, which was reduced to 3.4 kg N ha-1 when DCD was applied.
AN  - CABI:20133016486
AU  - Weerden, T. J. van der
AU  - Styles, T. M.
DA  - 2012
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2012
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 57-62
ST  - Reducing nitrous oxide emissions from grazed winter forage crops
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Reducing nitrous oxide emissions from grazed winter forage crops
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20133016486
VL  - 74
ID  - 870
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Despite a growing interest in ruminant nutrition and the ongoing, widespread use of forage brassicas, there is an absence of data that adequately describe the nutritional value of modern brassica cultivars in New Zealand. Five forage brassica species represented by 30 cultivars were evaluated in single-site, single-year trials in the South Island. Replicated plots of leafy turnips, bulb turnips, rape, swede and kale were harvested at 53, 91, 98, 181 and 186 days after sowing, respectively. Whole plants were dissected to leaf, stem and bulb and/or petiole and components assessed for nutritive value. Quality differed significantly among and within brassica species. Within species, percent dry matter (DM) was consistent for rape, bulb turnip and leaf turnip, but differed significantly among cultivars in kale and swede. Mean metabolisable energy (MJ ME) content at harvest was highest for swede (13.8 MJ ME/kg DM) and lowest for kale (11.2 MJ ME/kg DM). For all brassica species, fibre content as estimated by neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content was below optimum for ruminal function, highlighting the importance of high NDF supplementary feeds for brassica-fed stock. For some but not all brassica species, nutritive value may be modified by cultivar selection however factors not investigated in this study including sowing rate and time from sowing to harvest remain important potential moderators of forage brassica quality.
AN  - WOS:000314999600006
AU  - Westwood, C. T.
AU  - Mulcock, H.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 7
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 31-37
ST  - Nutritional evaluation of five species of forage brassica
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Nutritional evaluation of five species of forage brassica
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600006
VL  - 74
ID  - 830
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - The establishment and growth of 'Stamina 5' lucerne (Medicago sativa) seed sown with three inoculant carriers (ALOSCAC (R), coated, and peat slurry treated) or as bare seed (control) on five dates (21 October 2010, 9 November 2010, 8 December 2010, 13 January 2011 and 3 February 2011) was investigated on a Lismore stony silt loam soil at Ashley Dene dryland research farm in Canterbury. Initial lucerne populations were 300 plants m(-2) from coated seed and on average 200 +/- 11.2 plants m(-2) from bare seed, ALOSCA (R) and the peat slurry inoculated seed. The higher population from coated seed treatments did not confer a herbage yield advantage. In the establishment year, yield was lowest (0.59 t DM ha(-1)) from the last sowing (3 February 2012) and highest from sowing dates (SD) 2 and 3 (2.6 +/- 0.12 t DM ha(-1)). Yields were restricted by the low volumetric soil moisture content from November until March. The declining autumn photoperiod (14.9 to 14.1 hours) probably increased the partitioning priority of assimilates to the roots, reducing the above ground DM in the later sowing dates. In most cases, DM yields in Year1 were unaffected by seed inoculant treatments. In Year 2, DM production from the peat slurry treated seed (8.0 t ha(-1)) was highest, while coated seed crops were lowest (6.0 t ha(-1)). The effects of sowing date carried through to the second year with lower DM yields from SD4 and SD5 (6.0 +/- 0.18 t ha-1) compared with 7.3 +/- 0.18 t ha-1 from the earlier sowing dates.
AN  - WOS:000314999600015
AU  - Wigley, K.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Khumalo, Q.
AU  - Mills, A.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 4
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 91-96
ST  - Establishment of lucerne (Medicago sativa) sown on five dates with four inoculation treatments
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Establishment of lucerne (Medicago sativa) sown on five dates with four inoculation treatments
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600015
VL  - 74
ID  - 839
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - Three options for controlling surplus pasture on Northland dairy farms were modelled to determine the impact of each on production and operating profit. The three options were a) Light cut, fixed break size (LCFB): Paddock cut for silage as soon as surplus was identified. No effect on rotation length. b) Bulk cut, fixed break size (BCFB): Paddock closed until cover of 4000 kg dry matter (DM)/ha was reached then cut for silage. Rotation length was shortened. c) Bulk cut, variable break size (BCVB): Paddock closed until cover of 4000 kg DM/ha was reached then cut for silage. Rotation length was maintained thus reducing available grazing area. The hypothesis was that LCFB would translate into the most profitable option as pasture is being cut as soon as a genuine surplus is realised, optimising silage feed quality. Results showed LCFB to be $100/ha more profitable (operating profit) compared with BCFB and BCVI3 at only one of the three sites investigated (P<0.05). The LCFB option resulted in a significantly higher (P<0.05) pasture yield at both the Northland Agricultural Research Farm and Whangarei sites, however, there was no effect of silage-making option on milk production at any of the sites. This modelling exercise showed that LFCB was not consistently more profitable across sites, that it is a simplification to assume that "one size fits all" and that the same pasture conservation rules can be applied across different sites and pasture types. This suggests that farmers can be flexible in choosing pasture conservation practices to help balance competing demands on labour and other resources without risking a loss in profit.
AN  - WOS:000314999600039
AU  - Wynn, K. T.
AU  - Beukes, P. C.
AU  - Romera, A. J.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 243-+
ST  - Modelling the impact of surplus pasture management techniques on production and profit in a pasture-based dairy system
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Modelling the impact of surplus pasture management techniques on production and profit in a pasture-based dairy system
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600039
VL  - 74
ID  - 863
ER  - 


TY  - CHAP
AB  - The commercial introduction of reactive phosphate rock (RPR) to the New Zealand market in 1987 was the subject of much dispute regarding its efficacy, and the differing interpretations of field trial results. Twenty-five years on, it was considered time to seek the views of farmers who are long-term users of RPR, across a wide range of geographic, soil type, fertility, climate and farming operations. The fact that the farmers interviewed have all been farming successfully with RPR for many years enables conditions suitable for RPR use to be identified more clearly compared to earlier advice. This progress is discussed in the context of utilising the proven reduced phosphorus (P) run-off with RPR to reduce P eutrophication in P-sensitive catchments.
AN  - WOS:000314999600042
AU  - Zaman, M.
AU  - Quin, B. F.
AU  - Nzga
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Conference of the New-Zealand-Grassland-Association
Nov 07-08, 2012
Gore, NEW ZEALAND
AgResearch; Dairy NZ; Altum; Agricom; Ballance Agrinutrients; Beef & Lamb NZ; Dominion Salt; Grasslanz; NZ Agriseeds; PGG Wrightson Seeds; Ravensdown; DLF Seeds; FMG; New Zealand Grassland Assoc
0369-3902
PY  - 2012
SN  - *****************
SP  - 269-+
ST  - RPR revisited (2): Long-term farmer experience helps define the role of RPR in grazed pastures
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, Vol 74
T3  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - RPR revisited (2): Long-term farmer experience helps define the role of RPR in grazed pastures
UR  - <Go to ISI>://WOS:000314999600042
VL  - 74
ID  - 866
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This proceedings contains papers presented at the New Zealand Grassland Association Conference, held in Tauranga, New Zealand, in 7 November 2013. The papers cover the following topics: effects and economics of fertilizer application in pastures; increasing productivity through on-farm management; pasture-based dairy farming; managing insects in pastures; and innovation and technology adoption in pastures.
AN  - CABI:20143031304
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 11-270
ST  - New Zealand Grassland Association Conference, Tauranga, New Zealand, 7 November 2013
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - New Zealand Grassland Association Conference, Tauranga, New Zealand, 7 November 2013
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031304
VL  - 75
ID  - 1334
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The need to minimise nitrate leaching and gaseous N losses from dairy farming is increasing; simultaneously dairy farming is undergoing rapid intensification. Robotic targeted application of nitrification and/or urease inhibitors is proposed as a route to addressing the "urine-patch" issue without risking milk contamination. This paper demonstrates a new robotic product under development and scheduled for commercial release for the 2015/2016 dairy season. The paper then discusses two developments of the product that will enable (i) highly-efficient fluidised-N application, and (ii) effluent application. These new products have the potential to greatly reduce nitrate leaching and gaseous N losses from dairy farming.
AN  - CABI:20143031321
AU  - Bates, G.
AU  - Quin, B. F.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 125-130
ST  - Robotic urine-patch treatment and effluent application-technology to support intensification of New Zealand dairy farming while protecting the environment
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Robotic urine-patch treatment and effluent application-technology to support intensification of New Zealand dairy farming while protecting the environment
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031321
VL  - 75
ID  - 1351
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Urine of grazing livestock is the greatest contributor to leached nitrogen (N) in our environment. While many N cycling models have used average urine excretions as input data, concentration and volume of individual urination events can vary greatly. Stock camps receive large amounts of urine and pose a high risk of N leaching, especially when animals are set stocked over several days. A new urine sensor is described, along with the variation in urine characteristics of break-grazed cows. N leaching was modelled based on sensor data collection, and paddock-scale estimates were compared to those based on average urine data. There was a 10% difference in estimated N leached by two pumice soils, but both leached 10% less N when varying urine values were used compared to average urine values. The new data showed a frequency distribution pattern of urinary N concentration in urination events that differed to that estimated using earlier data. Thus, frequency distribution patterns have a large effect on modelled N leaching loss and need to be based on extensive data collection to increase the confidence in improving estimates of N leaching. Campsites, which occupy 5-15% of a hill country paddock, account for about half of all excreted urine; their locations can be predicted for the targeting of N-loss mitigation strategies using a simple topographic map of the farm.
AN  - CABI:20143031320
AU  - Betteridge, K.
AU  - Costall, D. A.
AU  - Li, F. Y.
AU  - Luo, D.
AU  - Ganesh, S.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 7
0
12
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 119-124
ST  - Why we need to know what and where cows are urinating - a urine sensor to improve nitrogen models
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Why we need to know what and where cows are urinating - a urine sensor to improve nitrogen models
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031320
VL  - 75
ID  - 1350
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Although not always recognised as such, the major reason for the recommended application of sufficient lime to achieve a soil pH of 5.5 or more on New Zealand pastures is to ameliorate phytotoxic effects of water soluble cations of aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe). However, evidence that increasing numbers of farms have sub-optimum soil pH levels suggests that traditional treatment, viz. infrequent heavy applications of agricultural lime, is not considered cost-effective by many farmers, probably due largely to increasing application costs. Application of the carboxylate copolymer AlpHa to eliminate phytotoxic levels of Al, Mn and Fe was found to be comparable in effectiveness to typical rates of lime application, but with the advantage of minimal application cost, as the low application rate required (2 L/ha) can be incorporated into fertiliser or (reduced) lime applications. Standard soil testing of commercial farms involves combining 15-20 soil cores from a given paddock to determine the "average" pH. As well as underestimating the mean pH, this method gives no information regarding micro-variability of soil pH in the pasture root zone. Over 25% of the pasture root zone was found to have pH levels 0.3 to 0.6 lower than the true average, the therefore susceptible to metal toxicity. Commercial laboratory testing of individual cores would be uneconomic. The in-field direct measurement of soil (damp) pH using the antimony (Sb) electrode was found to be a very convenient and robust technique for assessing variability. The benefits of more accurate identification of metal toxicity risk coupled with the potential of a more cost-effective method of amelioration are discussed.
AN  - CABI:20143031329
AU  - Bishop, P.
AU  - Quin, B. F.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 179-184
ST  - Undiagnosed metal phytotoxicity in soils: measurement of soil pH micro-variability under Manawatu pastures, and assessment of an alternative means of amelioration
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Undiagnosed metal phytotoxicity in soils: measurement of soil pH micro-variability under Manawatu pastures, and assessment of an alternative means of amelioration
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031329
VL  - 75
ID  - 1359
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - We investigated how N availability affected the wateruse efficiency (WUE) of a perennial ryegrass/white clover sward under different soil moisture regimes at Lincoln. Four combinations of N fertiliser and irrigation (I) were applied to plots rotationally grazed by sheep, and WUE (yield/water used) was measured from August 2011 to May 2013. The +N swards had a higher annual WUE than -N swards (27 vs 19 kg DM/ ha/mm) due to greater yields for the same amount of water used. This was associated with higher N contents in the +N grass herbage. The N response of WUE was consistent across soil moisture regimes and for most of each year. Irrigation did not affect annual WUE because the +I swards yielded more herbage but used more water than the -I swards. The results suggest that high WUE can be achieved by strategic applications of N fertiliser, use of pure legume swards, and through management that encourages clover growth in grass/clover swards.
AN  - CABI:20143031326
AU  - Black, A. D.
AU  - Murdoch, H. M.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 157-164
ST  - Yield and water use of a ryegrass/white clover sward under different nitrogen and irrigation regimes
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Yield and water use of a ryegrass/white clover sward under different nitrogen and irrigation regimes
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031326
VL  - 75
ID  - 1356
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The effects of autumn sowing dates (26 January 2012, 21 February 2012, 15 March 2012, 3 April 2012) and inoculant carriers (ALOSCA, coated seed, Nodulator and peat slurry) on lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) establishment and yield were studied at Lincoln University on a variable Templeton silt loam soil. For the 2012/13 regrowth season the January (14.7 t/ha) sowing date yielded more dry matter (DM) than the March (11.2 t/ha) and April (7.3 t/ha) sowing dates, and February (13.2 t/ha) was intermediate. All four inoculation carriers resulted in increased DM and nitrogen (N) yields compared with the bare seed control. A comparison of the peat inoculated and bare seed treatments indicated an extra 335 kg N/ha was removed in herbage from the inoculated treatments. Results highlight the importance of rhizobia, biological nitrogen fixation, and seed inoculation when sowing lucerne into soil with no paddock history of lucerne.
AN  - CABI:20143031322
AU  - Black, D. B. S.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
3
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 137-144
ST  - Autumn establishment of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) inoculated with four different carriers of Ensifer meliloti at four sowing dates
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Autumn establishment of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) inoculated with four different carriers of Ensifer meliloti at four sowing dates
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031322
VL  - 75
ID  - 1352
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Pastoral farmers seek to continue to increase on-farm productivity, and to do this they need new forage options that they can adopt into their current management strategies. Four case studies show that New Zealand farmers have rapidly adopted new technologies that include forage herbs, white clovers with improved stolon growing point densities, and novel endophyte technologies. The less disruptive these technologies are to accepted farmer management strategies the greater the likelihood of adoption.
AN  - CABI:20143031307
AU  - Caradus, J.
AU  - Lovatt, S.
AU  - Belgrave, B.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 39-44
ST  - Adoption of forage technologies
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Adoption of forage technologies
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031307
VL  - 75
ID  - 1337
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - There is renewed interest in fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) production in the South Island of New Zealand. However, recommended agronomic practices for maximising productivity and quality are limited. Two experiments investigating the effects of different rates (kg/ha) of potassium (K; 150 or 300), sodium (Na; 100 or 200) and chloride (Cl; 240) fertiliser application on fodder beet dry matter (DM) production, nutrient concentration and uptake were carried out at Southbridge (2011) and Bankside (2012), Canterbury, New Zealand. Final DM yield was unaffected by the treatments: averaging 32 t DM/ha at Southbridge and 21 t DM/ha at Bankside. However, there was a significant interaction between K and both Cl and Na, on DM yield at Southbridge. Specifically, yield increased to 38 t DM/ha with Na and decreased to 30 t DM/ha with Cl, in the presence of K. Application of K, Na, and Cl fertiliser increased the respective tissue mineral concentration and respective total uptake for both the bulb and shoot components. Potassium tended to depress crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and ash content of the bulbs and increase the metabolisable energy and soluble sugar. The combination of low fibre and high soluble sugar concentrations puts animals at risk of rumen acidosis. These results suggest that fodder beet crops subjected to high rate of soil and/ or fertiliser K should be supplemented with feed high in crude protein and fibre.
AN  - CABI:20143031343
AU  - Chakwizira, E.
AU  - Meenken, E. D.
AU  - Maley, S.
AU  - George, M.
AU  - Hubber, R.
AU  - Morton, J.
AU  - Stafford, A.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 261-270
ST  - Effects of potassium, sodium and chloride fertiliser rates on fodder beet yield and quality in Canterbury
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effects of potassium, sodium and chloride fertiliser rates on fodder beet yield and quality in Canterbury
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031343
VL  - 75
ID  - 1373
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Pasture root mass and production were measured in two experiments in the Manawatu region. The first examined the effects of nitrogen (N) inputs and soil phosphorus (P) status over one year (2008/9) and the second examined the interacting effects of soil P status and artificial soil compaction over one year (2011/12). Root mass was measured by soil core sampling and root production was measured by an in-growth core technique, to 120 mm depth. Over most of the two periods studied there were no significant differences in root mass or production between treatments. However, higher N+P fertility resulted in 20% lower root mass but 32% higher root production during September and November 2008. In 2011/12, soil compaction reduced root production by approximately 22% yearround. Increased soil P fertility did not compensate for this effect. Fertility effects on root growth seem more influenced by N than P in this system.
AN  - CABI:20143031330
AU  - Dodd, M. B.
AU  - MacKay, A. D.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 185-190
ST  - Effects of soil fertility and compaction on root dynamics in a perennial ryegrass-white clover pasture
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effects of soil fertility and compaction on root dynamics in a perennial ryegrass-white clover pasture
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031330
VL  - 75
ID  - 1360
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - An outbreak of the sporadic pest black beetle caused major damage on farms throughout Waikato and Bay of Plenty regions from 2007 to 2010. Two projects were initiated in these regions to gain an understanding of the interaction of black beetle with endophyte/ cultivar combinations and pasture renewal strategies. Monitoring of black beetle populations on the project farms showed that overall, abundance steadily declined from 2009 to 2013, possibly due to cool temperatures, and in the case of Bay of Plenty, high rainfall in 2010. In Waikato, pasture renewal in 2012 had no significant effect on beetle abundance in the following year compared to the unrenewed paddocks. Greater population levels in the Waikato sites were associated with lower soil pH. El Nino and La Nina weather events appear to be associated with changes in black beetle population levels, which may assist prediction of future outbreaks and damage risk.
AN  - CABI:20143031338
AU  - Gerard, P. J.
AU  - Bell, N. L.
AU  - Eden, T. M.
AU  - King, W. M.
AU  - Mapp, N. R.
AU  - Pirie, M. R.
AU  - Rennie, G. M.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 235-240
ST  - Influence of pasture renewal, soil factors and climate on black beetle abundance in Waikato and Bay of Plenty
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Influence of pasture renewal, soil factors and climate on black beetle abundance in Waikato and Bay of Plenty
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031338
VL  - 75
ID  - 1368
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Two experimental farmlets were established in the 2001/02 season and run continuously to 2010/11, comparing the impact of two nitrogen (N) fertiliser systems on milksolids (MS) production, profitability and the yield and composition of ryegrass-white clover pastures. Treatments were: (1) No-N. No N fertiliser applied, stocking rate 2.56 cow equivalents/ha (including replacements); (2) Control. Average of 181 kg N/ha/year applied as urea, stocking rate 3.06 cows/ ha (replacements grazed off farm). Annual pasture production was, on average, 2.9 t DM/ha greater on the Control farmlet compared with the No-N farmlet (P<0.001). Annual MS/ha was 193 kg/ha greater (P<0.01) on the Control farmlet. Despite a reduction of 1.07 kg MS for every kg N not applied, profitability was very similar for both farmlets in 6 of the 9 years. Compared with No-N, the profitability of the Control farmlet improved as milk price increased above $5.10/ kg MS. While the farmlets confirmed that profitable milk production systems can be achieved without N fertiliser applications on well-established Waikato dairy pastures, N fertiliser is useful for increasing profitability and milk production, particularly when the ratio between milk price and the cost of fertiliser is favourable.
AN  - CABI:20143031313
AU  - Glassey, C. B.
AU  - Roach, C. G.
AU  - Lee, J. M.
AU  - Clark, D. A.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 5
0
5
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 71-78
ST  - The impact of farming without nitrogen fertiliser for ten years on pasture yield and composition, milksolids production and profitability; a research farmlet comparison
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The impact of farming without nitrogen fertiliser for ten years on pasture yield and composition, milksolids production and profitability; a research farmlet comparison
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031313
VL  - 75
ID  - 1343
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Recent technological improvements in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have made it possible to measure the accuracy of fertiliser spreading in the field. This demonstrates that the field coefficient of variation, "field CV", of actual spread patterns on farms is significantly higher than appreciated by most end users and service providers. Levels of field CV greater than 40% for spreading N fertiliser produces a 20% yield reduction, which in terms of urea on dairy pasture is potentially around $170 million nationally, and is economically significant. Manufacturers of fertiliser spreading equipment and ground-spread applicators have introduced improved delivery technologies which reduce field CV. Mostly these improvements relate to GPS use to assist drivers, automated maintenance of bout width, control of product flow and provision of automatic start-stop control. These improvements have the potential to reduce CV to 20% and reduce economic loss to 3%. Similarly, combinations of GIS methods and differential global positioning systems (DGPS) will assist pilots to reduce field CV from 70% to 40%.
AN  - CABI:20143031323
AU  - Grafton, M. C. E.
AU  - Yule, I. J.
AU  - Manning, M. J.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 139-144
ST  - A review of the economic impact of high levels of variance in fertiliser spreading systems
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - A review of the economic impact of high levels of variance in fertiliser spreading systems
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031323
VL  - 75
ID  - 1353
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Sedimentation of Tauranga Harbour was identified as the top environment issue in a 2006 environmental report. Research has indicated that 63.7% of the sediment yield from the 98 641 hectares of contributing catchments of the southern harbour was from pasture that covers only 34.7% of the catchment area. Bay of Plenty Regional Council has developed and implemented a catchment management framework to work alongside farmers and the rural community to address the issue. The approach involved firstly gaining accurate data, including modelling sediment movement and accurately "ground-truthing" 2190 km of waterways in 28 subcatchments. It included data analysis for Land Use Capability (LUC), erosion risk, land cover, existing protection status of land, as well as developing an effective communications plan to engage landowners. A perception survey was also undertaken to determine what farmers understood of their environmental responsibility and what the drivers for change were. Council now has a much better understanding of land cover, current land use, the community concerns and their knowledge of issues in Tauranga Harbour. This has enabled a more focused catchment management approach and better use of funds to support riparian protection and land use change.
AN  - CABI:20143031306
AU  - Hall, D. R.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 33-38
ST  - Sensible farming on sensitive and steep land - a catchment management approach in Tauranga Harbour
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Sensible farming on sensitive and steep land - a catchment management approach in Tauranga Harbour
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031306
VL  - 75
ID  - 1336
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Drought stress is one of the limiting factors in perennial ryegrass growth and development. In order to investigate the drought responses among different cultivars and evaluate the role of fungal endophyte in modifying drought responses, a glasshouse experiment was conducted using ryegrass cultivars 'Alto' and 'Banquet II', and a Mediterranean tall fescue cultivar, 'Grasslands Flecha' as contrast with the two ryegrass cultivars. Under drought stress 'Flecha' had a higher stomatal conductance and transpiration rate than the two ryegrass cultivars, and also significantly greater deeproot allocation. Endophyte-infected plants exhibited reduced leaf dehydration under stress compared with endophyte-free plants. Under stress, endophyte-free plants displayed significantly lower relative water content and a more negative leaf water potential and osmotic potential than well-watered endophyte-free plants, whereas endophyte-infected plants displayed smaller and non-significant changes when subjected to water deficit stress. Endophyte-infected plants also had less deep-root allocation than endophyte-free plants. The results of this study increase understanding of the relationship between endophytes and their ryegrass or tall fescue hosts under drought stress.
AN  - CABI:20143031325
AU  - He, L.
AU  - Hatier, J. H. B.
AU  - Card, S. D.
AU  - Matthew, C.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 4
0
4
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 151-156
ST  - Endophyte-infection reduces leaf dehydration of ryegrass and tall fescue plants under moderate water deficit
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Endophyte-infection reduces leaf dehydration of ryegrass and tall fescue plants under moderate water deficit
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031325
VL  - 75
ID  - 1355
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Three forage rape cultivars ('Greenland', 'Spitfire' and 'Winfred') which differed in height and total dry matter production were compared in a lamb finishing system. Groups of lambs were rotationally grazed on one of three forage rape varieties over a period of 8 weeks in a four replicate trial. Lambs were allocated 2.5 kg dry matter (DM)/head/day in weekly breaks. Lambs were shifted and weighed weekly. 'Greenland' (tall) had a higher DM yield (10 vs 7.6 t DM/ha) and carried a higher stocking rate (75 vs 56 lambs/ha), but had a lower utilisation (46 vs 63%) and supported a lower apparent intake (1.17 vs 1.45 kg DM/h/day) and lamb growth rate (146 vs 205 g/day) compared with 'Winfred' (short). Fast lamb growth rates were associated with high intakes of mainly leaf but also high quality stem. Leaf percentage should be a key breeding objective for forage rape breeders and farmers need to consider attributes of forage rape cultivars other than just total dry matter yield.
AN  - CABI:20143031342
AU  - Judson, H. G.
AU  - Ferguson, D. G.
AU  - Cutts, M. K.
AU  - Moorhead, A. J. E.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 257-260
ST  - Liveweight gain of lambs grazing three forage rapes which differ in total dry matter yield
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Liveweight gain of lambs grazing three forage rapes which differ in total dry matter yield
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031342
VL  - 75
ID  - 1372
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The adoption of no-tillage systems by New Zealand farmers has been slow, but appears to be gaining momentum driven by economic and soil conservation advantages compared to crop and pasture establishment through cultivation. With improvements in technology and techniques establishment and yields of maize, brassica and pasture from no-tillage is similar to those from cultivation. The role of fertiliser placement in crop establishment by no-tillage and pathways to encourage adoption is discussed.
AN  - CABI:20143031333
AU  - Lane, P. M. S.
AU  - Willoughby, B. E.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 203-208
ST  - No-tillage systems - reviewing the challenge of adoption in relation to the role of fertiliser placement
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - No-tillage systems - reviewing the challenge of adoption in relation to the role of fertiliser placement
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031333
VL  - 75
ID  - 1363
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The belief that the average farmer in New Zealand is too old to adopt new technologies overlooks the evidence, and the overseas literature aligning adoption with education experience and financial security. It also overlooks the fact that many innovations are developed on farm by people experienced in what they are doing. This paper reviews the literature from a wide source of perspectives synthesising information and allowing examination of critical success factors (e.g., age, education, financial background, experience). New Zealand examples of innovation on farm are described. The research suggests that farmers adopt technologies when they can see the outcome in terms of the bottom line for their farming system. Education, experience and financial security are all part of the mix that allows the benefits to be evaluated against the risks. These farmers have the background to adapt new technologies to their farming systems, and to develop innovative approaches to meet new production challenges, whether environmental, economic or regulatory.
AN  - CABI:20143031305
AU  - Lissaman, W. J.
AU  - Casey, M.
AU  - Rowarth, J. S.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 27-32
ST  - Innovation and technology uptake on farm
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Innovation and technology uptake on farm
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031305
VL  - 75
ID  - 1335
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Recommendations for farming when coming out of a drought are to apply fertiliser nitrogen (N), but when a drought breaks late in the season (i.e. mid to late autumn), the release of soil N has the potential to compound fertiliser N loads at a time when pasture N demand is low. Using the APSIM model, based on measurements made on a Waikato dairy farm and using data from the drought of 2007/8, an accumulation of 20 kg NO3-N/ha in the top 50 cm of soil post-drought was predicted, and therefore any fertiliser N applied during the drought would have added to the available N pool. Where a total of 70 kg N/ha fertiliser was applied during the drought, 35 kg NO3-N/ha was leached during the following winter. A glasshouse trial was subsequently run to observe N dynamics under controlled conditions. The pot trial confirmed that a substantial amount of available N was released (40-60 kg N/ha; 0-15 cm) upon rewetting after a "severe" drought, which may be sufficient to promote growth. The ability of pasture to grow and utilise soil/fertiliser N and the subsequent risk of N leaching will depend on how late in the season drought soils are returned to field capacity and when drainage commences.
AN  - CABI:20143031331
AU  - Lucci, G. M.
AU  - Shepherd, M.
AU  - Vogeler, I.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 191-196
ST  - An assessment of the implications of timing and soil nitrogen dynamics during and after summer drought on Waikato Allophanic soils
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - An assessment of the implications of timing and soil nitrogen dynamics during and after summer drought on Waikato Allophanic soils
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031331
VL  - 75
ID  - 1361
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Agricultural co-operatives make a significant contribution to New Zealand's economy, but "going global" involves the realities of conducting business at an international scale with potential for significant risk exposure in both the short and long run. This paper provides a case study analysis detailing the critical success factors for agribusiness co-operatives growing internationally. The paper studies the strategies of three New Zealand agri-co-operatives with international business ventures (Ravensdown, the Dairy Goat Co-operative, and Fonterra). The case data suggests international success is a factor of sufficient access to capital, strong customer relationships, value chain management and maintaining control through competitive advantage.
AN  - CABI:20143031310
AU  - MacDonald, T. O. R.
AU  - Rowarth, J. S.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 55-60
ST  - Critical success factors when going global: agribusiness co-operative growth
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Critical success factors when going global: agribusiness co-operative growth
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031310
VL  - 75
ID  - 1340
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Maintaining an adequate feed supply throughout the year is an important consideration in dairy systems. Systems based on perennial ryegrass pastures are often limited by poor growth and feed quality when soil moisture is low and temperatures are high. Alternative forage species better adapted to these conditions may provide options for maintaining feed supply. Annual and seasonal dry matter (DM) production, and nutritive value of five grazable forages with and without irrigation were compared under cutting in the Waikato over two successive years. Perennial ryegrass produced the greatest annual DM yield in both years under both irrigation regimes, largely through superior cool season production and mild temperatures with above average rainfall during the experiment. Plantain tended to provide more DM than perennial ryegrass under irrigation in summer and autumn, a time when additional DM is important for maintaining milk production. With the exception of sudan grass, nutritive value of all forages exceeded values expected to limit milk production.
AN  - CABI:20143031340
AU  - Minnee, E. M. K.
AU  - Clark, C. E. F.
AU  - Clark, D. A.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 5
0
5
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 245-250
ST  - Herbage production from five grazable forages
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Herbage production from five grazable forages
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031340
VL  - 75
ID  - 1370
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Herbage dry matter (DM) production, botanical composition and nutritive value were compared over 2 years under irrigation and dairy cow grazing for simple two-species grass (perennial ryegrass or tall fescue) - white clover pastures and diverse pastures where herbs (chicory and plantain), legumes (red clover and lucerne) and prairie grass were added to the simple mixtures. Averaged over 2 years, annual herbage DM production was 1.62 t DM/ha greater in diverse (16.77 t DM/ ha) than simple (15.15 t DM/ha) pastures, primarily reflecting greater DM production in summer. Diverse pastures had lower metabolisable energy (ME) (12.0 vs 12.2 MJ ME/kg DM) and neutral detergent fibre (301 vs 368 g/kg DM) content than simple pastures, although the total ME produced per year was greater in diverse than simple pastures (202 vs 185 GJ ME/ha). Ryegrassbased pastures had higher annual DM production than tall fescue-based pastures in the first but not second year. The results indicate that including additional legumes and herbs with simple grass-white clover pastures may increase total DM and ME production of dairy pastures under irrigation.
AN  - CABI:20143031327
AU  - Nobilly, F.
AU  - Bryant, R. H.
AU  - McKenzie, B. A.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 9
Bryant, Racheal/G-7766-2014; Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018
Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X
0
10
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 165-172
ST  - Productivity of rotationally grazed simple and diverse pasture mixtures under irrigation in Canterbury
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Productivity of rotationally grazed simple and diverse pasture mixtures under irrigation in Canterbury
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031327
VL  - 75
ID  - 1357
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - To establish N-efficient crop rotations with perennial ryegrass/white clover, maize and triticale, a 9-year field experiment was executed on an organic experimental farm in the Netherlands. Crop rotations with different levels of slurry (dairy effluent from the free-stall barn, average dry matter content of 7%) application were tested for dry matter (DM) yield, N yield, soil mineral N in autumn, soil organic matter and soil organic N. Maize cropping and slurry application both increased annual DM yield. However, the second year of grass/ clover following maize, maize itself and slurry applications each resulted in higher soil mineral N in autumn, increasing the risk of nitrate leaching losses. A rotation of 4 years of grass/clover, 2 years of maize and 1 year of triticale resulted in relatively high average annual DM production (12 t DM/ha/year) for Dutch conditions, with a higher potential N leaching loss in 2 out of 7 years.
AN  - CABI:20143031341
AU  - Pinxterhuis, J. B.
AU  - Boer, H. C. de
AU  - Eekeren, N. J. M. van
AU  - Stienezen, M. W. J.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 251-256
ST  - Integrating maize and triticale in grass/clover based dairy systems: examining yields and autumn soil nitrate levels
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Integrating maize and triticale in grass/clover based dairy systems: examining yields and autumn soil nitrate levels
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031341
VL  - 75
ID  - 1371
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A new generation integrated whole farm planning model ("the model") is introduced. In a departure from the use of whole farm and average data for decision making, this model integrates data from multiple land management units (LMUs) within a farm business and uses optimisation to identify farm system design to maximise profit under variable production and market conditions. The user supplies pasture growth rates, minimum and maximum acceptable pasture covers for each LMU, animal performance, farm costs and market prices. Additions or constraints can be placed on individual LMUs. The optimisation routine uses this information to identify the mix of production enterprises and management regimes that maximises profit for the business. A case study is presented based on a commercial sheep and beef farm with five distinct LMUs. Comparisons are made between: treating the farm as a single LMU and as five LMUs; with current and optimal farm system.
AN  - CABI:20143031315
AU  - Rendel, M.
AU  - MacKay, A. D.
AU  - Manderson, A.
AU  - O'Neill, K.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 85-90
ST  - Optimising farm resource allocation to maximise profit using a new generation integrated whole farm planning model
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Optimising farm resource allocation to maximise profit using a new generation integrated whole farm planning model
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031315
VL  - 75
ID  - 1345
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Following the 2007/08 drought, we experienced poor pasture production and persistence on our dairy farm in north Waikato, leading to decreased milksolids production and a greater reliance on bought-in feed. It is estimated that the cost of this to our farming operation was about $1300 per hectare per year in lost operating profit. While climate and black beetle were factors, they did not explain everything, and other factors were also involved. In the last 3 years we have changed our management strategies to better withstand dry summers, the catalyst for which was becoming the DairyNZ Pasture Improvement Focus Farm for the north Waikato. The major changes we made were to reduce stocking rate, actively manage pastures in summer to reduce over-grazing, and pay more attention to detail in our pasture renewal programme. To date the result has been a reduced need for pasture renewal, a lift in whole farm performance and increased profitability.
AN  - CABI:20143031339
AU  - Reynolds, W. N.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 241-244
ST  - Addressing on-farm management to enhance pasture productivity and persistence
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Addressing on-farm management to enhance pasture productivity and persistence
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031339
VL  - 75
ID  - 1369
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The Pasture Renewal Leadership Group (PRLG) has undertaken four surveys among its members, dairy farmers, seed retailers and contractors to assess the effectiveness of the PRLG's communication around the topic of pasture renewal. This paper reviews these surveys and focusses on the interactions between the different respondent groups and the influence of the interactions on farmers' pasture renewal practices, based on the information sources each respondent group used and the credibility they attribute to them. The main information sources for farmers are farm consultants and scientists, whereas the other respondent groups mainly use their everyday contacts. Perceived credibility of the information sources by the information users, as well as the confidence level of the information user in decisionmaking about pasture renewal, influenced which information sources were used. However, consistency and clarity of the information itself remains an issue, due to competition amongst the information sources and the increased complexity of the knowledge behind pasture renewal.
AN  - CABI:20143031336
AU  - Rijswijk, K.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 221-226
ST  - Interactions between players in the field of pasture renewal
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Interactions between players in the field of pasture renewal
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031336
VL  - 75
ID  - 1366
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Herbage dry matter (DM) production, botanical composition and nutritive value of pastures were measured in response to the application of 24 g/ ha gibberellic acid (GA; 60 g ProGibb/ha) and 50 kg N/ha nitrogen fertiliser (N; 106 kg urea/ha) in autumn. Responses were compared for simple two species grass (perennial ryegrass or tall fescue)-white clover pastures and multi-species pastures where herbs (chicory and plantain), legumes (red clover and lucerne) and prairie grass were sown with the simple mixtures. Four weeks after application, the increase in DM yield averaged across pasture mixtures relative to untreated plots was 273, 104, and 493 kg DM/ha for GA alone, N fertiliser alone, and GA and N combined, respectively. Application of GA increased the white clover percentage in all pastures except simple tall fescue pastures. The percentage of herbs in multispecies pastures was increased by application of N but not GA. Crude protein concentration was decreased by GA application in all pastures except simple ryegrass pastures. The results from this study show that it is important to consider the botanical composition of pastures when determining the effect of GA on DM yield and nutritive value.
AN  - CABI:20143031324
AU  - Rossum, M. H. van
AU  - Bryant, R. H.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 6
Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018; Bryant, Racheal/G-7766-2014
Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X;
0
6
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 145-150
ST  - Response of simple grass-white clover and multi-species pastures to gibberellic acid or nitrogen fertiliser in autumn
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Response of simple grass-white clover and multi-species pastures to gibberellic acid or nitrogen fertiliser in autumn
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031324
VL  - 75
ID  - 1354
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The Government's Growth Agenda is to increase the ratio of exports to GDP from the current 30% to 40% by 2025. New Zealand agribusinesses of all types are being urged to use knowledge and expertise overseas to increase export revenue in order to assist with achieving the agenda. Over the last two decades there have been numerous attempts to "go global" with varied success. There have also been a considerable number of commissioned reports on how companies should proceed. Pastoral farmers rely on their processors and marketers to return an income to their business, but some co-operatives and companies are more successful than others. This paper gives the background for the case studies in the three papers which follow comparing (a) export strategies for dairy companies, (b) increasing suppliers/customers for co-operative companies and (c) taking New Zealand knowledge and expertise in farming systems offshore.
AN  - CABI:20143031308
AU  - Rowarth, J. S.
AU  - Scott, A. P.
AU  - MacDonald, T. O. R.
AU  - Wilson, S. C.
AU  - Scrimgeour, F. G.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 45-48
ST  - Critical success factors when going global: the basic challenge
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Critical success factors when going global: the basic challenge
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031308
VL  - 75
ID  - 1338
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - New Zealand dairy companies are being encouraged to expand in offshore markets, and capitalise on the increasing demand for high quality dairy products in emerging nations. To succeed internationally dairy companies need to invest in capturing their value chain and securing suppliers effectively, as well as developing intangible assets, like customer relationships, international partnerships, strong brands and reputations. This paper examines seven critical success factors, identified from comparing academic literature on international success and the preceding background paper, to three case studies on the New Zealand dairy companies, Tatua Dairy Co-operative, Synlait Ltd, and Fonterra Ltd.
AN  - CABI:20143031311
AU  - Scott, A. P.
AU  - Bowden, S.
AU  - Rowarth, J. S.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 61-66
ST  - Critical success factors when going global: New Zealand dairy companies
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Critical success factors when going global: New Zealand dairy companies
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031311
VL  - 75
ID  - 1341
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This paper describes the innovations made at Scott Farms in Tirau, New Zealand. The paper provides detailed description of the farm, dairy production process implemented at the farm, pasture management, deer production, and sustainability practices at the farm.
AN  - CABI:20143031312
AU  - Scott, I.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 67-70
ST  - Innovation at Scott Farms, Tirau
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Innovation at Scott Farms, Tirau
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031312
VL  - 75
ID  - 1342
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - OVERSEER Nutrient Budgets (Overseer) is an agricultural management support tool that examines the flow of nutrients in a farming system. There is increasing pressure from a range of users for transparency of the way Overseer functions, particularly the modelling of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss to water. The aim of this paper is to provide a conceptual description of the way Overseer models the distribution and fate of N and P in a pastoral system, to support user understanding and correct model use. The core of Overseer is a nutrient budget, which accounts for the flow of nutrient into, around and off the farm. The key strength of Overseer is its ability to model these nutrient transfers around the farm, identifying how much, where and when nutrients move. Other parts of the model then estimate the fate of these nutrients. Nitrogen and P cycle differently around the farm, which is reflected in the way they are modelled. This paper is intended to be a support document for understanding the way Overseer models N and P, and where more detailed information is required, it may be found on the Overseer website (www.overseer.org.nz).
AN  - CABI:20143031319
AU  - Selbie, D. R.
AU  - Watkins, N. L.
AU  - Wheeler, D. M.
AU  - Shepherd, M. A.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 5
0
5
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 113-118
ST  - Understanding the distribution and fate of nitrogen and phosphorus in OVERSEER
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Understanding the distribution and fate of nitrogen and phosphorus in OVERSEER
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031319
VL  - 75
ID  - 1349
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The aim was to test the hypothesis that nitrogen (N) fertiliser applied in autumn increases N leaching by increasing pasture N concentration (Nconc) and thus increasing partitioning of excretal N to urine. A review of past data showed that N fertiliser application generally had only a small effect on pasture Nconc, on average. The general effect was 5% or less for single applications of 50 kg N/ha or less, compared with nil N fertilised pasture, depending on the season. Based on this, we estimated that the increase in pasture Nconc from autumn fertiliser is less important for nitrate leaching risk than the extra forage grown, and the resultant extra N consumed and excreted as a result of the applied fertiliser N. However, if the period between fertiliser application and grazing is short, the elevation in Nconc is likely to be larger with a greater influence on partitioning to urinary N.
AN  - CABI:20143031332
AU  - Shepherd, M.
AU  - Lucci, G.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
4
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 197-202
ST  - A review of the effect of autumn nitrogen fertiliser on pasture nitrogen concentration and an assessment of the potential effects on nitrate leaching risk
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - A review of the effect of autumn nitrogen fertiliser on pasture nitrogen concentration and an assessment of the potential effects on nitrate leaching risk
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031332
VL  - 75
ID  - 1362
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The collection and use of data from large scale farming operations provided significant insights into drivers of sheep performance. These drivers included minimum two-tooth liveweight at tupping, ewe condition and pasture cover at lambing and the importance of weaning weight on whole farm performance. Using this data to demonstrate the influence of management decisions resulted in an increase in average lamb liveweight gain between birth and weaning of approximately 20 g/day in Landcorp Farming Ltd East Coast flocks over the 4 years of monitoring. Lambing percentage was harder to change, though individual farms increased lambing percentage by up to 35% by concentrating on increasing feed allocation and maintaining ewe body condition score during winter. Low liveweight in some two-tooth ewes was inversely related to the percentage of dries in a flock and prompted more emphasis on growing replacement stock. The programme shifted focus from short-term tactical feeding and management decisions to long-term strategies such as stock and sales policies that placed the breeding flock as the major priority.
AN  - CABI:20143031317
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Young, G.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 97-102
ST  - Using data from large scale farming operations to understand the importance of feeding the ewe to improve whole farm performance
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Using data from large scale farming operations to understand the importance of feeding the ewe to improve whole farm performance
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031317
VL  - 75
ID  - 1347
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The Land and Environment Planning (LEP) Toolkit recently re-launched by Beef + Lamb NZ is a package developed to assist the sector with resource and business planning. The toolkit includes workbooks and guidelines and consists of an introductory level (Level 1) through to more advanced Levels 2 and 3, each providing a step-by-step guide to assist farmers with on-farm business and environment planning. To date the evaluation of the toolkit has been very limited. Using a case study farm and interactive workshops, the usefulness of each of the three levels of the toolkit for tackling current and future drivers that will shape soil and nutrient management in hill country were determined. Each level was analysed against three drivers: freedom to operate, nutrient use efficiency and ability to demonstrate sustainability using a framework developed as part of the study. The findings from this research support the use of the LEP Toolkit in a stepwise approach. The introductory (1a and 1b) levels of the toolkit proved useful in raising awareness, but offered little assistance in developing tailored solutions. Level 2 and 3 proved more useful in advancing soil and nutrient management by breaking the farm down into land management units on the basis of the underlying physical resources. Level 3 with the inclusion of detailed resource information allows for a comprehensive analysis of the farm across all three drivers for both business planning and if required for reporting.
AN  - CABI:20143031316
AU  - Synge, K. A.
AU  - MacKay, A. D.
AU  - Palmer, A. S.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 91-96
ST  - An evaluation of the Land and Environment Planning Toolkit for advancing soil and nutrient management on sheep and beef farms
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - An evaluation of the Land and Environment Planning Toolkit for advancing soil and nutrient management on sheep and beef farms
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031316
VL  - 75
ID  - 1346
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - To determine the best method of pasture establishment on non-cultivable hill country (>20o slope), four treatments were compared in one year on north and south aspects at four sites with contrasting climates and soil types. Sites were located in Waikato (1), Hawke's Bay (2) and Canterbury (1). The treatments included seed mix (grasses, legumes and herbs (GLH); legumes only (LEG)) and sowing time (spring; autumn). Six weeks after sowing, seedling establishment, as a percentage of viable seeds sown, was: (i) greater on south than north aspects for perennial ryegrass (31% vs 18%) and birdsfoot trefoil (5% vs 4%); (ii) greater for total sown species (14% vs 8%), subterranean clover (7% vs 4%) and red clover (25% vs 14%) in the GLH than LEG mix, but greater for white clover in the LEG than GLH mix (17% vs 8%); (iii) greater in autumn than spring for perennial ryegrass (36% vs 13%) and total sown grasses (22% vs 9%) but greater in spring than autumn for lotus (6% vs 3%). Plantain established well in spring in summer-wet environments, while in summer-dry environments establishment was greater in autumn. Broadcasting seed on south aspects during autumn is likely to result in the highest establishment of sown grasses and legumes, but not necessarily of herbs. The trials were conducted in an unusually wet season. Repeating a subset of the treatments at these sites will provide a greater understanding of responses to climatic variation.
AN  - CABI:20143031335
AU  - Tozer, K. N.
AU  - Douglas, G. B.
AU  - Cameron, C. A.
AU  - Fraser, T. J.
AU  - Moss, R. A.
AU  - Rennie, G. M.
AU  - Knight, T. L.
AU  - Muir, P. D.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 215-220
ST  - Pasture establishment on non-cultivable hill country
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Pasture establishment on non-cultivable hill country
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031335
VL  - 75
ID  - 1365
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The impact of renewal on pasture production was determined by monitoring renewed and unrenewed pastures on five farms in each of Bay of Plenty and Waikato for 3 years, excluding the year after sowing (establishment). Renewed pastures produced an additional 1.5 t dry matter (DM)/ha averaged over both regions in the second year after establishment and 1.9 t DM/ha in each of the third and fourth years. Renewed pastures also had greater clover DM content in spring and summer and lower broadleaf weed DM content in winter. Perennial ryegrass tiller densities were similar in renewed and unrenewed pastures in both regions. There were fewer white-fringed weevil, black beetle and total nematodes in renewed pastures on at least one of the sampling times. It was concluded that higher clover content, fewer weeds, and fewer insect pests contributed to greater DM production in renewed pastures.
AN  - CABI:20143031337
AU  - Tozer, K. N.
AU  - Rennie, G. M.
AU  - King, W. M.
AU  - Mapp, N. R.
AU  - Bell, N. L.
AU  - Cameron, C. A.
AU  - Eden, T. M.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 227-234
ST  - Pasture renewal on Bay of Plenty and Waikato dairy farms: impacts on pasture production and invertebrate populations post-establishment
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Pasture renewal on Bay of Plenty and Waikato dairy farms: impacts on pasture production and invertebrate populations post-establishment
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031337
VL  - 75
ID  - 1367
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The ability to understand and predict ruminant nitrogen (N) partitioning has become important as concerns over the environmental impact of pastoral agriculture increase. A mechanistic model of N partitioning from dairy cows consuming ryegrass was used to quantify the amount of N secreted in milk, urine, and faeces, and retained in body tissues. Data from lactating dairy cows (13 N balance experiments) were used to evaluate the model. Predictions for milk, urinary, faecal, and total excreta N were in agreement with observed values. Empirical models have been successful in predicting N partitioning from ruminants, but such approaches lack the underlying biological processes and may not apply to all observed values. An improved representation of the underlying mechanisms of N partitioning and the possibility of identifying areas where knowledge is lacking was achieved by the use of the current mechanistic model.
AN  - CABI:20143031328
AU  - Vibart, R. E.
AU  - Li, F. Y.
AU  - Vogeler, I.
AU  - Cichota, R.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 173-178
ST  - Evaluating the predictive ability of a mechanistic model of nitrogen partitioning applied to lactating dairy cows consuming ryegrass-based diets
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Evaluating the predictive ability of a mechanistic model of nitrogen partitioning applied to lactating dairy cows consuming ryegrass-based diets
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031328
VL  - 75
ID  - 1358
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - New Zealanders are being encouraged to find offshore investment opportunities where using a New Zealand farming system will give a competitive advantage. This analysis investigated three pasture-based dairying operations in South America. A comparison of the three cases against a framework for dairying success identified in the literature enabled critical success factors to be identified. These included infrastructure, human and animal capital, and an understanding of culture.
AN  - CABI:20143031309
AU  - Wilson, S. C.
AU  - Rowarth, J. S.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 49-54
ST  - Critical success factors when going global: New Zealand farming systems in South America
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Critical success factors when going global: New Zealand farming systems in South America
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031309
VL  - 75
ID  - 1339
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Pressure on New Zealand's largely pasture-based dairy industry has grown with a drive to increase production, expansion into new regions and demand for farmers to mitigate environmental impacts e.g., leaching of excess urinary nitrogen. A 3-year trial in the Waikato investigating the use of mixed pasture (e.g. perennial ryegrass, white clover, prairie grass, lucerne, chicory and plantain) showed similar annual dry matter (DM) production to standard pasture (perennial ryegrass and white clover) with greater yields of mixed pasture during summer (December, January, February) when lucerne and chicory grew better than perennial ryegrass in the warm, dry conditions. However, this yield advantage did not persist during the winter (June, July, August). Milk yields from cows grazing the mixed and standard pasture were similar. The mixed pasture retained a high level of species diversity and, while a single "magic bullet" is an unlikely solution to the challenges facing dairy farmers, increased species diversity could reduce risks and increase pasture stability.
AN  - CABI:20143031314
AU  - Woodward, S. L.
AU  - Waugh, C. D.
AU  - Roach, C. G.
AU  - Fynn, D.
AU  - Phillips, J.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 16
0
19
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 79-84
ST  - Are diverse species mixtures better pastures for dairy farming?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Are diverse species mixtures better pastures for dairy farming?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031314
VL  - 75
ID  - 1344
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - To investigate the effect of applying urea with or without the urease inhibitor (UI) N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT - trade name Agrotain) and to assess impact of the amount and timing of irrigation on subsequent ammonia (NH3) emission, a field trial was set up on a research farm at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand in December 2012. Measurements of the daily NH3 emission showed that majority of NH3 losses occurred during the first 1-3 days following urea application. Delaying irrigation for 48 hr post urea application resulted in high average NH3-N losses, at 23% and 28.3% for urea applied at 30 and 60 kg N ha-1, respectively. However, even when 5 or 10 mm of irrigation was applied 8 hours after urea application, average NH3 losses were still 11.3% and 14.4% of the N applied at 30 and 60 kg N ha-1, respectively. Our results suggest that 5 to 10 mm of irrigation/rainfall is needed very soon (<8 hr) after urea application to supress NH3 volatilisation depending on initial soil moisture contents. If this rainfall/irrigation is not guaranteed, then NH3 losses associated with standard urea application can effectively be reduced by 47% using urea treated with nBTPT.
AN  - CABI:20143031334
AU  - Zaman, M.
AU  - Saggar, S.
AU  - Stafford, A. D.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 209-214
ST  - Mitigation of ammonia losses from urea applied to a pastoral system: the effect of nBTPT and timing and amount of irrigation
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Mitigation of ammonia losses from urea applied to a pastoral system: the effect of nBTPT and timing and amount of irrigation
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031334
VL  - 75
ID  - 1364
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Outbreaks of insect pests can cause major losses in pasture productivity, but farmers are often poorly equipped to evaluate risk factors, predict pest impacts and determine appropriate control actions. Decision tools are described for pasture pest management using three case studies. For grass grub, "at risk" paddocks are identified based on factors such as time since sowing, soil type and larval damage the previous autumn/ winter. Targeted populations measurements can then be taken and a decision to control grass grub made using this objective measurement and/or an assessment of the pasture value, termed the insurance approach. For manuka beetle, pesticide application decisions are based on damage scores of individual paddocks and the correlation between these scores and larval densities. With porina, information on moth flight times, larval populations and pasture damage are used to make key control decisions. For all pests, decisions to control should be made in conjunction with other farm systems information, including the costs of lost forage production and long-term impacts on pasture persistence.
AN  - CABI:20143031318
AU  - Zydenbos, S. M.
AU  - Ferguson, C. M.
AU  - Townsend, R. J.
AU  - Dunbar, J. E.
AU  - Peoples, S.
AU  - Willoughby, B. E.
AU  - Lane, P. M. S.
AU  - Jackson, T. A.
DA  - 2013
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
2
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 103-112
ST  - Decision tools for managing insect pest outbreaks in pastures
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Decision tools for managing insect pest outbreaks in pastures
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20143031318
VL  - 75
ID  - 1348
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Farm systems in the dry sub-humid region of the Upper Waitaki predominantly graze merino ewes on extensive oversown and topdressed hill and high country. Smaller areas of flatter land are used to conserve winter forage crops, and grow supplementary feed and high quality pastures. The slow growth rate of merino lambs means they are traditionally retained on these improved pastures to finish in the following spring. In this system livestock demand peaks in the driest month of January and continues to be high through winter. Bog Roy is a farm that has changed this system and has established 200 ha of lucerne with the goal of fully feeding ewes during lactation. Pre-weaning lamb growth rate has increased from 205 to 235 g/head/day, opening the opportunity to sell heavier lambs in early January. Ewe lamb replacements are reaching heavier pre-winter live weights (38 kg versus 35 kg) and the flow-on effect is higher two-tooth scanning (129% versus 111%) and weaning (100% versus 84%). Lucerne has also improved the feeding of mixed age ewes from lambing to weaning, and lamb mortality has reduced from 30% to 21%, increasing weaning from 115% to 130%. The store production system also means livestock demand is kept low during the dry period and remains low through winter. Conserved feed is now only required for 50 days compared with 100 days in the traditional system. This has reduced supplementary feed costs from $10.33/stock unit (SU) to $4.82/SU. Shifting ewes to rotationally graze lucerne in large mobs early in the growing season has decreased the stocking rate on hill country. This has allowed cover to build during each spring with promising responses from legume species.
AN  - CABI:20153178101
AU  - Anderson, D.
AU  - Anderson, L.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Ogle, G. I.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 29-34
ST  - Integrating lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) into a high country merino system
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Integrating lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) into a high country merino system
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178101
VL  - 76
ID  - 1303
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The agronomic performance of Caucasian clover in high country grasslands was the subject of two experiments at Lake Heron Station, Canterbury. In the first experiment, Caucasian clover was direct drilled into an undeveloped pasture (soil pH=5.5; Olsen P=7 mg/litre) with fertilisers containing similar P and S but20 kg/ha of N, in December 2011. After 11 months, shoots of Caucasian clover were small (3 mg), indicating an inoculation failure, and effects of fertilisers were not biologically meaningful. Therefore, the influence of rhizobia inoculant, superphosphate and lime on early growth of Caucasian clover was assessed using the same soil in a glasshouse. Un-inoculated plants were 13-24% the size of inoculated plants and this lack of vigour was not overcome by fertilisers. In the second field experiment, an established Caucasian clover/browntop pasture (soil pH=5.5; Olsen P=5 mg/litre) received 0, 100, 200 and 400 kg/ha of superphosphate with 0 or 5 t/ha of lime in February 2012. Despite the high inputs, spring pasture yields 9 and 21 months after fertiliser application were low (1260-2400 kg DM/ha), but the contribution of Caucasian clover was high (66-76%).
AN  - CABI:20153178111
AU  - Black, A. D.
AU  - Harvey, A. J.
AU  - Moir, J. L.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Moir, Jim/F-1232-2018
Moir, Jim/0000-0001-6677-3901
0
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 105-110
ST  - Caucasian clover responses to fertiliser, lime and rhizobia inoculation at Lake Heron Station, Canterbury
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Caucasian clover responses to fertiliser, lime and rhizobia inoculation at Lake Heron Station, Canterbury
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178111
VL  - 76
ID  - 1314
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A three-year trial compared the performance of Merino ewes grazing on a perennial lupin pasture with a control flock run predominantly on lucerne pastures at Sawdon Station, Lake Tekapo. At tailing in December, lambing averaged 111% and ewes averaged 58 kg for the lupin pasture, and 105% and 62 kg for the control flock, while lambs averaged 19 kg for both mobs. At weaning in February, ewes and lambs on the lupins averaged 58 kg and 28 kg compared with 63 kg and 31 kg for the control flock, and ewes gained 3.8 kg compared with 5.5 kg from March to mating in May. In September, wool averaged 4.62 kg/ewe for the lupin mob and 4.92 kg/ewe for the control flock, with a mean fibre diameter of 18.5 m. The average herbage mass on the lupin pasture was 3.0 t dry matter (DM)/ha at the start of lambing in October, reached 7.8 t DM/ha in December and decreased to 3.5 t DM/ha in May. Results support the use of perennial lupins where lucerne fails to thrive on high country farms.
AN  - CABI:20153178102
AU  - Black, A. D.
AU  - Loxton, G.
AU  - Ryan-Salter, T. P.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 35-40
ST  - Sheep performance on perennial lupins over three years at Sawdon Station, Lake Tekapo
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Sheep performance on perennial lupins over three years at Sawdon Station, Lake Tekapo
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178102
VL  - 76
ID  - 1304
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In New Zealand, summer rainfall is unpredictable and usually insufficient to meet crop water requirements. The impact of water availability on yield potential of fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is unknown. A single year, single site replicated field experiment investigating biomass production, water use (WU) and water use efficiency (WUE) was carried out on a deep Templeton silt loam soil at Lincoln in 2013. The experiment had four water treatments: 1: Rain fed control, 2: Full potential evapotranspiration (ETo) replaced weekly, 3: 50% of ETo replaced every 3 weeks and 4: 50% of ETo replaced weekly. Final dry matter (DM) yield differed with treatments, increasing from an average of 24 t/ha for the rain fed crops and those receiving 50% of ETo weekly to 28 t/ha for the full ETo replacement crops and those receiving 50% of ETo once every 3 weeks. Water use more than doubled with full irrigation compared with the rain fed crops (774 vs 316 mm). The WU for the intermediate crops was 483 mm. However, DM yield was higher for the treatment with 50% of ETo replaced every 3 weeks rather than weekly. Water use was related to DM yield and accounted for the observed variation (R2=0.75) in final yield. The WUE decreased with water supply, from 80 kg DM/ha/mm for the rain fed crops to 46 kg DM/ha/mm for the full ETo replacement treatments, and 64 and 57 kg DM/ha/mm for the 50% of ETo replaced weekly and every 3 weeks, respectively. Similar DM yield and marginal WUE for the full ETo treatments and those receiving 50% of ETo replaced every 3 weeks, meant that the most economic WUE was 57 kg DM/ha/mm. Although these results are from a single and site, they suggest that full ETo replacement was uneconomic in this type of soil and therefore partial irrigation to 50% of ETo replaced every 3 weeks may be the optimum for this type of soil. It is recommended to investigate similar treatments on shallow and stony soils.
AN  - CABI:20153178114
AU  - Chakwizira, E.
AU  - Ruiter, J. M. de
AU  - Maley, S.
AU  - Dellow, S. J.
AU  - George, M. J.
AU  - Michel, A. J.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 125-134
ST  - Water use efficiency of fodder beet crops
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Water use efficiency of fodder beet crops
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178114
VL  - 76
ID  - 1317
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Farm system models are increasingly being used to assess the implications of land use and practice changes on profitability and environmental impacts. Exploring implications beyond individual farms requires the linkage of such models to land resource information, which for pastoral systems includes forage supply. The New Zealand Land Resource Inventory (LRI) and associated Land Use Capability (LUC) database includes estimates of the potential stock carrying capacity across the country, which can be used to derive annual, but not seasonal, patterns of pasture growth. The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) was used, with generic soil profiles based on descriptions of LUC classes, to generate pasture growth curves (PGCs) in three regions of the country. The simulated pasture yields were similar to the estimates in the LRI spatial database, and varied with LUC Class within and across regions. The simulated PGCs also agreed well with measured data. The approach can be used to obtain spatially discrete estimates of seasonal pasture growth patterns across New Zealand, enabling investigation of land use and management changes at regional scales.
AN  - CABI:20153178127
AU  - Cichota, R.
AU  - Vogeler, I.
AU  - Li, F. Y.
AU  - Beautrais, J.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 203-210
ST  - Deriving pasture growth patterns for land use capability classes in different regions of New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Deriving pasture growth patterns for land use capability classes in different regions of New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178127
VL  - 76
ID  - 1330
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Extrapolating from single-site animal studies of the effects of water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) on methane and nitrogen emissions requires knowledge of geographical and temporal variation in plant chemical constituents. To provide this, samples of grazed pasture were collected from experiments at four different latitudes over one year. At each site, one high-sugar perennial ryegrass (HSG) and two control cultivars of perennial ryegrass, were sampled at each grazing during a 12-month period and analysed for concentrations of WSC, crude protein (CP) and fibre (NDF). Compared with the controls the HSG was higher in WSC (overall mean 299 vs 260 g WSC/kg DM; P<0.01 at each site), lower in NDF (426 vs 460 g NDF/kg DM; P<0.01 at each site) but did not differ in CP. There were significant differences among sites (P<0.001) with highest concentrations of WSC in Canterbury followed by Southland, Waikato and Manawatu (295, 278, 266 and 254 g WSC/kg DM, respectively). Concentrations of WSC were highest in spring and approximately double those in autumn. Animal responses to cultivars with a higher concentration of WSC will be tempered by these large natural variations, which must be accounted for when extrapolating or scaling-up to regional or national outcomes.
AN  - CABI:20153178121
AU  - Cosgrove, G. P.
AU  - Mapp, N. R.
AU  - Taylor, P. S.
AU  - Harvey, B. M.
AU  - Knowler, K. J.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
4
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 169-176
ST  - The chemical composition of high-sugar and control ryegrasses in grazed pastures at different latitudes throughout New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The chemical composition of high-sugar and control ryegrasses in grazed pastures at different latitudes throughout New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178121
VL  - 76
ID  - 1324
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The Whatawhata integrated catchment management project generated a substantial amount of data on the biophysical impacts of land use and management change-livestock enterprise performance, terrestrial biodiversity, water quality etc. The question has been posed: What was the impact of the changes on the financial viability of the catchment farm system? Farm operating budgets before and after land use changes, enterprise gross margins, costs associated with tree planting, and farm system modelling with FarmaxPro have been integrated to give a whole-system view of farm business viability over the long term (1995-2030). This information compared the existing system (1990s) with the new system implemented in 2000. Annual operating profit for the 296 ha breeding ewe and breeding cow system in the late 1990s was between $25 000-$30 000 reflecting the size and land use capability distribution of the block. Changes to the livestock enterprises improved farm surplus from ca. $100/ha to ca. $330/ha in the first 3 years, but on a reduced pastoral land area (150 ha). This gave an annual operating profit (EFS) of ca. $50 000. Much of this difference reflected product price movements. The cost of land use change was approximately $969 000 over the first 10 years. Selective intensification of hill lands can improve per ha profitability in the short-medium term. Two key financial issues, the transformation cost and medium term viability, need to be addressed in implementing land use change to move toward hill land sustainability.
AN  - CABI:20153178120
AU  - Dodd, M. B.
AU  - Carlson, W.
AU  - Silcock, P.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 163-168
ST  - The economics of transformation toward sustainable hill country land use: Whatawhata case study
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The economics of transformation toward sustainable hill country land use: Whatawhata case study
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178120
VL  - 76
ID  - 1323
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Crop dry matter (DM) yield, DM utilisation and body condition score (BCS) of dairy cows were measured over two winters on an irrigated stony, free-draining Balmoral soil for three crop grazing systems: fodder beet (FB); early-sown kale (EK); and late-sown kale with oats grown in sequence (LK). There were two replicates of each treatment, with 35-58 cows per treatment group. Allocations of crop and supplements (kg DM/cow/day) were: FB, 8 kg fodder beet+6 kg grass baleage; EK, 14 kg kale+3 kg barley straw; LK, 11 kg kale+5 kg green chop oat baleage. Pre-grazing crop DM yield (t DM/ha) was higher in FB (20.1) than EK (14.6) and LK (12.9). DM utilisation was high in all treatments averaging 99.6%, 90.5% and 87.1% for FB, EK and LK, respectively. Body condition score change over the 8-week winter-feeding period was similar for cows offered FB (+0.76), EK (+0.66) and LK (+0.76). Allocation of feed quantity is more important in determining BCS gain than the type of crop and supplement fed.
AN  - CABI:20153178108
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
AU  - Ruiter, J. M. de
AU  - Dalley, D. E.
AU  - Pinxterhuis, J. B.
AU  - Cameron, K. C.
AU  - Bryant, R. H.
AU  - Di, H. J.
AU  - Malcolm, B. J.
AU  - Chapman, D. F.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 10
Cameron, Keith/C-3301-2018; Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018; Di, Hong/G-5583-2010
Cameron, Keith/0000-0002-7631-1636; Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X;
0
11
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 81-88
ST  - Dry matter intake and body condition score change of dairy cows grazing fodder beet, kale and kale-oat forage systems in winter
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Dry matter intake and body condition score change of dairy cows grazing fodder beet, kale and kale-oat forage systems in winter
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178108
VL  - 76
ID  - 1311
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are increasingly being used in agriculture for a variety of purposes. In pasture systems, the use of PGRs is relatively new and the effects of its application on plant productivity and physiology are poorly understood. A mowing trial was established in Waikato in early spring 2012. Key objectives from this study were: to determine effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and cytokinin (CPPU) application with and without nitrogen (N) fertiliser application on pasture production, N concentration (%N), root biomass and potential reduction in N leaching from grazed pastures. Treatments (with five replicates) were: control, urea (40 kg N/ha), GA3 at two rates +/- urea, and CPPU at three rates +/- urea. Implications for grazed pasture and N leaching were modelled for a case study dairy farm. Application of GA3 alone showed a significant (P<0.05) rapid increase in dry matter (DM) production compared with the control between 5 and 29 days after application. The DM yields from GA3 alone were similar to those with urea-N alone and the effects of applying GA3 and urea-N together were additive. Application of CPPU showed no significant effect on pasture production. There were no treatment effects from either PGR on root biomass. The %N in herbage was significantly lower in the GA3 treated plots than the control, which would reduce urinary-N excretion under grazing. Preliminary modelling of data for a grazed pasture showed a potential reduction in annual urine-N leaching of 4-29%.
AN  - CABI:20153178122
AU  - Ghani, A.
AU  - Ledgard, S.
AU  - Wyatt, J.
AU  - Catto, W.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 177-182
ST  - Agronomic assessment of gibberellic acid and cytokinin plant growth regulators with nitrogen fertiliser application for increasing dry matter production and reducing the environmental footprint
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Agronomic assessment of gibberellic acid and cytokinin plant growth regulators with nitrogen fertiliser application for increasing dry matter production and reducing the environmental footprint
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178122
VL  - 76
ID  - 1325
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The on-farm use of lucerne (Medicago sativa) for grazing and conserved feed has increased in New Zealand over recent years, with new cultivars coming onto the market, including more winter-active ones. The extent to which the winter active types contribute to annual feed production, and the relationship to critical traits like persistence, has not been systematically tested. Two concurrent trials over a 4-year period were used to evaluate a range of lucerne cultivars and elite experimental populations ranging in dormancy from 2 (highly dormant) to 10 (non-dormant) under contrasting grazing regimes near Lincoln, New Zealand. More winter-active cultivars in the higher fall dormancy (FD) classes had similar growth to lower FD classes in all seasons except autumn, where they exhibited 18% greater yield than the lowest FD entry. However, these higher FD populations do not persist as well under heavy grazing, with a reduction in ground cover of up to 90% after four years, compared with only a 25% loss in lower FD classes. There was a negative correlation between FD and persistence measured as plant survival over 4 years (R2=0.73). However, one high FD entry showed increased survival under grazing, suggesting there is scope for selection of types with improved cool season growth and grazing tolerance. The concurrent lucerne trial subjected to a low-frequency grazing/cutting regime showed faster recovery from defoliation than the adjacent hard grazed regime, suggesting stored underground reserves were more available for regrowth. We concluded that lucerne cultivars with FD ratings in the 3 to 5 range are most suitable for yield and persistence under grazing in these conditions. There is also scope for breeding to improve plant survival and dry matter yield within FD class.
AN  - CABI:20153178112
AU  - Harvey, B. M.
AU  - Widdup, K. H.
AU  - Barrett, B. A.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 111-116
ST  - An evaluation of lucerne for persistence under grazing in New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - An evaluation of lucerne for persistence under grazing in New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178112
VL  - 76
ID  - 1315
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - It is useful to gain an estimate of herbage biomass when feed budgeting. However, none of the tools that are available to estimate biomass (e.g., the rising plate meter (RPM) or capacitance probe (CP)) have been tested on popular forage herbs, such as chicory or plantain. We tested the hypothesis that RPM and CP could be used to estimate biomass of first year pure chicory and plantain swards with accuracy at least as great as for ryegrass-based pasture. In two summer experiments at different locations in the Waikato, RPM, CP and uncompressed sward height (SH) readings were taken throughout regrowth within 0.2 m2 quadrats in chicory and plantain swards, and ryegrass-based pasture. The herbage was then cut to ground level and oven-dried to estimate biomass. Linear equations relating biomass to mean readings were generated for each method, both within each experiment and as pooled datasets. In ryegrass-based pasture, the correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.73, 0.43 and 0.51 for RPM, CP and SH, respectively. For chicory swards, the pooled correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.73, 0.73 and 0.81 for RPM, CP and SH, respectively, while for plantain swards the R2 were 0.70, 0.59 and 0.68 for RPM, CP and SH, respectively. This led to the conclusion that the RPM was a suitable tool for the estimation of biomass in pure chicory or plantain swards as it had similar accuracy to calibration equations for ryegrass-based pasture. Farmers, at least in the Waikato, can estimate first year chicory or plantain biomass through the summer and autumn period using the following equations: Chicory biomass (kg DM/ha)=86 * RPM reading+235, or=0.64 * CP reading+437, or=94 * SH-190. Plantain biomass (kg DM/ha)=94 * RPM reading+455.
AN  - CABI:20153178106
AU  - Haultain, J.
AU  - Wigley, K.
AU  - Lee, J. M.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
3
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 67-74
ST  - Rising plate meters and a capacitance probe estimate the biomass of chicory and plantain monocultures with similar accuracy as for ryegrass-based pasture
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Rising plate meters and a capacitance probe estimate the biomass of chicory and plantain monocultures with similar accuracy as for ryegrass-based pasture
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178106
VL  - 76
ID  - 1309
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are increasing globally and affect plant growth and development. Time to flowering, commonly referred to as heading date, has been identified as a key indicator of the quality and nutritional value of ryegrass. Recent research on annual grasses indicates that elevated CO2 levels can delay heading date, however significant data for perennial ryegrass is lacking. We exposed currently available ryegrass cultivars to the CO2 concentration expected in 2050 (500 ppm) and found significant changes in heading date with delays and advances of up to 10 days. Over all the cultivars the breadth of heading date was more than doubled, offering potentially new possibilities for cultivar choice for specific environments and systems.
AN  - CABI:20153178129
AU  - Maw, B. R.
AU  - Jones, C. S.
AU  - Newton, P. C. D.
AU  - Hatier, J. H. B.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 217-220
ST  - Elevated atmospheric CO2 alters heading date of perennial ryegrass
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Elevated atmospheric CO2 alters heading date of perennial ryegrass
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178129
VL  - 76
ID  - 1332
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Naturalised annual clover (NAC) species (suckling clover, cluster clover, striated clover, and haresfoot clover) are commonly present to locally abundant in summer dry hill and high country areas where white and subterranean (sub) clover abundance is limited. This field trial investigated NAC species dry matter production and seedling regeneration compared to white and sub clover. Autumn seedling recruitment was measured in response to low (75 kg/ha) or high (200 kg/ha) superphosphate (SP) application. Over two growing seasons, NAC species contributed >90% to pasture legume content while white and sub clover contributed <10%. Striated, suckling, and cluster clovers showed greater recruitment under low SP with 996, 978, and 227 seedlings/m2 respectively compared to high SP with 635, 466, and 123 seedlings/m2 respectively. Collectively, NAC species were superior to white and sub clover on north-facing slopes. Spreading NAC species seed via livestock dung dispersal and aerial broadcasting would further increase their contribution to total pasture DM and nitrogen input.
AN  - CABI:20153178113
AU  - Maxwell, T. M. R.
AU  - Moir, J. L.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Edwards, Grant/E-8216-2018; Moir, Jim/F-1232-2018
Edwards, Grant/0000-0003-4165-007X; Moir, Jim/0000-0001-6677-3901
0
1
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 117-124
ST  - Productivity and seedling recruitment of naturalised annual clovers versus sown clovers Trifolium repens and Trifolium subterraneum
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Productivity and seedling recruitment of naturalised annual clovers versus sown clovers Trifolium repens and Trifolium subterraneum
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178113
VL  - 76
ID  - 1316
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Improved efficiency in growing and converting pasture into product is required to maintain New Zealand's competitive advantage in dairying. This study focused on two areas of grazing management, the first an assessment of the indicators leaf stage, pre-grazing yield and grazing residual. In summary, 49% of measured paddocks were grazed too soon based on leaf stage, 62% were grazed outside the recommended pre-grazing yield, and 48% of measured paddocks were not grazed to a desirable height. The second part of the study provided an insight into farmer decision making at an operational level of grazing management with three key components identified. These were: (1) The recruitment of paddocks into a grazing plan; (2) The shuffling of the paddock grazing sequence within the grazing plan; and (3) The management of individual grazing events before, during and after the event. An improved understanding by rural professionals of grazing management decision making would result in extension strategies which generate increased farmer engagement, adoption of grazing management technologies and improved onfarm productivity.
AN  - CABI:20153178107
AU  - McCarthy, S.
AU  - Hirst, C.
AU  - Donaghy, D.
AU  - Gray, D.
AU  - Wood, B.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 75-80
ST  - Opportunities to improve grazing management
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Opportunities to improve grazing management
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178107
VL  - 76
ID  - 1310
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A field experiment was conducted on a shallow soil (low plant available water holding capacity) at Lincoln (Canterbury, New Zealand) to compare the biomass production of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) under four different irrigation frequencies: (T1) replacing water use (WU) twice a week (replicating centre pivot rewetting frequencies); (T2) replacing WU fortnightly (replicating travelling irrigator); (T3) replacing WU every 3 weeks (replicating border dyke); (T4) nil irrigation (rain fed only). Soil water content was measured hourly at 0-30 cm depth and fortnightly at 0-150 cm depth. Plots were sown in March 2011 and defoliated on eight (ryegrass) and five to six (lucerne) occasions each season between September 2011 and May 2014. Annual biomass production during the first year was highest for ryegrass under each treatment because the lucerne crops were still establishing. During the second and third year of experimentation ryegrass yielded higher or similar to lucerne under the irrigated treatments (T1, T2 and T3). This was attributed to a decline in lucerne stands due to weed pressure. It is important to note that the ryegrass crop has received 250-700 kg N/ha per year depending on the irrigation treatment. Under dry conditions (T4) ryegrass yielded more than lucerne in both year 2 and 3. This result contrasts the literature and is attributed to the greater capacity of ryegrass to grow in cooler season and the stony sub-soil meaning lucerne received no summer yield advantage from its deep tap root.
AN  - CABI:20153178130
AU  - Michel, A. J.
AU  - Brown, H. E.
AU  - Teixeira, E. I.
AU  - Meenken, E. D.
AU  - Maley, S.
AU  - George, M. J.
AU  - Gillespie, R. N.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 2
Teixeira, Edmar/0000-0002-4835-0590
0
2
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 221-228
ST  - The production and water extraction of lucerne and ryegrass under different irrigation frequencies on a shallow soil
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The production and water extraction of lucerne and ryegrass under different irrigation frequencies on a shallow soil
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178130
VL  - 76
ID  - 1333
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - More than 11 cultivars of fodder beet are marketed to farmers, but with little refereed data on differences in potential yield. Trials were established in spring 2012 to evaluate the yield, dry matter content of bulbs, and proportion out of the ground of 13 beet cultivars, at four sites in the South Island. There were differences between cultivars for yield, field emergence, dry matter percentage (DM%) of the bulb, and percentage of the bulb out of the ground. The cultivars 'Enermax' (19.37 t dry matter/ha), 'Magnum' (18.98), 'Bangor' (17.83), 'Troya' (17.54) and 'Kyros' (17.39) were more productive than 'Brigadier' (14.00), which was similar to 'Feldherr' (15.15). There were no interactions between cultivar performance and site. These trials prove that the selection of cultivar has a large effect on the yield and profitability of fodder beet crops.
AN  - CABI:20153178116
AU  - Milne, G. D.
AU  - Direen, C.
AU  - Kitson, E.
AU  - Evans, P.
AU  - Cleland, R. G.
AU  - Treder, D.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 141-144
ST  - Performance of fodder beet cultivars in the South Island
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Performance of fodder beet cultivars in the South Island
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178116
VL  - 76
ID  - 1319
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Acid soil conditions and associated aluminium (Al) toxicity pose a serious impediment to legume establishment, persistence and productivity in high country. However, data that report soil exchangeable Al concentrations in response to lime applications are scarce. Three historical (3-8-year-old) lime trial soils were sampled for soil pH and exchangeable aluminium (Al). Soil pH ranged from 4.8 to 7.5, with exchangeable Al concentrations (CaCl2 extraction) of 0.2 to 24 mg Al/kg. Soil pH and exchangeable Al changed significantly when lime was applied, but the shape of the response differed between the three site locations. The soil pH changes (0-7.5 cm horizon) were 0.16, 0.10 and 0.20 pH units/t lime applied. Critical research needs to be conducted to investigate the key soil factors and mechanisms that result in Al toxicity in high country soils to enable development of mitigation strategies. On-farm decisions on lime rates and legume species suitability need to be based on soil pH and Al testing from individual farm blocks rather than using "rule of thumb" approaches.
AN  - CABI:20153178103
AU  - Moir, J. L.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Moir, Jim/F-1232-2018
Moir, Jim/0000-0001-6677-3901
1
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 41-46
ST  - Medium-term soil pH and exchangeable aluminium response to liming at three high country locations
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Medium-term soil pH and exchangeable aluminium response to liming at three high country locations
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178103
VL  - 76
ID  - 1305
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The potential for perennial lupins to underpin grass/legume pastures was the subject of a research programme for merino farmers in areas where more conventional legumes struggle to thrive. A previously uncultivated pasture on an acidic soil, (pH 5.0; Al=5 mg/kg), and dominated by browntop, sweet vernal and Kentucky bluegrass, was sprayed with herbicide, burnt and top-dressed with 3 t/ha lime on half the area in the autumn prior to direct drilling on 12 Dec 2012. A blue perennial lupin and a multi-coloured (Russell) lupin were sown at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 32 kg/ha and cocksfoot at 2 kg/ha. Yield at four months after sowing had increased with the lupin sowing rate; up to 5.5 t dry matter (DM)/ha at 32 kg seed/ha. The annual yield for the following growth season was greater than 10 t DM/ha with little response above 8 kg lupin seed/ha. There was a small but inconsistent response to the lime by the Russell lupin. Overall, lupin contributed 79% of annual yield and >90% of the spring yield at sowing rates >8 kg/ha. The sown cocksfoot and resident grasses showed a positive lime response at the lower lupin sowing rates.
AN  - CABI:20153178104
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Pollock, K. M.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 53-60
ST  - Perennial lupin establishment and yield when sown at five different rates at Glenmore Station, Lake Tekapo
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Perennial lupin establishment and yield when sown at five different rates at Glenmore Station, Lake Tekapo
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178104
VL  - 76
ID  - 1307
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - On pumice soils at Mamaku near Rotorua (initial quick test (QT) K 4) and Pouakani near Whakamaru (initial QT K 2), pasture yield responses to applications of 0, 75, 150, 300 and 600 kg K/ha/yr (all as three equal split applications) plus 300 kg K/ha/yr applied once in the spring were measured for 3 years. There was a significant total pasture dry matter (DM) response to up to 150 kg K/ha/yr at Mamaku in two and to 75 kg K/ha/yr in one of the first three years, but no significant difference (P<0.05) between 300 kg K/ha/yr applied once or as split applications. The contribution of clover to DM yield was increased significantly by up to 75 kg K/ha/yr in the second year and 150 kg K/ha/yr in the third year. In the fourth year when a common rate of 130 kg K/ha was applied to all of the K plots, there was a significant pasture and clover DM contribution response up to the previous 300 kg K/ha/yr at Mamaku. At Pouakani there was a significant pasture yield response to up to 300 kg K/ha/yr in the second and up to 75 kg K/ha/yr in the third year. There was no significant difference in pasture yield between a single spring application and three split applications of 300 kg K/ha/yr. Clover contribution to DM yield was increased significantly by up to 300 kg K/ha/yr in all of the first three years. In the fourth year, there was no significant difference in pasture DM yield between previous K treatments, but a carryover effect on clover contribution to pasture DM yield. Pasture relative yield (RY) was lower than the average derived from other trials on pumice soils at the same soil QT K levels and near maximum pasture yield (97% RY) was achieved at a lower soil QT K level (3-4) for these sites than for the overall average (5). It was concluded that at these low QT K levels, high rates of K are required for maximum pasture production on pumice soils but these may not be economic. These higher rates of K increased soil QT K levels above the target range for near-maximum pasture production (7-10) at the end of the growth season, only for it to drop to below this range by the next spring because of high winter leaching rates. Therefore on those pumice soils where it is difficult to achieve the target range for soil QT K, it is recommended that K be applied at least three times in a growth season to ensure an adequate supply from fertiliser.
AN  - CABI:20153178125
AU  - Morton, J.
AU  - Stafford, A.
AU  - Hawke, M.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 193-196
ST  - Potassium requirements of pasture on pumice soils
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Potassium requirements of pasture on pumice soils
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178125
VL  - 76
ID  - 1328
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Strategies to reduce the economic and environmental costs of phosphate (P) fertiliser use in mixed pastures through plant breeding are focussed on inefficiencies in the legume component. One approach is breeding within white clover for root systems with improved P acquisition properties. Selection for root length per unit root weight (specific root length, SRL) showed that higher SRL plants could retain more biomass in the above ground fraction with decreasing soil P, whereas plants with lower SRL diverted more biomass to roots. Back cross 1 (BC1) generation interspecific hybrids between white clover and a wild relative, Trifolium uniflorum L., may possess additional root traits influencing P acquisition. In glasshouse experiments, some T. repens * T. uniflorum hybrids, back-crossed to white clover, also exhibited higher shoot dry weight than their white clover cultivar parents at low nutrient supply levels and low to intermediate soil Olsen P. This, combined with low internal P concentrations, suggests some BC1 hybrids may be more tolerant of low soil P than white clover. Differences in both P acquisition ability and internal P use efficiency may contribute to the observed yield differences. There are good prospects for delivery of new-generation clover cultivars with improved phosphate use efficiency to New Zealand farmers.
AN  - CABI:20153178126
AU  - Nichols, S. N.
AU  - Crush, J. R.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 197-202
ST  - Novel approaches to improving growth of pasture legumes at low phosphorus levels
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Novel approaches to improving growth of pasture legumes at low phosphorus levels
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178126
VL  - 76
ID  - 1329
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Management of late spring surpluses to restrict reproductive growth can increase the quality of hillcountry pastures during summer and autumn. This occurs through a reduction in accumulated stem and dead material and an increase in clover content. However, there is little information on the magnitude and longevity of these effects. This trial investigated the effects of four late spring defoliation intensities on herbage quality, measured at the end of spring and during summer. Treatments were applied through regular cutting of hill pastures in areas of medium fertility and slope on two aspects in each of four geo-climatically different hill-farming regions over two years. Pasture herbage quality at the end of spring followed expected trends: defoliation to low residual pasture height led to higher quality herbage. The maximum difference in quality between the lowest cutting height and nil cutting at this time was nearly 2 MJME/kg DM. With a change to uniform cutting height across all plots in early summer, these pasture quality differences reduced and disappeared.
AN  - CABI:20153178117
AU  - Rennie, G. M.
AU  - King, W. M.
AU  - Knight, T. L.
AU  - Devantier, B.
AU  - Hoogendoorn, C. J.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 145-148
ST  - Improving summer and autumn feed quality in New Zealand hill country
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Improving summer and autumn feed quality in New Zealand hill country
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178117
VL  - 76
ID  - 1320
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The effect of grazing date and time of spraying with a glyphosate/atrazine herbicide combination on a three-year-old lucerne stand was studied on-farm in Central Otago. Total annual dry matter (DM) yield was highest in the weedy unsprayed control (14.8 t DM/ha) and lowest in the crop sprayed on 18 September (10.1 t DM/ha). However, lucerne DM yield was highest from the 3 July and 22 August spray treatments (11.40.39 t DM/ha) and lowest in the unsprayed control at 7.7 t DM/ha. Phytotoxicity symptoms of glyphosate on the lucerne tended to be limited to crops sprayed on 18 September. To maximise yield, a winter clean-up grazing (June) followed by a winter herbicide application (July/August) when lucerne was approximately 3 cm high and with <100 kg DM/ha was required. After this, grazing earlier than October should be avoided as a September grazing resulted in a lucerne yield of about 1.0 t DM/ha less than grazing in October and November. Spring lucerne production was delayed by spraying in September. None of the spray treatments killed the crop, but they all reduced weed content from about 40% to <1%.
AN  - CABI:20153178109
AU  - Roux, M.
AU  - Leask, S. K.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 89-96
ST  - Yield and composition of lucerne stands in Central Otago after different winter grazing and weed control treatments
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Yield and composition of lucerne stands in Central Otago after different winter grazing and weed control treatments
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178109
VL  - 76
ID  - 1312
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Lupinus polyphyllus plants were heavily nodulated at 10 field sites sampled across the South Island. Twenty-two bacterial isolates from these nodules formed functional nodules on L. polyphyllus indicating that rhizobia that nodulate L. polyphyllus were present across a wide range of sites in the South Island. Gene sequences identified all 22 isolates and the Group G commercial inoculant as Bradyrhizobium. Eleven isolates and the Group G inoculant were tested for their effectiveness on growth of L. polyphyllus plants in a high country soil in a glasshouse. All plants nodulated regardless of inoculum treatment but there was variability in effectiveness. This suggests that it may be beneficial to use a rhizobial inoculant for high country soils, but further work is required before a recommendation can be made.
AN  - CABI:20153178105
AU  - Ryan-Salter, T. P.
AU  - Black, A. D.
AU  - Andrews, M.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 3
0
3
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 61-66
ST  - Identification and effectiveness of rhizobial strains that nodulate Lupinus polyphyllus
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Identification and effectiveness of rhizobial strains that nodulate Lupinus polyphyllus
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178105
VL  - 76
ID  - 1308
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In two trials near Lake Tekapo, one started from sown binary mixtures of 14 different legumes, of which Lupinus polyphyllus was one, was cross sown with 16 different grasses, while in the other trial L. polyphyllus and Trifolium hybridum were over-drilled across established swards of previous 25 different grass and legume species. In both L. polyphyllus persisted, increased and spread by seeding in the presence of repeated mob grazing by sheep to become the dominant species over two decades.
AN  - CABI:20153178530
AU  - Scott, D.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 47-52
ST  - The rise to dominance over two decades of Lupinus polyphyllus among pasture mixtures in tussock grassland trials
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The rise to dominance over two decades of Lupinus polyphyllus among pasture mixtures in tussock grassland trials
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178530
VL  - 76
ID  - 1306
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Two field trials were commenced in September 2000 on newly sown irrigated lucerne near Tarras in Central Otago. The first trial measured the effects of phosphorus (P) (0, 30, 60, 120 kg P/ha) and potassium (K) (0, 50, 100, 200 kg K/ha) fertiliser applications while the second trial determined nitrogen (N) requirements for lucerne establishment. Initial soil test levels (0-75 mm) were pH 5.6, Olsen P 15 g/ml; quicktest (QT) K 6 and sodium tetra-phenol-boron extractable K (TBK) 3.1. Lucerne production averaged 9.5 t dry matter (DM)/ha in the establishment year, 15.6 t DM/ha in Year 2 and 14.8 t DM/ha in Year 3. There were no annual DM responses to any of the three fertilisers applied regardless of the rate of application. Despite the control mean annual herbage P concentrations being within the optimum range of 0.20-0.25% the application of P fertiliser significantly increased the P concentrations (P<0.001) in Years 1 and 2. The herbage K concentrations were above required concentrations (1.5-1.8%) for all harvests, and were only affected by K fertiliser application in Year 3. The lucerne crop removed between 300 and 600 kg N/ha/year, 230 to 300 kg K/ha/year and 25 to 40 kg P/ha/year. Biological N fixation appears to be replacing the N removed as the lucerne did not respond to applied N and the soil N levels were maintained throughout the 3 years. The removal of nutrients such as P and K, to a greater level than fertiliser applied, under a hay regime has implications for the longevity of the stand. This is highlighted for P on the 0P plots with the soil Olsen P levels dropping to <8 g/ml for the 0-75 mm soil layer and <5 g/ml for the 0-150 mm soil layer by the third year. Potassium reserves in the soil also declined, highlighting slow depletion under hay cropping. It would appear that 0-75 mm Olsen P levels of at least 12-15 g/ml and 0-150 mm Olsen P levels of 10-12 g/ml are required for optimum production (95% of maximum) at this site. Regular monitoring of soil and plant nutrient levels is recommended to ensure fertiliser inputs are sufficient to maintain maximum production.
AN  - CABI:20153178110
AU  - Smith, L. C.
AU  - Trainor, K. D.
AU  - Morton, J. D.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 97-104
ST  - Nutrient requirements for irrigated lucerne in Central Otago
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Nutrient requirements for irrigated lucerne in Central Otago
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178110
VL  - 76
ID  - 1313
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Central Otago (New Zealand) and the associated high country of the Lakes district and McKenzie basin can be divided into three farming types. These are the valley floor irrigable type, the flat and downland dryland regions, and the high country. This paper discusses the challenges for each farming type, which are at times unique, but often overlap with problems faced in other regions. Irrigation, land use change and water quality are significant challenges for the valley floor irrigable area. For the low altitude dryland country, the challenge is how to extract the most value out of the limited amount of available water and how farms can return to profitability. The low productivity of its acidic soils is a major challenge in the high country.
AN  - CABI:20153178100
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Garden, J. P.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 25-28
ST  - Challenges facing the farmers of Central Otago
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Challenges facing the farmers of Central Otago
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178100
VL  - 76
ID  - 1302
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Tussock hill and high country is a finite resource. Farmers are developing these areas to increase production but often at the expense of tussock which provides shelter for stock, increases biodiversity and captures moisture in dry environments. An experiment at a single hill country site near Roxburgh, Otago was established on oversown tussock with soil of low pH (5.1) and high soluble aluminium (15 ppm) to compare the use of capital lime (0-5 t/ha), annual and capital superphosphate (0-1000 kg/ha) and annual nitrogen (N) fertiliser inputs (0-150 kg/ha) over 4 years to investigate the potential of different fertiliser strategies to increase economic returns. Annual yield of the Control without fertiliser was approximately 3200 kg DM/ha/annum, which may support an estimated stocking rate of 6 ewes/ha during the growing season. Using lime did not increase the pasture production or stocking rate, though even small amounts increased pasture quality. Use of phosphate and sulphur increased the stocking rate to approximately 9 ewes/ha, while adding N fertiliser increased potential stocking rate to approximately 12 ewes/ha. These increases were a combination of increased pasture production and increased pasture quality. A combination of phosphate, sulphur, lime and nitrogen provided a potential net increase in gross margin of $200/ha. This cost benefit analysis suggests that regular use of N fertiliser along with other known fertiliser requirements may be a very cost effective way of increasing hill country production without resorting to full scale tussock development.
AN  - CABI:20153178118
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Thompson, B. R.
AU  - Catto, W. D.
AU  - Trainor, K. D.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 149-154
ST  - Is nitrogen fertiliser an economic option in tussock hill country?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Is nitrogen fertiliser an economic option in tussock hill country?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178118
VL  - 76
ID  - 1321
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A trial was conducted on non-cultivable hill country (>20° slope) at four sites to determine the effect of seed mixture (grass+legume+herb vs legume) and sowing time (spring vs autumn) on plant establishment. Sites were in Canterbury (1 site), Hawke's Bay (2) and Waikato (1) on north and south aspects and differed predominantly in climate. In the first spring after sowing (12 months after spring sowing; 6 months after autumn sowing), sown legume and total sown species contributions (% of total dry matter (DM)) were: greater in the grass+legume+herb than legume mixtures; greater when sown in spring than autumn (15 vs 7% for sown legumes and 41 vs 21% for total sown species); and similar on north and south aspects. Sown grass contribution was greater from autumn than spring sowing (79 vs 65%) while sown herb contribution was greater from spring than autumn sowing (15 vs 1%), but both were similar across aspects. The contribution of unsown species was high, averaging 59% in springsown swards and 78% in autumn-sown swards. There was no effect of seed mixture or sowing time on DM production in spring (September-November; averaging 2660 kg DM/ha in Canterbury and 5080 kg DM/ha at a Hawke's Bay summer-moist site). However, DM production was greater in spring- than autumn-sown swards in summer at both sites (December-February; Canterbury: 1980 vs 1520 kg DM/ha; Hawke's Bay: 3980 vs 2670 kg DM/ha). In a wet year, broadcasting seed during spring rather than autumn is likely to result in the highest early DM production and contribution of sown species (sown grasses, legumes and herbs) in the sward. The high unsown species contribution emphasises the importance of dealing with the seed bank before establishment, especially when sowing in autumn.
AN  - CABI:20153178119
AU  - Tozer, K. N.
AU  - Douglas, G. B.
AU  - Moss, R. A.
AU  - Rennie, G. M.
AU  - Knight, T. L.
AU  - Fraser, T. J.
AU  - Cameron, C. A.
AU  - Muir, P. D.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 155-162
ST  - Early performance of oversown pasture mixtures on non-cultivable hill country at four geo-climatically different sites
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Early performance of oversown pasture mixtures on non-cultivable hill country at four geo-climatically different sites
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178119
VL  - 76
ID  - 1322
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Dairy farms are under pressure to increase productivity while reducing environmental impacts. Effective fertiliser management practices are critical to achieve this. We investigated the effects of N fertiliser management on pasture production and modelled N losses, either via direct leaching of fertiliser N, or indirectly through N uptake and subsequent excretion via dairy cow grazing. The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) was first tested with experimental data from fertiliser response experiments conducted on a well-drained soil in the Waikato region of New Zealand. The model was then used in a 20-year simulation to investigate the effect of fertiliser management on pasture response and the impacts on potential leaching losses. The risk of direct leaching from applied fertiliser was generally low, but at an annual rate of 220 kg N/ha exceeded that from urine patches in one out of 10 years. The main effect of N fertiliser on leaching risk was indirect via the urine patch by providing higher pasture yields and N concentrations. Best management practices could include identification of high risk periods based on environmental conditions (e.g. soil moisture, plant growth), avoidance of fertiliser applications in these periods and the use of duration controlled grazing (DCG) to prevent excreta deposition onto the grazing area during critical times.
AN  - CABI:20153178128
AU  - Vogeler, I.
AU  - Shepherd, M.
AU  - Lucci, G.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 211-216
ST  - Effects of fertiliser nitrogen management on nitrate leaching risk from grazed dairy pasture
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effects of fertiliser nitrogen management on nitrate leaching risk from grazed dairy pasture
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178128
VL  - 76
ID  - 1331
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A single site, single year replicated study in Canterbury investigated change in nutritive value and dry matter (DM) yield of four kale cultivars harvested monthly between May and September. The proportion of leaf relative to stem was significantly higher for an intermediate kale ('Regal') and short marrow-stem kale ('Kestrel') compared with two giant kales 'Gruner' and 'Rawera'. Late winter loss of leaf was greater for 'Gruner' and 'Rawera' compared with 'Regal' or 'Kestrel'. Whole plant DM% remained stable through winter (average 11.9%). Lower stem contained more DM than top stem or leaf. The DM% of 'Gruner' was significantly higher than other cultivars. 'Kestrel' contained significantly more megajoules of metabolisable energy than other kales. Energy content of leaf and top sections of stem averaged 2.5 MJME/kg DM more than lower stem. Dry matter yield peaked in June then declined monthly thereafter for giant kales 'Gruner' and 'Rawera', but not 'Regal' or 'Kestrel'. The use of intermediate and short marrow-stem kales 'Regal' and 'Kestrel' is one management option to improve the leafiness and whole plant energy content of late winter feed crops.
AN  - CABI:20153178115
AU  - Westwood, C. T.
AU  - Cutts, M. K.
AU  - Russell, R. J.
AU  - O'Brien, K. M.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 135-140
ST  - Effect of timing of harvest on nutritive value of four cultivars of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effect of timing of harvest on nutritive value of four cultivars of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178115
VL  - 76
ID  - 1318
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is valued for its contribution to pasture quality and utilisation by animals, compatibility with grass, and fixation of nitrogen. However, it is limited by poor adaptation to drought. Hybridisation with Trifolium uniflorum L. may have potential to improve the drought resistance of white clover. An experiment in a rain shelter facility with contrasting moisture treatments, and a field evaluation under dryland conditions, were used to compare the agronomic potential of these interspecific hybrids (ISH) with white clover in moisture limited conditions. In the rain shelter experiment, there were smaller effects of water stress on shoot dry weight (DW), leaf area, internode length and senescence of first backcross generation hybrids compared with white clover and second backcross generation hybrids. Differences in photosynthetic responses were possibly influenced by the effect of root DW allocation on water uptake. In the field evaluation, growth scores of a wider range of hybrid families during summer moisture stress concurred with the results under water stress in the rain shelter. Growth of some ISH families outperformed the best white clover cultivars, particularly in the third and most stressful summer and this result was a key performance indicator of the value of the hybrids for drought prone areas. These findings using early, unselected, hybrid populations indicate the potential for further selection of elite, adapted cultivars from ISH breeding strategies.
AN  - CABI:20153178123
AU  - Widdup, K.
AU  - Nichols, S.
AU  - Williams, W.
AU  - Verry, I.
AU  - Harvey, B.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 183-188
ST  - Adaptation of Trifolium repens * T. uniflorum hybrid clovers to drought stress
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Adaptation of Trifolium repens * T. uniflorum hybrid clovers to drought stress
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178123
VL  - 76
ID  - 1326
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Plant breeding has manipulated the flowering behaviour of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) by developing later-heading cultivars. However, the impacts of breeding on the intensity and temporal distribution of flowering are not known. This study compared the reproductive development of 23 perennial ryegrass cultivar/endophyte combinations. In the Waikato and Canterbury, two replicate plots were closed from grazing and tillers were collected every two weeks over a 10-week period during late spring and early summer. Plant development stage was determined for each tiller using a quantitative scale, which was then used to calculate the mean stage count of each cultivar. The rate and timing of reproductive development differed among cultivars. Mid-maturing cultivars matured earlier at both sites compared with late- and very late-maturing cultivars. While the intensity of flowering was similar between maturity groups, the temporal distribution of flowering varied: the late- and very late-maturing cultivars had lower proportions of reproductive tillers early in the season.
AN  - CABI:20153178124
AU  - Wims, C. M.
AU  - Lee, J. M.
AU  - Rossi, L.
AU  - Chapman, D. F.
DA  - 2014
N1  - Times Cited: 4
0
4
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 189-192
ST  - Variation in the reproductive development of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Variation in the reproductive development of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20153178124
VL  - 76
ID  - 1327
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Recent work which genotypically characterised rhizobia of native, crop and weed legumes in New Zealand and examined their cross-nodulation ability is reviewed and related to earlier work with focus on New Zealand pasture systems. The New Zealand native legumes were exclusively effectively nodulated by novel strains of Mesorhizobium which did not nodulate crop or weed legumes. Clovers, lucerne, Lotus and grain legumes were effectively nodulated by different genera, species and biovars of rhizobia primarily originating from inoculum. Rhizobial symbionts of white clover have established over wide areas in New Zealand. Weed legumes are effectively nodulated by different genera/species of rhizobia depending on species. Bradyrhizobia that cross-nodulate lupins, gorse, European broom and tagasaste are widespread in New Zealand.
AN  - CABI:20163056602
AU  - Andrews, M.
AU  - Jack, D.
AU  - Dash, D.
AU  - Brown, S.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 281-286
ST  - Which rhizobia nodulate which legumes in New Zealand soils?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Which rhizobia nodulate which legumes in New Zealand soils?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056602
VL  - 77
ID  - 1300
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This paper quantifies the effect of inoculation and lime on lucerne growth and nitrogen fixation over the establishment and following season. The field experiment at Ashley Dene, in Canterbury, had an initial soil pH of 5.2 and moderate exchangeable aluminium content (4.2 mg/kg). The 15N natural abundance (delta15N) method was used to quantify nitrogen fixation. The pH of the top-soil was increased to ca. 5.5 and the Al content was decreased to 2.0 and 1.3 mg/kg soil by the application of 1 and 2 t lime/ha, respectively. In Year 0 the dry matter yield increased from 3 to 4 t DM/ha with the addition of 2 t lime/ha. The nitrogen content of lucerne plants was 2.2% (w/w), and was unaffected by inoculant or lime in Year 0. Similarly, the delta15N was 0.81 per mil and unaffected by inoculant or lime. In Year 1, the N percentage of inoculated lucerne plants was 4.2% (w/w) compared with 3.6% in uninoculated plants. The delta15N value was 0.81 per mil in uninoculated plants compared with -0.23 per mil in inoculated lucerne plants. The inoculated lucerne yielded 7.8 t DM/ha compared with 2.4 t DM/ha when uninoculated. The calculated proportion of legume N derived from atmospheric N2 (%Ndfa) estimated that 70% of the nitrogen content in the inoculated lucerne shoots was derived from nitrogen-fixation in Year 1. There was no effect of lime on lucerne DM, or delta15N values in Year 1. This suggests lucerne rhizobia tolerated moderate levels of Al in acidic soils. The application of lime and inoculant are therefore recommended for lucerne, particularly in areas where there is no history of lucerne. The available soil N was sufficient to meet crop demand in the establishing year. Lucerne was then reliant on biological nitrogen fixation for yield in Year 1 which suggests lucerne preferentially used soil available N in Year 0, before commencing N fixation.
AN  - CABI:20163056578
AU  - Berenji, S.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Moir, J. L.
AU  - Ridgway, H. J.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Moir, Jim/F-1232-2018
Moir, Jim/0000-0001-6677-3901
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 109-116
ST  - Lucerne dry matter and N-fixation, when sown with or without lime and inoculant
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Lucerne dry matter and N-fixation, when sown with or without lime and inoculant
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056578
VL  - 77
ID  - 1276
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Paddock selection is an important component of grazing management and is based on either some estimate of pasture mass (cover) or the interval since last grazing for each paddock. Obtaining estimates of cover to guide grazing management can be a time consuming task. A value proposition could assist farmers in deciding whether to invest resources in obtaining such information. A farm-scale simulation exercise was designed to estimate the effect of three levels of knowledge of individual paddock cover on profitability: (1) "perfect knowledge", where cover per paddock is known with perfect accuracy, (2) "imperfect knowledge", where cover per paddock is estimated with an average error of 15%, (3) "low knowledge", where cover is not known, and paddocks are selected based on longest time since last grazing. Grazing management based on imperfect knowledge increased farm operating profit by approximately $385/ha compared with low knowledge, while perfect knowledge added a further $140/ha. The main driver of these results is the level of accuracy in daily feed allocation, which increases with improving knowledge of pasture availability. This allows feed supply and demand to be better matched, resulting in less incidence of under- and over-feeding, higher milk production, and more optimal post-grazing residuals to maximise pasture regrowth.
AN  - CABI:20163056564
AU  - Beukes, P. C.
AU  - McCarthy, S.
AU  - Wims, C. M.
AU  - Romera, A. J.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 29-34
ST  - Regular estimates of paddock pasture mass can improve profitability on New Zealand dairy farms
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Regular estimates of paddock pasture mass can improve profitability on New Zealand dairy farms
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056564
VL  - 77
ID  - 1262
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Effects of tall fescue cultivar ('Advance' and 'Flecha') and clover species (white and subterranean (sub) clovers) combinations on pasture dry matter (DM) and sheep production were assessed in years four (2011/12), five (2012/13) and six (2013/14) after establishment in dryland, Canterbury. 'Advance' pastures yielded less total herbage than 'Flecha' pastures (13.9 cf. 16.5 t DM/ha) but more fescue (8.6 cf. 5.9 t DM/ha) and 2.1 t DM/ha clover in year four, 13.5 t DM/ha total herbage with more fescue (8.0 cf. 4.1 t DM/ha) and 1.9 t DM/ha clover in year five, and 11.7 t DM/ha total herbage, 5.4 t DM/ha fescue and 0.8 t DM/ha clover in year six. Sub clover pastures yielded more total, fescue and clover herbage (16.9, 8.8 and 3.2 t DM/ha) than white clover pastures (13.5, 5.7 and 1.0 t DM/ha) in year four, more fescue in year five (7.2 cf. 4.9 t DM/ha), and more clover in year six (1.2 cf. 0.3 t DM/ha). Sheep liveweight gain was greater for sub than white clover pastures in year four (939 cf. 431 kg/ha) and five (697 cf. 481 kg/ha) and 689 kg/ha in year six. Therefore, sub clover and 'Advance' were generally more productive than white clover and 'Flecha', but both fescues showed similar persistence after 6 years.
AN  - CABI:20163056579
AU  - Black, A. D.
AU  - Moir, J. L.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Moir, Jim/F-1232-2018
Moir, Jim/0000-0001-6677-3901
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 117-122
ST  - Dry matter and sheep production of four dryland tall fescue-clover pastures 4-6 years after establishment
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Dry matter and sheep production of four dryland tall fescue-clover pastures 4-6 years after establishment
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056579
VL  - 77
ID  - 1277
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Persistence of herbage yield is an important productivity trait of grass species and cultivars in New Zealand pastures. However, relatively little is known about genetic variation in this trait, principally because few studies comparing yield have continued beyond 3 years. This paper reports results from a comparison of 25 perennial ryegrass cultivars representing a wide range of functional types and genetic backgrounds conducted under sheep grazing in a summer-dry environment. Dry matter (DM) yield was measured for the first 3 years after sowing, then again in years seven and eight post-sowing, and in year ten post-sowing. Endophyte DNA fingerprinting conducted mid-way through year seven confirmed that, with one exception, ryegrass populations remained true-to-type in the cultivars sown with novel endophyte strains. The cultivar effect on DM yield was statistically significant in all measurement periods. Differences in yields among cultivars in years seven and eight were significantly and positively correlated with yield differences in years one to three (r=0.685 to 0.831 depending on which year contrasts were used). Thus, high-performing cultivars in the early years of the trial were also generally high-performing cultivars in years seven and eight, and vice-versa, indicating a high degree of yield stability in perennial ryegrass cultivars. Yield differences did not appear to be related to differences in cultivar heading date, ploidy, endophyte status, or genetic background. The relationship between yield in year ten and yields in years one to three was much weaker (r=0.392) than the relationship in years seven and eight. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
AN  - CABI:20163056588
AU  - Chapman, D. F.
AU  - Muir, P. D.
AU  - Faville, M. J.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 177-184
ST  - Persistence of dry matter yield among New Zealand perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars: insights from a long-term data set
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Persistence of dry matter yield among New Zealand perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars: insights from a long-term data set
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056588
VL  - 77
ID  - 1286
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The effect of perennial ryegrass sowing date on dry matter (DM) yield and endophyte presence in the resultant pasture was investigated in 2014. 'Trojan' perennial ryegrass with NEA2 endophyte was sown on three separate occasions (20 February, 20 March and 27 April 2014) into a Kaipaki peat loam soil in a replicated plot trial on a dairy farm near Cambridge, Waikato. The first two sowings were in dry conditions and neither showed any sign of germination until after 45 mm of rainfall on 4 April (43 days and 15 days after sowing, respectively). Endophyte infection in established plots was measured on 17 December 2014. Yield was also measured from sowing until no difference was seen between treatments, in October 2014. Percentage endophyte infection was not affected by sowing date. Establishment was significantly faster in the February and March sowings, prior to rain, and these produced ca. 2 t DM/ha more than the April sowing giving an estimated total profit advantage of $646/ha.
AN  - CABI:20163056597
AU  - Corkran, J. R.
AU  - Henson, W. E. J.
AU  - Kerr, G. A.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 245-250
ST  - The effect of perennial ryegrass sowing date on endophyte presence and dry matter yield
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The effect of perennial ryegrass sowing date on endophyte presence and dry matter yield
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056597
VL  - 77
ID  - 1295
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - High-sugar perennial ryegrass cultivars (HSG) selected for higher concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate may enhance animal production and reduce emissions of methane and nitrogen. Assessing the effects on economic output and environmental footprint is most robust when related to production per unit of land. Average daily gain (ADG) and liveweight gain per hectare (LWG/ha) of sheep grazing a high-sugar perennial ryegrass cultivar, a diploid perennial ryegrass and a tetraploid perennial ryegrass were compared during measurement periods conducted in spring (84 days duration), autumn (99 days) and late spring-summer (160 days). Continuous variable stocking was used, and stocking rate adjusted to maintain a target sward surface height of 6 cm. Average daily gain was higher (P=0.003) on the HSG than on either control in late spring-summer and higher on the tetraploid control than on the HSG or the diploid control in autumn (P=0.04), but the higher ADGs did not translate to significantly higher LWG/ha. These results can inform farmers on cultivar choice and support analysis of methane and nitrogen emissions on an intensity basis for inventory and regulatory purposes.
AN  - CABI:20163056580
AU  - Cosgrove, G. P.
AU  - Taylor, P. S.
AU  - Jonker, A.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 123-130
ST  - Sheep performance on perennial ryegrass cultivars differing in concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Sheep performance on perennial ryegrass cultivars differing in concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056580
VL  - 77
ID  - 1278
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Many farmers are sowing mixed swards containing chicory (Cichorium intybus), plantain (Plantago lanceolata), red clover (Trifolium pratense) and white clover (T. repens) (hereafter termed herb and clover mix). This herb and clover mix has comparable annual dry matter (DM) production to perennial ryegrass white clover pasture (rye/wc), however, it has a different pattern of growth, producing more DM during summer and autumn. The herb and clover mix also has a higher nutritive value and is able to support greater rates of animal production, especially over summer, than rye/wc in both sheep and cattle. The herb and clover mix is most suited to a rotational grazing interval of 3-4 weeks to an 8 cm residual height, with no winter grazing. When managed appropriately the herb and clover mix is able to persist for at least 2 years and up to 5 years under both sheep and cattle grazing.
AN  - CABI:20163056575
AU  - Cranston, L. M.
AU  - Kenyon, P. R.
AU  - Morris, S. T.
AU  - Kemp, P. D.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 89-94
ST  - A review of the use of chicory, plantain, red clover and white clover in a sward mix for increased sheep and beef production
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - A review of the use of chicory, plantain, red clover and white clover in a sward mix for increased sheep and beef production
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056575
VL  - 77
ID  - 1273
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This paper explores four measures to optimize pasture production in uncultivatable hill county by taking the case of New Zealand. The measures explored include: (i) hand sowing; (ii) hoof and tooth, wherein seed was broadcasted by helicopter and sheep trample the area to enhance germination; (iii) spray and pray, which was motivated to get rid of cocksfoot; and (iv) use of other innovations and new species.
AN  - CABI:20163056569
AU  - Daniell, D.
AU  - Buckley, S.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 57-60
ST  - How to optimise pasture production off uncultivatable hill country
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - How to optimise pasture production off uncultivatable hill country
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056569
VL  - 77
ID  - 1267
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Spatial variation in pasture yield within a single paddock can be high. Measuring this variation has many potential benefits. For instance, cost-effective targeted treatments could be applied to low yielding areas resulting in increased pasture yield at a paddock scale with minimal cost. Understanding pasture yield variation requires tools that can measure it, and practical methodologies to guide how and when to use these tools to obtain useful data. The study reported here aimed to develop measurement protocols for using the C-Dax pasture meter to map yields of rotationally grazed pastures. The general principles should be applicable to other measurement tools. The pattern of pasture yield varies throughout the year. Because growing conditions change with the seasons, areas of a paddock that perform well in summer may perform poorly in winter, and vice-versa. Time of year is therefore an important consideration for measurement purposes. The recommended protocol developed from this project to estimate the spatial variation in annual yield on a paddock is to: * map 1 month following peak pasture growth rates; * drive at up to 50 m run spacings, but close enough to cover all features of interest; and * map as close to the grazing event as possible within the final third of the regrowth period.
AN  - CABI:20163056566
AU  - Dennis, S. J.
AU  - Taylor, A. L.
AU  - O'Neill, K.
AU  - Clarke-Hill, W.
AU  - Dynes, R. A.
AU  - Cox, N.
AU  - Koten, C. van
AU  - Jowett, T. W. D.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 41-46
ST  - Pasture yield mapping: why & how
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Pasture yield mapping: why & how
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056566
VL  - 77
ID  - 1264
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Development of manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) and gorse (Ulex europaeus) is a widespread problem on pastoral hill country and is associated with reduced fertiliser inputs and grazing pressures. Using manuka as a source for specialty products offers a potentially new, profitable enterprise alongside livestock and forestry. However, there is a lack of quantitative information on the optimum soil nutrient status and associated fertiliser programme to encourage presence and growth of this species. In a survey across 324 grazed sites, manuka had greatest presence on steep slopes (>25°) and soils with Olsen P<10 g/ml. Manuka presence was three times greater on steep than medium slopes (13-25°) and 12 times greater than on low slopes (<13°). Annual fertiliser inputs did not appear to change this outcome provided Olsen P remained low. Manuka was virtually absent where Olsen P approached 50 g/ml. At other grazed sites, manuka and gorse were most likely to occur where Olsen P was <15 g/ml. This study provided insights to underpin a set of nutrient guidelines for manuka under grazing conditions to maximise its establishment and growth. It remains to be determined what the optimum Olsen P level is for this plant when managed in regimes without grazing and treading pressure.
AN  - CABI:20163056596
AU  - Douglas, G. B.
AU  - Mackay, A. D.
AU  - Dodd, M. B.
AU  - Lloyd-West, C. M.
AU  - Gray, R. A. J.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 239-244
ST  - Factors determining shrub abundance on uncultivable hill country
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Factors determining shrub abundance on uncultivable hill country
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056596
VL  - 77
ID  - 1294
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Developing a genomic selection (GS) strategy for ryegrass requires field data for training GS models and to gain insight into how ryegrass agronomic performance varies, within and among populations and across locations. Families from five perennial ryegrass breeding populations are being evaluated in eight trials in Northland, Waikato, Hawke's Bay, Manawatu and Canterbury to establish a data set for development of a genomic selection model. Statistically robust variances are evident among families within populations, both for visual scoring of herbage bulk and dry matter measurements. Multi-trial analysis of data showed significant (P<0.001) differences among families, robust across trials, even though interaction with trial was also significant in some seasons. Patterns are also evident comparing trials, with relative performance of families being similar for some pairs of trials, but radically different for others. Evidence for specific response of families to severe summer management was not conclusive.
AN  - CABI:20163056595
AU  - Easton, H. S.
AU  - Jahufer, M. Z. Z.
AU  - Flay, C.
AU  - Schmidt, J.
AU  - Rolston, M. P.
AU  - Trethewey, J. A. K.
AU  - Ryan, D. L.
AU  - Faville, M. J.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 233-238
ST  - Environment and ryegrass genetics - multisite trial of advanced breeding populations
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Environment and ryegrass genetics - multisite trial of advanced breeding populations
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056595
VL  - 77
ID  - 1293
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Experiments in the laboratory, glasshouse and in the field assessed the chemical and agronomic characteristics of four polymer-coated urea products manufactured to different specifications, by altering the number and chemical nature of the coatings. (The chemical and physical nature of the coatings and the coating process are the property of the New Zealand distributor, Eko 360 Ltd.) They are claimed to be controlled release nitrogen (N) fertilisers. The N release characteristics of the experimental products were measured, relative to water soluble urea, in the laboratory in the absence of soil. These results confirmed that the N release rates were consistent with the distributor's specifications and were slower than urea. A glasshouse experiment was designed to use N uptake by ryegrass as a proxy for the N release rate in a soil. These results confirmed those from the laboratory, indicating that soil had little effect on the relative N release characteristics of the fertilisers. The experimental product with the slowest release rate was selected for evaluation in the field. In three field experiments the effect the experimental product, applied once at two rates, on pasture production was compared with the same rates of N applied once as urea, over 5-6 months. The experimental product tested increased N use efficiency (NUE, kg DM/kg N applied) by between 5-50% depending on the site and rate of N application. Thus it is concluded that the products are as claimed - controlled release N fertilisers, relative to urea - and that this characteristic is expressed under field conditions. Proof-of-concept was therefore established.
AN  - CABI:20163056583
AU  - Edmeades, D. C.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 147-152
ST  - The evaluation of a controlled release nitrogen fertiliser
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The evaluation of a controlled release nitrogen fertiliser
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056583
VL  - 77
ID  - 1281
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Morton et al. (2014) presented the results from two rates of potassium (K) pasture trials conducted on Pumice soils which commenced in spring 2009 and ran for 3 years. They reached a number of conclusions with respect to the management of potassium requirements on such soils, based on the soil Quick Test K (QTK) samples (0-75 mm) collected in spring and suggested that the results from these two sites were unique. While noting that soil samples were collected in the autumn, they did not include these data in their analysis and discussion of the results. This communication discusses the implications of this omission.
AN  - CABI:20163056603
AU  - Edmeades, D. C.
AU  - McBride, R. M.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 287-290
ST  - A critique: "Potassium requirements of pasture on Pumice soil" by Morton et al
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - A critique: "Potassium requirements of pasture on Pumice soil" by Morton et al
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056603
VL  - 77
ID  - 1301
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The New Zealand dairy industry has increased significantly in size in over the last two decades. One of the drivers that has made this intensification possible is the use of maize silage as a feed supplement. Growing maize on farm imposes production and opportunity costs on the farm business. Opportunity cost was calculated using data from DairyNZ as the profit foregone due to not milking from the maize-growing hectares. Opportunity cost was added to Pioneer's calculated cost of maize silage production to represent the cost that is incurred for each hectare of maize silage that is planted on farm. The true cost of maize silage grown on farm at differing milksolid (MS) payout levels and farm systems was estimated. The findings indicate the economic appropriateness of growing maize silage on farm depends upon the farm system, the value of MS and the cost to purchase maize silage in a given year.
AN  - CABI:20163056573
AU  - Fausett, B. J.
AU  - Rowarth, J. S.
AU  - Scrimgeour, F. G.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 77-82
ST  - The true cost of maize silage
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The true cost of maize silage
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056573
VL  - 77
ID  - 1271
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - White clover (Trifolium repens L.) continues to play a pivotal role in the Australasian pastoral industry, despite increased use of nitrogen fertiliser on farms. Improved white clovers for dairy farming must be well adapted to the farm systems they are intended for, including increased rates of fertiliser nitrogen, higher stocking rates and access to irrigation. The breeding objective was to develop a white clover cultivar in evaluation systems that simulate modern farming practices, and test that cultivar in both New Zealand and Australia for adaptation and agronomic merit. This included breeding and early generation evaluation at research farms in the Manawatu and Waikato, with subsequent evaluations in these locations and farms in Southland and Victoria, Australia. This resulted in 'Grasslands Legacy', a new large leaved white clover cultivar bred for New Zealand and eastern temperate Australian pastures, which has shown significant (P<0.05) improvement on New Zealand cultivars including 'Kopu II' and 'Kotare'. 'Grasslands Legacy' offers good utility for modern intensive pastoral systems, particularly through yield, persistence, and improved adaptation to abiotic stress.
AN  - CABI:20163056592
AU  - Ford, J. L.
AU  - Cousins, G. R.
AU  - Jahufer, Z.
AU  - Baird, I. J.
AU  - Woodfield, D. R.
AU  - Barrett, B. A.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 211-218
ST  - Grasslands Legacy - a new, large-leaved white clover cultivar with broad adaption
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Grasslands Legacy - a new, large-leaved white clover cultivar with broad adaption
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056592
VL  - 77
ID  - 1290
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Decision Support Tools (DSTs) and models are becoming increasingly important to make informed decisions. The aim of this review was to understand how the scientific assumptions behind related pasture-based DSTs used in New Zealand interrelate. Using modelled feed intake of grazing sheep as a case study, we reviewed the metabolisable energy (ME) assumptions of relevant New Zealand models. Although the DSTs were largely dependent on a common model, there were some discrepancies between them. We raise two concerns: 1. In New Zealand, pasture-based livestock models to predict ME intake are highly dependent on equations developed in Australia, not validated in New Zealand. 2. The minor discrepancies between models make collaboration difficult - this is particularly pertinent to farmer-targeted DSTs. Closer collaboration between DST companies and research institutions is required to agree on consistent, robust equations aligned with the latest scientific knowledge.
AN  - CABI:20163056562
AU  - Frater, P.
AU  - Howarth, S.
AU  - McEwen, G. J.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 19-22
ST  - Livestock feed intake assumptions in Decision Support Tools; a stocktake of the current science and assumptions used by livestock models
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Livestock feed intake assumptions in Decision Support Tools; a stocktake of the current science and assumptions used by livestock models
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056562
VL  - 77
ID  - 1260
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The use of fodder beet as the primary diet for finishing beef cattle is a recent New Zealand innovation. A system using ad libitum grazed fodder beet through autumn and winter to finish spring-born steers between 12 and 18 months old was developed. Fodder beet is a high energy yet comparatively low protein content feed, and the fodder beet system requires high liveweight gains on the crop and an early slaughter age for cost effective production. Lower liveweight weaners have a greater protein requirement for optimal weight gain, and the threshold entry liveweight for satisfactory performance in this feeding system was not yet established. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of the entry liveweight of weaners on liveweight gain in the fodder beet feeding system. A group of 392 rising 1-year-old beef cattle fed using this system were divided at entry into three groups on unfasted liveweight (kg): A, 290-370; B, 240-260; and the remaining animals. The heaviest (group A: steer n=67, 3162.7 kg; heifer n=45, 3122.5 kg) and lightest (group B: steer n=77, 2490.7 kg; heifer n=19, 2511.0 kg) groups were then treated identically on ad libitum fodder beet to compare liveweight gain across 130 days on crop. The mean liveweight daily gain (kg/day) for group A was significantly greater than group B, and greater for the steers compared to heifers in group A (0.98 and 0.85), but not in group B (0.82 and 0.81). Mean liveweight gain as a proportion of entry liveweight was greater in group B, and greater in steers. Both mean daily liveweight gain and mean liveweight gain as a proportion of entry liveweight were positively correlated with entry liveweight, but the R2 of both was low (0.14 and 0.05, respectively). Mean daily liveweight gain values of this magnitude are greater than those previously reported for alternative winter crops, and satisfactory for finishing beef cattle in this system. This study suggests the use of beef cattle above 240 kg liveweight as weaners in this fodder beet feeding system, both steers and heifers, is satisfactory for achieving acceptable slaughter liveweight before 18 months old.
AN  - CABI:20163056563
AU  - Gibbs, S. J.
AU  - Saldias, B.
AU  - White, J.
AU  - Walsh, D.
AU  - Stocker, N.
AU  - Trotter, C.
AU  - Fisher, B.
AU  - Fisher, A.
AU  - Banks, B.
AU  - Hodge, S.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 23-28
ST  - A comparison of liveweight gain of two groups of weaners of different entry liveweight in an ad libitum fodder beet feeding system for finishing beef cattle
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - A comparison of liveweight gain of two groups of weaners of different entry liveweight in an ad libitum fodder beet feeding system for finishing beef cattle
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056563
VL  - 77
ID  - 1261
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - On New Zealand dairy farms the level of pasture renewal has been estimated at 6% and 8%, with one analysis suggesting greater levels would benefit the economy. There is little research on how farmers set a renewal level, but we suggest five main drivers: crop requirement, historical, an event response, development and cost/benefit driven. This paper presents a case study using a cost/benefit approach to pasture renewal for Willsden dairy farm in Canterbury, which has renewed 28% and 38% of the property in the last 2 seasons. On this farm spray-drilling Italian ryegrass has shown an estimated 1.7 t DM/ha/year extra yield in the season of sowing, with a net value of $1090/ha, suggesting a payback period of around 5 months and a 198% return within the season of sowing. This case study shows there is a significant opportunity for dairy farmers to profit from better use of weekly pasture cover information to plan pasture renewal, to better assess the success of any renewal, and for pasture management software developers to provide automated analysis options to support a cost/benefit pasture renewal strategy.
AN  - CABI:20163056598
AU  - Kerr, G. A.
AU  - Brown, J.
AU  - Kilday, T.
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 251-258
ST  - A more quantitative approach to pasture renewal
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - A more quantitative approach to pasture renewal
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056598
VL  - 77
ID  - 1296
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Clarence and Elise Stolte farm the family Masterton property as 50:50 sharemilkers. They have made the 285 ha dairy farming business resilient to environmental and milk price volatility by remaining focussed on sustainable results and not productivity. Evidenced through the Dairy Systems Monitoring (DSM) and the Dairy Farm Business of the Year competition they stand in the top 10% of elite groups for financial results in both high payout in a high pasture yield season, and then in the following low payout, low pasture yield season. Being able to demonstrate consistent results comes from a deliberately well considered farm policy, skilled on-farm management, maximising home grown feed yields and strong discipline around the farm budget.
AN  - CABI:20163056571
AU  - Lewis, C.
AU  - Stolte, C.
AU  - Stolte, E.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 65-70
ST  - Dairy farm resilience in a variable environment
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Dairy farm resilience in a variable environment
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056571
VL  - 77
ID  - 1269
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - New Australian-bred cultivars of subterranean (sub) clover with high levels of hardseededness are being promoted in New Zealand based on their superior performance in Australia. These new cultivars may not be suited to cooler New Zealand conditions. The "soft" seeded sub clover 'Denmark' dominated the hardseeded cultivar 'Rosabrook' in the second year of a dryland grazing experiment near Lincoln (630 mm mean annual rainfall), but in autumn of the third year the 'Rosabrook' population recovered to contribute 30% of total sub clover plants. A second field experiment, sown in March 2014 at Lincoln University, compared 10 sub clover cultivars sown with cocksfoot. 'Antas', 'Narrikup' and 'Woogenellup' were most productive at the September 2014 harvest. 'Antas', 'Woogenellup' and 'Leura' had the highest dry matter yields at the November 2014 harvest. In autumn 2015 'Narrikup' re-established most seedlings and 'Antas' the least. Until we have better knowledge of the production and persistence of "new" sub clover cultivars under New Zealand conditions, farmers are urged to sow binary mixtures (50:50) of a "new" plus an "older" cultivar.
AN  - CABI:20163056591
AU  - Lucas, R. J.
AU  - Mills, A.
AU  - Wright, S.
AU  - Black, A. D.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 203-210
ST  - Selection of sub clover cultivars for New Zealand dryland pastures
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Selection of sub clover cultivars for New Zealand dryland pastures
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056591
VL  - 77
ID  - 1289
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Grazing a winter forage crop can result in a substantial increase in soil nitrogen (N) from urine deposition, with a significant proportion leached below 30 cm during winter. If a follow-on crop can be used to recover this soil N before the following drainage season, N leaching risk could be reduced. We tested if faster growing, or deeper-rooted, spring-sown crops would be more effective at recovering winter-deposited N than ryegrass based pasture. Urea-N (800 kg N/ha) was applied in June to simulate a dairy cow urine patch and was subsequently leached down the soil profile. In the spring, the plots were sown with ryegrass, chicory and clover, or barley and harvested manually. The following autumn, the amount of N in the 60-90 cm depth (70 kg N/ha) was significantly less (P<0.05) under chicory and clover than under either barley (104 kg N/ha) or ryegrass (107 kg N/ha), suggesting that chicory was able to access the deep N pool. These data, and earlier measurements, provide evidence that chicory is a viable strategy for N recovery after winter grazing.
AN  - CABI:20163056586
AU  - Lucci, G. M.
AU  - Shepherd, M. A.
AU  - Carlson, W. T.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 167-172
ST  - Can a deep-rooted spring crop recover winter-deposited urine nitrogen?
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Can a deep-rooted spring crop recover winter-deposited urine nitrogen?
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056586
VL  - 77
ID  - 1284
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The link between dairy farm systems and cost of environmental compliance is not always clear. A survey of Waikato dairy farmers was conducted to establish the real (non-modelled) cost of compliance with environmental regulation in the region. Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered to improve understanding of compliance costs and implementation issues for a range of Waikato farm systems. The average oneoff capital cost of compliance determined through a survey approach was $1.02 per kg milksolids, $1490 per hectare and $403 per cow. Costs experienced by Waikato farmers have exceeded average economic farm surplus for the region in the past 5 years. As regulation increases there are efficiencies to be gained through implementing farm infrastructure and farm management practice to best match farm system intensity.
AN  - CABI:20163056585
AU  - Macdonald, T. O. R.
AU  - Rowarth, J. S.
AU  - Scrimgeour, F. G.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 159-166
ST  - Measuring the cost of environmental compliance for Waikato dairy farmers - a survey approach
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Measuring the cost of environmental compliance for Waikato dairy farmers - a survey approach
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056585
VL  - 77
ID  - 1283
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Four annual clovers (Arrowleaf (Trifolium versiculosum), balansa (T. michelianum), Persian (T. resupinatum) and gland (T. glanduliferum)) were sown on five East Coast dryland farms and one moist Taranaki site. Hard-seededness was measured at all sites and seed production and hard-seededness was measured at three sites following different closing dates. There were no differences in seed size for any species between sites or closing dates. High levels of seed (500-700 kg/ha) were set by balansa and arrowleaf clovers after an early closing date (early September). Flowering and seed production decreased with later closings. Gland clover was the earliest to flower and with Persian clover was very susceptible to early grazing. Gland clover produced virtually no seed as flowers had already been grazed prior to the first closing. Arrowleaf clover produced very high levels (>92%) of hard seed and Persian very low levels (<1%). Lack of hard-seededness led to Persian clover seed being lost to false strikes, with most seed germinating in the seed head following January and February rains. Balansa, when carefully managed, appears to be the only annual clover which regenerates in its second season in East Coast dryland conditions.
AN  - CABI:20163056593
AU  - Macfarlane, M. J.
AU  - Crofoot, E. W.
AU  - Muir, P. D.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 219-226
ST  - Effects of closing date on seeding and hard-seededness of balansa, gland, Persian and arrowleaf clovers on East Coast dryland
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effects of closing date on seeding and hard-seededness of balansa, gland, Persian and arrowleaf clovers on East Coast dryland
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056593
VL  - 77
ID  - 1291
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Three on-farm sites where plantain was sown with legumes and/or perennial ryegrass were monitored for 2 years post-sowing. On two cultivated sites in Hawke's Bay, newly sown plantain/clover pastures produced 20% and 22% more dry matter, respectively, than newly sown ryegrass/clover or established pastures. On an uncultivatable site in coastal Wairarapa, aerially oversowing of plantain and clover resulted in 282% more dry matter than resident pasture on north faces. Plantain pastures had higher clover contents and lambs had faster growth rates and higher dressing-out percentages than lambs finished on traditional ryegrass/clover pastures. Plantain and a mix of annual and perennial clovers offer a promising alternative to ryegrass-based systems in dryland. As with lucerne, plantain and erect annual clovers need to be rotationally grazed to prevent damage to the crown and growing points. The success of these alternative forages in dryland farming systems will depend on farmer willingness to embrace new grazing management techniques.
AN  - CABI:20163056577
AU  - Macfarlane, M. J.
AU  - Muir, P. D.
AU  - Crofoot, E.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 103-108
ST  - The role of plantain (Plantago lanceolata) on East Coast dryland: results from three farm case studies
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - The role of plantain (Plantago lanceolata) on East Coast dryland: results from three farm case studies
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056577
VL  - 77
ID  - 1275
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - An overview is presented of the management of a hill country sheep and cattle farm in North Wairarapa, New Zealand, and the role of new technologies and innovations in advancing farm business development is discussed.
AN  - CABI:20163056570
AU  - McKenzie, D.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 61-64
ST  - Farming into the future - innovation technology and efficiency
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Farming into the future - innovation technology and efficiency
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056570
VL  - 77
ID  - 1268
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Efficient effluent management allows capturing of nutrient benefits while reducing potential environmental impact. In New Zealand research has focussed on ponds and land disposal, whereas digesters are being implemented overseas. When biogas produced by anaerobic digestion is collected, it can be used to produce heat and electricity; this has been done in some countries trying to increase their renewable energy profile (e.g., France), but the cost is not always offset by the benefits. Analysis of policies concerning power supply in France and New Zealand revealed very large differences between the two countries, which, in combination with differences in population density, availability of co-digestion products and dairy shed effluent type, means that the establishment of biodigesters is unlikely in New Zealand unless there are changes in policy to encourage greater renewable energy via implementation assistance.
AN  - CABI:20163056572
AU  - Milet, A.
AU  - Rowarth, J. S.
AU  - Scrimgeour, F. G.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 71-76
ST  - Potential for anaerobic digestion of dairy farm effluent in New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Potential for anaerobic digestion of dairy farm effluent in New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056572
VL  - 77
ID  - 1270
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The development process from floral bud formation to seed maturity of four top flowering annual clovers was quantified from a field experiment across 10 sowing dates at Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. For each species, a numeric reproductive scale was created as a field guide to document morphological changes as the bud progresses through reproductive development. The duration from bud visible to open flower was 341°C days for 'Cefalu' arrowleaf, 215°C days for 'Bolta' balansa, 196°C days for 'Prima' gland and 186°C days for 'Mihi' Persian clover. The inflorescence then required a further 274-689°C days, 185°C days, 256°C days and 425°C days for each respective species to reach physiological maturity. This was indicated when 50% of seeds had turned red/brown for 'Cefalu' arrowleaf, 100% pods turned yellow for 'Bolta' balansa, 100% of seeds were yellow and hard for 'Prima' gland, and pods turned brown with the first sign of colour change in seeds for 'Mihi' Persian clover. These results can be used to facilitate on farm decision making in relation to grazing management or seed set for subsequent regeneration.
AN  - CABI:20163056590
AU  - Nori, H.
AU  - Monks, D. P.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 195-202
ST  - Seed development of arrowleaf, balansa, gland and Persian clover
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Seed development of arrowleaf, balansa, gland and Persian clover
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056590
VL  - 77
ID  - 1288
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Monocultures of arrowleaf (Trifolium vesiculosum), balansa (T. michelianum), gland (T. glanduliferum) and Persian (T. resupinatum) clovers were sown on four dates in autumn and winter 2010. Dry matter (DM) accumulation was dependent on the duration of crop growth which was influenced by the time of sowing. Autumn sown crops which flowered latest had a longer duration of vegetative growth and consequently produced the highest dry matter yields. In the establishment year, autumn sown crops produced up to 17.5 t DM/ha for balansa, 12.5 t DM/ha for Persian, 11.0 t DM/ha for gland and 9.4 t DM/ha for arrowleaf at physiological maturity (P<0.05). Crops that were sown in winter produced the lowest yield, because reproductive development commenced earlier and therefore they matured earlier. 'Bolta' balansa clover had the highest radiation use efficiency of 2.1 g DM/MJ photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed followed by gland (1.6 g DM/MJ PAR), arrowleaf and Persian (1.3 g DM/MJ PAR) clovers. In the second year, regenerated dry matter production at full flower was up to 11.6 t/ha in balansa, 8.3 t/ha in Persian, 2.9 t/ha in gland but only 0.5 t/ha in arrowleaf clover (P<0.05). Thus, over the two years 'Bolta' balansa and 'Mihi' Persian clovers were the highest yielding and easiest to regenerate from seed in monocultures. 'Cefalu' arrowleaf failed to regenerate in the second year due to low population of seedling emergence. 'Prima' gland clover was low yielding because it flowered and matured without fully utilising the growing season.
AN  - CABI:20163056589
AU  - Nori, H.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Black, A. D.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 185-194
ST  - Dry matter yield and radiation use efficiency of four autumn sown top flowering annual clovers
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Dry matter yield and radiation use efficiency of four autumn sown top flowering annual clovers
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056589
VL  - 77
ID  - 1287
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Plant breeders aim to develop cultivars of perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne L., (PRG) that better support New Zealand farmers through improved genetic potential for key traits such as seasonal dry matter yield. Hybrid vigour (heterosis) may be one way plant breeders can increase dry matter yields, and potentially lift the long term rate of genetic gain. We report evaluation of PRG full-sibling progeny for heterosis expressed under grazing. Parents were randomly sampled from sixteen cultivars, and for each cultivar combination within mid-season and late season classes, six pair crosses were made. In 2013, replicated single row trials of parent cultivar samples and progeny were sown at two sites near Palmerston North. For 2 years, prior to each grazing, growth score (GS) data were recorded to estimate dry matter yield of each plot. Progeny GS relative to parent average GS (mid-parent heterosis, MPH), and better parent GS (high-parent heterosis, HPH) were calculated on the basis of the mean GS over years and sites. Significant (P<0.05) line effects were detected, as were site, season, and year interactions. For the medium flowering date progeny, MPH and HPH GS ranged from -19 to 23% and -22 to 18%, respectively. For the late flowering date progeny MPH and HPH for GS ranged from -9 to 25% and -15 to 21%, respectively. Some progeny exhibited significant (P<0.05) MPH and HPH. The five progeny with highest MPH values ranged from 14 to 23% and 10 to 25% for crosses within medium and late flowering classes, respectively. The same top progeny exhibited HPH ranging from 12 to 18% and 7 to 21% among medium and late flowering classes, respectively. A moderate, significant (P<0.05) negative correlation was observed between high GS of the better parent and the progeny's level of HPH. However there were notable exceptions to the trend. The GS of the best progeny entry was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the GS of the best parent entry, indicating the potential of hybrid vigour to lift the yield barrier in PRG. Investigation is needed of the genetic, wider biological, and economic context under which a hybrid breeding system may be justified.
AN  - CABI:20163056594
AU  - O'Connor, J. R.
AU  - Lyons, T. B.
AU  - Jahufer, M. Z. Z.
AU  - Faville, M.
AU  - Barrett, B. A.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 227-232
ST  - Identifying potential heterosis in perennial ryegrass
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Identifying potential heterosis in perennial ryegrass
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056594
VL  - 77
ID  - 1292
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Throughout 2014, the Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Council and DairyNZ worked with 10 farm consultants assisting dairy farmers preparing farm plans for the regional OnePlan and reducing their risks of contaminating local waterways. Twenty-three farm plans that had been produced with the support of five farm consultants were examined. Starting with average annual leaching losses of 23-71 kgN/ha, these plans included a range of mitigation practices to achieve reductions in nitrate losses of 5-15%. Although they had been developed independently, similar practices were bundled together in the plans to match the needs of each farmer's circumstances and particular farming systems. This work suggests that although a short list of mitigation practices may be able to be selected for application on farms, the impact of those practices upon each farm business will each need to be determined in order to reliably enhance farm sustainability and viability across a catchment.
AN  - CABI:20163056601
AU  - Parminter, T. G.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 275-280
ST  - Selecting farm practices and preparing farm plans for land-use consents in the Manawatu-Wanganui region
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Selecting farm practices and preparing farm plans for land-use consents in the Manawatu-Wanganui region
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056601
VL  - 77
ID  - 1299
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A demonstration wetland was constructed with community support in what was a "wet" 0.75 ha of a Wairarapa dairy farm. This has reduced the level of nitrate-nitrogen leaving the farm, and has also added biodiversity to the farm and the region. Comparison of nitrate-N levels of water flowing in and out of the wetland over three months show this water quality benefit may reduce farm N loss from 14 down to 13 kg N/ha/yr, which equates to an ongoing reduction of around 7% for a one-off investment of at least $55 l000. However, other contaminants such as dissolved reactive phosphate may not necessarily be reduced, while counts of Escherichia coli increased in wetland outflow. This project required a range of skills unlikely to be available to an individual farmer without wider community support but now that the wetland is established it will demonstrate what is possible when more complex solutions are implemented for nutrient loss mitigation.
AN  - CABI:20163056587
AU  - Praat, J.
AU  - Sukias, J.
AU  - Faulkner, T.
AU  - Bichan, A.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 173-176
ST  - Benefits and costs of a constructed wetland on a Wairarapa dairy farm
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Benefits and costs of a constructed wetland on a Wairarapa dairy farm
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056587
VL  - 77
ID  - 1285
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Field trials under grazing on two contrasting dairy farms in mid-Canterbury (Site C) on a stony silt loam under irrigation, and in rain-fed central Waikato (Site W) on a volcanic ash-derived soil, compared standard granular urea (4-5 mm diameter granules) with ONEsystem. This uses prilled urea (0.8-2.8 mm diameter prills), passed through a fine water spray (50 litres/ha) that contains the urease inhibitor nbpt (2 gm nbpt/kg N) during application. A nil N control and three rates of each fertiliser were applied to 12*25 m plots on four occasions after rotational grazing during spring/early summer 2014. ONEsystem resulted in extra dry matter (EDM) to N applied compared with granular urea at Site C. At Site W, the initial advantage to ONEsystem in Period 1 (early spring) was not maintained. To produce EDM of 1250 (750) kg/ha required 120 and 126 kg N/ha as granular urea at Sites C and W, respectively (giving EDM factors of 10.4 and 9.9 (2) kgDM/kgN applied respectively). This compares with 50 and 74 kg N/ha required with ONEsystem for higher EDM factors of 24 and 17 (5) kg DM/kg N. Pasture N concentrations were higher at Site C following ONEsystem application, and total N uptake was increased 3-fold compared to granular urea. At Site W, increases in EDM with ONEsystem only occurred in the first period. The results of this study have implications for both the economic and environmental efficiency of fertiliser urea use on grazed pastures.
AN  - CABI:20163056599
AU  - Quin, B. F.
AU  - Gillingham, A. G.
AU  - Baird, D.
AU  - Spilsbury, S.
AU  - Gray, M.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 259-268
ST  - A comparison under grazing of pasture production, pasture N content and soil mineral N levels between granular urea and ONEsystem on two contrasting dairy farms in New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - A comparison under grazing of pasture production, pasture N content and soil mineral N levels between granular urea and ONEsystem on two contrasting dairy farms in New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056599
VL  - 77
ID  - 1297
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The challenge of maximising the value of an onfarm investment is dependent on two factors: first, ensuring the full potential of the investment is realised by adjusting current practices to capture the gains; and second, the challenge of isolating, quantifying and valuing the contribution that investment makes to the whole farm business. A new generation farm optimisation model (INFORM) addresses both these issues. Two distinctly different on-farm investments, planting of a forestry block and sowing a multi-year forage crop, both on a hill country sheep and beef operation, are presented to illustrate the capability the model has for first optimising the investment and then using this information to conduct a farm system capital investment investigation. The investment analysis includes consideration of the capital requirements, and also calculates the maximum amount that can be spent on each of the investments to add value to the current business.
AN  - CABI:20163056574
AU  - Rendel, J. M.
AU  - Mackay, A. D.
AU  - Smale, P.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 83-88
ST  - Valuing on-farm investments
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Valuing on-farm investments
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056574
VL  - 77
ID  - 1272
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Commercial units of Active Optical Sensor (AOS) systems are designed for sensing arable crops to estimate the required amount of nitrogen fertiliser and are well established in intensive arable cropping systems in Europe. A research version AOS (RU-AOS) of a commercial system was tested as a potential canopy sensor for New Zealand dairy pastures. To study the applicability of this sensor a sensitivity experiment was conducted. Additionally, a plot experiment investigated the relationship between the spectrometer and biomass attributes on ryegrass and white clover canopies fertilised with five different nitrogen amounts. The pasture plots were sensed with the RU-AOS and results compared with measured biomass dry matter and nitrogen amount. For some events a strong linear relationship between dry matter (DM) and the water index (WI) was evident (i.e. r2=0.80) as well as between nitrogen (N) amount and simple ratio (SR) (i.e. r2=0.89). The results suggest there is potential for this sensor to estimate New Zealand dairy pasture attributes. This could be used to develop a pasture system similar to commercial arable cropping nitrogen sensor AOSs.
AN  - CABI:20163056565
AU  - Roberts, J.
AU  - Infiesta, A. S.
AU  - Schabitz, B.
AU  - Fourie, J.
AU  - Werner, A.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 35-40
ST  - Active optical sensing of canopies in pasture management
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Active optical sensing of canopies in pasture management
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056565
VL  - 77
ID  - 1263
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Changes in voluntary feed intake (VFI) and average daily gain (ADG) of 10- to 12-month-old male red deer (Cervus elaphus) in response to a range of pasture morphological development stages of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture in spring were investigated. An intake study in November 2000 tested responses to pastures spelled for 6, 8 or 10 weeks in a combined indoor/outdoor comparison over two weeks. This was followed by a 5 week grazing study which compared 3, 5 or 7 week spelling periods during November and December in 2001. Pasture spelled for 6, 8 or 10 weeks had acid detergent fibre concentrations of 216, 229 and 252 g/kg DM (P<0.001) and seed head proportions of 145, 364 and 539 g/kg DM (P<0.001) respectively. As spelling interval increased from 6 to 10 weeks ADG declined (P=0.003) from 394 g/day to 361 g/day and 221 g/day. VFI also declined from 2.40, to 2.23 and 1.64 kg DM/day (P=0.016), and digestibility declined from 786 to 764 and 734 g/kg DM (P=0.002). The grazing study comparing 3, 5 or 7 week spelling provided a different response to spelling interval as seed head production was similar regardless of spelling interval. During the course of the grazing study voluntary feed intake increased from 1.93 kg DM/day to 2.69 kg DM/day (P=0.004), while the digestibility of the forage declined from 719 to 687 g/kg DM (P=0.013). The energy lost during digestion increased by 4.9% for every 10% increase in seed head offered (P=0.011). The coefficient of conversion of digestible energy to metabolisable energy declined from 0.86 to 0.56 as the diet offered increased from 0% to 60% seed head.
AN  - CABI:20163056576
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Corson, I. D.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 95-102
ST  - Effects of fresh forage quality on feed intake and live weight gain of red deer in spring
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Effects of fresh forage quality on feed intake and live weight gain of red deer in spring
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056576
VL  - 77
ID  - 1274
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - How does the pasture cover at the beginning of lambing and the grazing strategy used in early spring influence the ability of a hill country sheep and beef farm to finish lambs? The results from an intensive pasture-mowing trial investigating three defoliation intensities (Lax, Moderate and Intense) starting from two herbage masses (1200 or 1500 kg DM/ha) during early spring were used to provide data on potential pasture consumption and feed quality from lambing to weaning for a breeding ewe flock. Using simulation modelling, this pasture data was used to estimate the potential lamb and ewe liveweight changes from birth to weaning at each of three different stocking rates (4.5, 8 and 10.5 twin-bearing ewes/ha) that closely represented the three defoliation intensities originally studied in a mowing trial. The impacts of these early-spring herbage masses and grazing intensities/stocking rates on subsequent feed requirements and potential lamb finishing during the later summer and autumn period in four contrasting geo-climatic regions of New Zealand were then further investigated using simulation modelling. Variations in ewe and lamb weaning weights were evident and reflected the amount of pasture available through the different grazing management approaches. For all four geoclimatic regions studied, the Intense grazing, high stocking rate strategy generally produced the greatest gross revenue per ha from lamb sales out of the three grazing strategies investigated, though not significantly greater than the moderate stocking rate in summer dry environments. However, under Intense grazing, a high pasture cover (1500 kg DM/ha), in comparison to a low pasture cover (1200 kg DM/ha) at the start of ewe lactation further improved the gross revenue received from lamb sales, especially in the Canterbury and Waikato environments but less so in the Hawke's Bay and Southland environments. These variations demonstrate how iterations based on the same starting properties impact on weaning weight of lambs and post-weaning pasture growth and/or feed quality.
AN  - CABI:20163056581
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Wall, A. J.
AU  - Thompson, B. R.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 131-140
ST  - Potential impacts of different spring grazing strategies on lamb finishing in hill country
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Potential impacts of different spring grazing strategies on lamb finishing in hill country
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056581
VL  - 77
ID  - 1279
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - An on-farm demonstration compared the use of perennial ryegrass based pasture or lucerne as the forage source for in-lamb ewe lambs from 2 weeks prior to lambing until weaning in the Te Anau basin. This demonstration, over 2 years, used 632 and 506 in-lamb ewe lambs in 2013 and 2014 respectively with approximately 50% being single-bearing and 50% twin-bearing in both years. Pasture and lucerne were set stocked until docking at approximately 33 days of age and then rotationally grazed thereafter until weaning at approximately 110 days of age. Ewe liveweights and body condition scores tended to be higher when grazed on lucerne during spring and all ewes were at or near two-tooth mating weights at weaning (67 kg). Lamb liveweights at 110 days of age were similar from the pasture and lucerne (33.4 kg). Lamb losses were greater on lucerne (37%) than pasture (28%) in both years, and led to a significantly lower lambing percentage on lucerne. Stocking rate chosen based on previous pasture growth records and potential lucerne yield was greater on lucerne (11.7 ewes/ha) than that on pasture (9.4 ewes/ha). The combined liveweight gain of ewes and their lambs per hectare was significantly greater from lucerne (492 kg/ha) than pasture (398 kg/ha). Scanning data from the second mating was 201% and 189% in ewes that had grazed on lucerne or pasture during the previous lactation respectively, while ewes weighed 67.7 and 65.1 kg at mating respectively. Lucerne can be used as a forage option to increase the performance of bred ewe lambs but the grazing of young lush growth should be avoided to reduce potential animal health issues.
AN  - CABI:20163056600
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Wright, L.
AU  - McGill, P.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 269-274
ST  - An on-farm study of late pregnancy and lactation performance of ewe lambs and their progeny on lucerne or pasture
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - An on-farm study of late pregnancy and lactation performance of ewe lambs and their progeny on lucerne or pasture
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056600
VL  - 77
ID  - 1298
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In the northern half of Northland, perennial ryegrass-based pastures have exhibited poor persistence. Nineteen tall fescue and ryegrass pastures in the region infected with either MaxP or AR37 fungal endophytes, respectively, had high levels of endophyte-infected tillers and low levels of contamination from wild endophytes. On surveyed farms, MaxP-infected tall fescue pastures had good contents of sown grass, which were higher than sown grass contents in AR37-infected ryegrass pastures, but on two far-north monitor farms these temperate grasses failed to compete with summer active C4 grasses such as kikuyu and carpet grass. For tall fescue and perennial ryegrass to form productive pastures in this region, sown seed should have high levels of viable endophyte, soil fertility should be adequate for good grass and legume growth, and pastures should be well managed. Summer droughts may still be too severe in some years for these temperate grasses to persist in the face of C4 grass competition.
AN  - CABI:20163056582
AU  - Ussher, G. R.
AU  - Hume, D. E.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 141-146
ST  - Sustainable perennial pastures in Northland
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Sustainable perennial pastures in Northland
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056582
VL  - 77
ID  - 1280
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The potential animal performance and greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement benefits from pastures and wide-spaced poplars on a typical lower-North Island sheep and beef farm operation were explored using farm-scale models. The analysis included reductions in understory pasture production, increased ewe reproductive performance (i.e., lambing and weaning percentage) with additional tree shelter and increased dry matter intake from poplar foliage. The pasture-tree systems demonstrated reductions in sheep stocking rates and total meat production, but increases in ewe efficiency and emissions intensity, reflecting a shift in feed energy use from maintenance to production. Inclusion of ewe fecundity and supplementary feed benefits largely overcame reductions in stocking rate and meat production due to pasture shading. An integrated assessment of the multiple benefits of pasture-tree systems should be incorporated in future farming scenario testing, strengthening our knowledge on the impacts of these systems compared with pasture-only systems.
AN  - CABI:20163056584
AU  - Vibart, R. E.
AU  - Douglas, G. B.
AU  - Mackay, A. D.
AU  - Dodd, M. B.
AU  - McIvor, I. R.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 153-158
ST  - Pasture-tree systems - modelling potential implications for animal performance and greenhouse gas emissions
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Pasture-tree systems - modelling potential implications for animal performance and greenhouse gas emissions
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056584
VL  - 77
ID  - 1282
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A large number of white clover cultivars bred both in New Zealand and overseas are available for use by New Zealand pastoral farmers. Unfortunately, there is little published data on the merits of many of these cultivars under grazing in New Zealand. Data from a series of trials established in the Manawatu between 1996 and 2005 containing a range of cultivars from Europe, the Mediterranean, North and South America and New Zealand were used in a meta-analysis to assess the general adaptive yield and persistence potential of these contrasting cultivar types. All trials were maintained over 2 to 4 years, and revealed significant cultivar effects. Overall, New Zealand bred cultivars showed better adaptation than overseas cultivars. However, overseas cultivars containing Mediterranean germplasm, particularly from southern France, Italy and Syria exhibited beneficial features in the trials, and many recently bred New Zealand cultivars contain germplasm from these origins. In addition to using the appropriate parent germplasm when developing cultivars, it is equally important to evaluate and select under local conditions, in competition with grass, under grazing, over multiple environments and years. New Zealand farmers may benefit from an industry-wide benchmarking system for white clover cultivars, possibly by incorporation into the DairyNZ Forage Value Index.
AN  - CABI:20163056568
AU  - Widdup, K. H.
AU  - Ford, J. L.
AU  - Cousins, G. R.
AU  - Woodfield, D. R.
AU  - Caradus, J. R.
AU  - Barrett, B. A.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 51-56
ST  - A comparison of New Zealand and overseas white clover cultivars under grazing in New Zealand
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - A comparison of New Zealand and overseas white clover cultivars under grazing in New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056568
VL  - 77
ID  - 1266
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Hyperspectral sensing using ground-based equipment has been demonstrated to be successful in determining pasture nutrient content (N, P, K, S) and parameters such as dry matter content and metabolisable energy. This technology needed to be up-scaled so that large areas could be rapidly covered with adequate spatial resolution. This paper describes work which demonstrates a progression from hyperspectral sensing to hyperspectral imaging which utilises the visible, near infrared and short wave infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Large scale calibration and validation field trials were conducted at the same time as hyperspectral imaging was completed. These trials demonstrate the feasibility of producing information, in detailed map form, on pasture nutrient concentration and other parameters to inform fertiliser placement decisions as well as other farm management tasks. The technique effectively produces a forage analysis for every square meter of any farm.
AN  - CABI:20163056567
AU  - Yule, I.
AU  - Pullanagari, R.
AU  - Irwin, M.
AU  - McVeagh, P.
AU  - Kereszturi, G.
AU  - White, M.
AU  - Manning, M.
DA  - 2015
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0369-3902
SP  - 47-50
ST  - Mapping nutrient concentration in pasture using hyperspectral imaging
T2  - Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association
TI  - Mapping nutrient concentration in pasture using hyperspectral imaging
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20163056567
VL  - 77
ID  - 1265
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The productivity of a perennial lupin/cocksfoot mix was compared to that of lucerne in summer dry conditions at Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. The pastures were planted in December 2013 and rotationally grazed by ewe lambs in autumn 2014 (Year 1), and by ewe hoggets in spring-summer and ewe lambs in autumn of 2014/2015 (Year 2) and 2015/2016 (Year 3). For lupin/cocksfoot relative to lucerne in Years 1 to 3, sheep liveweight gains were 54% of 107 kg/ha, 68% of 1134 kg/ha and 50% of 1347 kg/ha; herbage dry matter yields were 122% of 3520 kg/ha, 64% of 10 230 kg/ha and 59% of 9680 kg/ha; and in Years 2 and 3, the water use efficiency of sheep liveweight gain was 76% of 2.0 kg/ha/mm and 49% of 2.7 kg/ha/mm, respectively. The lupin content in the pre-grazing herbage in Years 1 to 3 averaged 42, 22 and 12%, whereas the lucerne content averaged 78, 95 and 98%, respectively. This showed that perennial lupin was not persistent at this lowland site.
AN  - CABI:20173085508
AU  - Black, A. D.
AU  - Ryan-Salter, T. P.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 123-132
ST  - Evaluation of perennial lupin/cocksfoot pasture relative to lucerne pasture under summer dry conditions
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Evaluation of perennial lupin/cocksfoot pasture relative to lucerne pasture under summer dry conditions
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085508
VL  - 78
ID  - 1427
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Land use and management change is a feature of New Zealand farm systems, driven by a range of factors including volatile markets and exchange rates, variable weather and climate patterns, continuous policy evolution and the inherent innovation of New Zealand farmers. Yet the common indicators used to evaluate the impact of change appear to be limited to the link between productivity (of land/labour/capital) and profitability. However, if farm system "owners" seek truly sustainable systems they should consider a wider set of indicators to guide investment. Sustainability is considered in terms of the ability of the pastoral farm system to fulfil its primary purpose in the long-term, i.e. "to derive value from the natural capital of a land and water resource that is sufficient to support the objectives of the resource owner" and fulfil secondary objectives considered important by other stakeholders (e.g., product and environmental quality). The objective of this study was to develop an integrated assessment framework for sustainability indicators that was useful for guiding change decisions at the farm system scale, a key determinant of regional economic, environmental and social outcomes. The approach is based on the fundamental properties of a complex adaptive system: existence, effectiveness, freedom of action, security, adaptability and coexistence, applied to six key system drivers (financial, environmental, social, cultural, technological and regulatory). This framework could support decision-making in terms of the investment of human, natural and financial capital at the farm system scale and contribute to larger scale information imperatives (e.g., value chains, catchments).
AN  - CABI:20173085505
AU  - Dodd, M. B.
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 103-108
ST  - Towards the integrated assessment of New Zealand pastoral farm systems
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Towards the integrated assessment of New Zealand pastoral farm systems
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085505
VL  - 78
ID  - 1424
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Land evaluation has a long history of describing and quantifying the sustainable productive capacity of land. There is a global recognition of the need for this discipline to start recognising the services beyond food production provided by landscapes, as well as the impacts land uses have on receiving environments. An ecosystems approach was used to extend land evaluation to include additional outcomes and was paired with farm system optimisation to explore farm system design. The approach was tested on a sheep and beef farm to explore the added benefits of steep land retirement for flood mitigation and soil conservation and potential trade-offs with farm productivity. The approach showed successfully that it is possible to aim for multiple benefits ranging from increased profit to decreased environmental footprints. Such capability to define and include ecological boundaries within which resources should be managed is a feature that analytical farm system frameworks will require into the future.
AN  - CABI:20173085500
AU  - Dominati, E. J.
AU  - Mackay, A. D.
AU  - Rendel, J. M.
AU  - Smale, P. N.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Rendel, John/0000-0001-7407-3243
0
1
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 67-72
ST  - Looking to the future of land evaluation and farm planning
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Looking to the future of land evaluation and farm planning
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085500
VL  - 78
ID  - 1419
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Clover root weevil arrived in New Zealand about 20 years ago causing major loss of productivity as it progressively spread across the whole country. It is now largely controlled by an introduced parasitic wasp biocontrol agent Microctonus aethiopoides (Irish ecotype). However, management of insect pests should not rely on a single mechanism and clovers resistant or tolerant to this weevil would be a useful augmentation for farmers to have. This investigation reports on the suitability of 22 clover cultivars to attack from the weevil. Results have shown that contrary to popular belief, red clovers are not universally less favourable to the weevil than white clovers and usefully, within both species cultivar differences point to the possibility of resistance to this pest.
AN  - CABI:20173085518
AU  - Ferguson, C. M.
AU  - Barton, D. M.
AU  - Philip, B. A.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
1
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 197-202
ST  - Clover root weevil tolerance of clover cultivars
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Clover root weevil tolerance of clover cultivars
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085518
VL  - 78
ID  - 1437
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A report of mammary development in 6-month-old ewe lambs grazing lucerne on a commercial farm in North Otago provided an opportunity to investigate the possibility to use this as a tool to detect oestrogenic lucerne pastures. Of the 36 ewe lambs grazing lucerne at this farm, protruding mammary glands were visible in 19. In contrast, none of the 22 ewe lambs grazing grass had protruding mammary glands. The lucerne-fed ewe lambs also had larger mean teat width than the grassfed ewe lambs (17.90.53 mm versus 13.40.78 mm) respectively. The lucerne-fed animals were returned to grass pasture 4 weeks before the introduction of rams. There was no effect of the earlier 16 weeks of lucerne grazing on the number of fetuses present in ewes near mid-gestation compared with ewes on grass throughout this period. These findings from a commercial farm suggest that oestrogenic lucerne may be detected by monitoring ewe lambs for mammary development. This would enable farmers to manage pre-mating grazing of ewes with minimal risk of lowered ovulation rates.
AN  - CABI:20173085496
AU  - Fields, R. L.
AU  - Barrell, G. K.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Barrell, Graham/R-5597-2018
Barrell, Graham/0000-0001-7644-6816
0
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 41-44
ST  - Premature mammary development in ewe lambs exposed to an oestrogenic lucerne pasture
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Premature mammary development in ewe lambs exposed to an oestrogenic lucerne pasture
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085496
VL  - 78
ID  - 1415
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Clover root weevil was first discovered in the northern South Island in 2006, and an introduced biocontrol agent the parasitoid wasp Microctonus aethiopoides, was immediately released there in response. As the weevil spread southwards, ongoing releases and natural parasitoid dispersal generally supressed it to economically tolerable levels. However, mild winters in the southern South Island during 2013 and 2014 allowed weevil populations to grow and spread quicker than the parasitoid. This severely impacted white clover production and farm profitability in parts of South Canterbury, Otago and Southland, thus, scientists and industry conducted 18 months of intensive parasitoid releases of ca. 1.1 million parasitised weevils at 6000 sites. The parasitoid rapidly established at all 50 monitored release sites and dispersed from them. The biocontrol agent now occurs at all locations in South Canterbury, Otago, Southland, and elsewhere in New Zealand, where clover root weevil is present.
AN  - CABI:20173085507
AU  - Hardwick, S.
AU  - Ferguson, C. M.
AU  - McCauley, P.
AU  - Nichol, W.
AU  - Kyte, R.
AU  - Barton, D. M.
AU  - McNeill, M. R.
AU  - Philip, B. A.
AU  - Phillips, C. B.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 117-122
ST  - Response to clover root weevil outbreaks in South Canterbury, Otago and Southland; the agricultural sector and government working together
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Response to clover root weevil outbreaks in South Canterbury, Otago and Southland; the agricultural sector and government working together
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085507
VL  - 78
ID  - 1426
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Genetic gain of forage yield in pasture species underpins long-term productivity improvements in pastoral agriculture. The value of proprietary seed sales in Australia and New Zealand has resulted in more public and private investment in perennial ryegrass breeding than other forage species, but this is still much less than for major row crops. Historic estimates of genetic gain in total annual dry matter (DM) yield for perennial ryegrass cultivars have ranged from 0.25 to 0.73% per year, but ongoing questions from farmers and industry-good organisations has prompted further assessment of recent genetic gains. Analysis of 46 Australian and New Zealand trials identified two distinct periods of genetic gain: (a) before 1990, where genetic gain for total annual DM yield was limited, and (b) after 1990 where consistent genetic gains of approximately 0.76% per year or 105 kg DM/ha/year have occurred, with rates higher than this especially in winter, summer and autumn. Investigations to better understand the key scientific and economic factors responsible for the observed changes in rates of genetic gain are warranted, as this may help inform policies and investment aimed at further increasing rates of genetic gain in all forage species.
AN  - CABI:20173085509
AU  - Harmer, M.
AU  - Stewart, A. V.
AU  - Woodfield, D. R.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 133-138
ST  - Genetic gain in perennial ryegrass forage yield in Australia and New Zealand
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Genetic gain in perennial ryegrass forage yield in Australia and New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085509
VL  - 78
ID  - 1428
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Alternative pasture species with the potential to supply quality forage during summer feed shortages, such as tall fescue (TF), are of interest to dairy farmers. A paddockscale study was undertaken to compare performance of TF managed on a shorter rotation similar to perennial ryegrass (RG) (TF-RG) with TF managed on a longer rotation more consistent with its morphology of 4 live leaves/tiller (TF-TF), and with RG (RG-RG). Accumulated dry matter (DM) yields were similar for the three treatments. Patch grazing was observed during the first spring, with more long patches in TFTF than in either TF-RG or RG-RG. Sown-species leaf area index (LAI) was greater in TF-TF compared with TF-RG and RG-RG (2.25, 1.56 and 0.90, respectively; P<0.05). The proportions of grass weeds were higher in the TF-RG (P<0.05) compared with TF-TF and RG-RG treatments (302, 207 and 164 g/kg DM, respectively). A soil fertility gradient with distance along the paddock away from the farm race was recorded, with Olsen P declining at 0.130 mg/kg/m with distance from the farm race. Tiller density, LAI and yield of sown species and total yield sampled were all positively correlated with Olsen P. Overall, this study highlights the importance of managing TF pastures according to its specific growth habits. However, attaining longer grazing rotations under field conditions whilst trying to maintain cow intakes, is likely to continue to prove elusive.
AN  - CABI:20173085511
AU  - Hendriks, S. J.
AU  - Donaghy, D. J.
AU  - Matthew, C.
AU  - Bretherton, M. R.
AU  - Sneddon, N. W.
AU  - Cosgrove, G. P.
AU  - Christensen, C. L.
AU  - Kaufononga, S.
AU  - Howes, J.
AU  - Osborne, M. A.
AU  - Taylor, P. S.
AU  - Hedley, M. J.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 2
0
2
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 149-156
ST  - Dry matter yield, nutritive value and tiller density of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass swards under grazing
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Dry matter yield, nutritive value and tiller density of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass swards under grazing
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085511
VL  - 78
ID  - 1430
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - To develop a protocol to guide pasture sampling for estimation of paddock pasture mass in hill country, a range of pasture sampling strategies, including random sampling, transects and stratification based on slope and aspect, were evaluated using simulations in a Geographical Information Systems computer environment. The accuracy and efficiency of each strategy was tested by sampling data obtained from intensive field measurements across several farms, regions and seasons. The number of measurements required to obtain an accurate estimate was related to the overall pasture mass and the topographic complexity of a paddock, with more variable paddocks requiring more samples. Random sampling from average slopes provided the best balance between simplicity and reliability. A draft protocol was developed from the simulations, in the form of a decision support tool, where visual determination of the topographic complexity of the paddock, along with the required accuracy, were used to guide the number of measurements recommended. The protocol was field tested and evaluated by groups of users for efficacy and ease of use. This sampling protocol will offer farmers, consultants and researchers an efficient, reliable and simple way to determine pasture mass in New Zealand hill country settings.
AN  - CABI:20173085519
AU  - Hutchinson, K. J.
AU  - Scobie, D. R.
AU  - Beautrais, J.
AU  - Mackay, A. D.
AU  - Rennie, G. M.
AU  - Moss, R. A.
AU  - Dynes, R. A.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 203-209
ST  - A protocol for sampling pastures in hill country
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - A protocol for sampling pastures in hill country
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085519
VL  - 78
ID  - 1438
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The effect of feeding two different supplements (perennial ryegrass or plantain baleage) on urinary nitrogen (N) excretion from dairy heifers (8 months old, 180 kg liveweight (LW)) grazing kale was examined in two successive winters. Heifers (n=90 and 80 in Years 1 and 2, respectively) were offered 2.5 kg DM kale/100 kg LW/day and approximately 3 kg DM/heifer/day of either perennial ryegrass or plantain baleage. Urine samples were collected 2-4 times throughout winter, acidified and frozen before N analysis. Despite similar apparent N-intake, urinary N concentration from heifers supplemented with plantain baleage (0.36% N) was lower (P<0.05) than those supplemented with perennial ryegrass baleage (0.53% N). Creatinine concentrations in urine and observations of urination frequency suggest some of the decrease in urinary-N concentration may be due to increases in urine volume when heifers were fed plantain baleage. Liveweight gain (g/heifer/day) was similar (P>0.05) for heifers fed either supplement. The results indicate that feeding plantain baleage to dairy heifers grazing kale in winter may be a useful approach to decrease the N loading in urine patches with subsequent reductions in nitrate leaching.
AN  - CABI:20173085504
AU  - Judson, H. G.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 99-102
ST  - Urinary nitrogen concentration from dairy heifers grazing kale supplemented with either plantain or perennial ryegrass baleage in winter
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Urinary nitrogen concentration from dairy heifers grazing kale supplemented with either plantain or perennial ryegrass baleage in winter
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085504
VL  - 78
ID  - 1423
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A survey of commercial fodder beet crops across Canterbury and Southland was undertaken to determine average yields and to provide some basic information on commercial crops. Commercial yields were approximately 19 t DM/ha but higher yields (34 t DM/ha) were achievable. Dry matter content (DM%) of bulbs was higher for lighter than for heavier bulbs. Variation in DM% between bulbs was greater than the variation between parts (inner and outer fractions) of the bulb suggesting a rapid method of sampling multiple bulbs may lead to increases in accuracy of DM% assessment. A rapid coring method was tested.
AN  - CABI:20173085515
AU  - Judson, H. G.
AU  - McKenzie, S.
AU  - Robinson, S.
AU  - Nicholls, A.
AU  - Moorhead, A. J. E.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 177-180
ST  - Measurement techniques and yield estimates of fodder beet in Canterbury and Southland
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Measurement techniques and yield estimates of fodder beet in Canterbury and Southland
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085515
VL  - 78
ID  - 1434
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Many legumes reduce their atmospheric N2 fixation per unit biomass in response to increased soil N availability but there are reports that some maintain a constant rate of N2 fixation per unit biomass regardless of soil N levels. These different responses to soil N availability have been described, respectively, as 'facultative' and 'obligate' N2 fixation strategies. Views in the literature differ if gorse is a facultative or obligate N2 fixer. Here, firstly, the proportion of N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) was assessed for mature gorse plants mainly in hedges bordering intensive agricultural land at different sites in the Selwyn district, Canterbury, New Zealand using the 15N natural abundance technique. Secondly, the effect of nitrate (NO3-) supply on%Ndfa was determined for gorse seedlings under glasshouse conditions using 15NO3-. Under field conditions, values ranged from 14.7-88.0%Ndfa. In the glasshouse,%Ndfa values decreased from 97 when no N was supplied to 24%Ndfa when N supply was increased to the equivalent of 200 kg N/ha. It is concluded that gorse shows a facultative N2 fixation strategy.
AN  - CABI:20173085516
AU  - Liu, W. Y. Y.
AU  - Premaratne, M.
AU  - Cresswell, R.
AU  - Dash, D.
AU  - Jack, D.
AU  - Andrews, M.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Andrews, Mitchell/R-3874-2018
Andrews, Mitchell/0000-0002-3875-7290
0
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 181-184
ST  - Gorse is a 'facultative' N2 fixer
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Gorse is a 'facultative' N2 fixer
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085516
VL  - 78
ID  - 1435
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Between 2009/2010 and 2014/2015 a total of 711 destructive paired samples of total dry matter yield (kg DM/ha) and lucerne height were taken from a grazed dryland lucerne monoculture experiment at Ashley Dene, Canterbury, New Zealand. These were used to develop relationships suitable for on-farm estimates of lucerne. For pre-graze yields, the variation accounted for increased from 59%, based on lucerne height alone, to 84% for the 14 Year/Season combinations. For postgrazing residual DM yields, inclusion of Year as a factor increased the R2 from 0.39 to 0.65. Pre-graze data were also grouped into spring, summer and autumn. These relationships accounted for 54-60% of the observed variation in dryland lucerne. In spring the multiplier was ~95 kg DM/cm and this dropped to ~75 kg DM/cm for heights measured in the summer. In autumn the multiplier was ~55 kg DM/cm. Lack of stability in the relationships over time could reflect environmental conditions and changes in stand density which height measurements alone cannot account for.
AN  - CABI:20173085517
AU  - Mills, A. M.
AU  - Smith, M. C.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 185-196
ST  - Relationships between dry matter yield and height of rotationally grazed dryland lucerne
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Relationships between dry matter yield and height of rotationally grazed dryland lucerne
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085517
VL  - 78
ID  - 1436
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The pre- and post-grazing dry matter yields from six individual paddocks in a grazed lucerne rotation were compared at Ashley Dene, Lincoln University, over 5 years. The mean annual yield was ~12 000 kg DM/ha and unaffected by the rotation order in which paddocks were first grazed in spring. On an annual basis the post-graze residual was about 1000 kg DM/ha lower from Paddock 1 than Paddock 6. First grazing usually occurred with ewes and lambs in the third week of September when the pre-grazing height was 15-25 cm. Rapid spring growth of lucerne meant Paddock 6 was sometimes over 40 cm tall with a pregrazing mass of 4000 kg DM/ha upon first entry 4-5 weeks later. The grazing interval between the first and second rotation in spring was between 29 and 36 days. There was an average 1800 kg DM/ha more on offer in Paddock 6 than Paddock 1 in the first rotation. On average, the ewes and lambs consumed ~2100 kg DM/ha at ~75% utilisation from each paddock in the first rotation. Weaned lambs offered similar pre-grazing yields consumed less herbage (~1700 kg DM/ha) at ~60% utilisation. A lower pre-graze target for lambs (2000-2500 kg DM/ha) is therefore recommended, particularly if there is no other class of stock available to consume the residual. This may require a quicker rotation with weaned lambs than the 34 days averaged in this study. For ewes and lambs the target of ~3000 kg DM/ha (~30-35 cm pre-grazing height) used for this study seemed appropriate rather than a fixed number of days or particular phenological stage.
AN  - CABI:20173085494
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Bennett, S. M.
AU  - Mills, A. M.
AU  - Smith, M. C.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 27-34
ST  - Optimal grazing management to achieve high yields and utilisation of dryland lucerne
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Optimal grazing management to achieve high yields and utilisation of dryland lucerne
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085494
VL  - 78
ID  - 1413
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In 2013/2014 (Year 1) and 2014/2015 (Year 2) at Ashley Dene, Canterbury, New Zealand, sheep grazing dryland lucerne monocultures were supplemented with barley grain. In neither year did barley grain supplementation improve lamb growth rates. In 2013/2014 total liveweight (LWt) production of lambs was 78211.5 kg LWt/ha between 3/9/2014 and 3/2/2015 when pastures were destocked. However, ewes with continuous access to barley grain gained 12.4 kg LWt/ha over the lactation period compared with those without access to grain that lost 14.0 kg LWt/ha. In 2014/2015 (Year 2), liveweight production of lambs totalled 4081.0 kg LWt/ha from those with no access to grain and 3821.0 kg LWt/ha from those with grain supplementation. Upon restocking with weaned lambs, each lamb with access to grain gained 1549.8 g/d which was less than those without grain access (1889.7 g/d). Sheep ingested 25-83 g/d of grain with ad lib feeding. These results support previous literature that suggests liveweight responses from grain supplementation of sheep are inconsistent.
AN  - CABI:20173085495
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Mills, A. M.
AU  - Roux, M. M.
AU  - Smith, M. C.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 35-40
ST  - Liveweight production of ewes and lambs grazing a dryland lucerne monoculture with or without barley grain supplementation
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Liveweight production of ewes and lambs grazing a dryland lucerne monoculture with or without barley grain supplementation
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085495
VL  - 78
ID  - 1414
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Maize (Zea mays) grain yield in New Zealand has increased linearly, on average by 104 kg/ha/year (R2=0.51) while maize silage yield has increased linearly on average by 166 kg DM/ha/year (R2=0.47), based on strip trial data (1991-2015 for grain, and 1996-2015 for silage). Over the same periods, grain yields (based on 14% moisture content) have increased on average in the lower North Island (LNI) by 175 kg/ha/year (R2=0.45) while average silage yields have increased in the Waikato by 212 kg DM/ha/year (R2=0.48), in the LNI by 177 kg DM/ha/year (R2=0.31) and the South Island by 155 kg DM/ha/year (R2=0.30). Annual variations in yield can be attributed to changes in trial locations and trial co-operators over time. However, overall trends towards increasing yield are due to improvements in hybrid genetics, maize agronomy and management practises. Growing and harvesting costs for producing maize silage on an average soil fertility property in the Waikato have increased 3 c/kg DM over 13 years.
AN  - CABI:20173085512
AU  - Morris, N. J.
AU  - Hurley, T. D.
AU  - Densley, R. J.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 157-162
ST  - National and regional maize grain and silage strip trial yields
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - National and regional maize grain and silage strip trial yields
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085512
VL  - 78
ID  - 1431
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The 9 year 'MaxClover' experiment at Lincoln University concluded that ryegrass and white clover pastures were less persistent than cocksfoot and lucerne under dryland conditions in Canterbury. Measurements of insect pests commenced in Year 5 in response to a measured decline in sown ryegrass and white clover. The aim was to determine if there were differences in insect pressure among the different pastures. Insect pest pressure was present in all pastures from when measurements commenced until the experiment finished in Year 9. Grass grub larvae were the main pest that contributed to the decline in sown species, particularly in ryegrass/white clover, and they were found in all grass-based pasture treatments. Larval populations reached 156/m2 in August 2008 in the cocksfoot/balansa clover and cocksfoot/white clover pastures. Argentine stem weevil overwintering adult populations reached 63/m2 in July 2010 and were highest in cocksfoot/Subterranean clover pastures. These may have contributed to the slow decline in cocksfoot. Low populations (<5/m2) of adult clover root weevil were found in all treatments in winter 2010, with dissection finding reproductively mature adults with no indication of parasitism by Microctonus aethiopoides. Lucerne was the only host of Sitona discoideus. Results suggest insect pressure did not differ among the grass-based pastures over the duration of measurements but white clover appears to have been the main host for grass grub.
AN  - CABI:20173085506
AU  - Morris, N. J.
AU  - Smith, M. C.
AU  - Mills, A. M.
AU  - McNeill, M. R.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 109-116
ST  - Insect populations of six dryland pastures grown in Canterbury
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Insect populations of six dryland pastures grown in Canterbury
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085506
VL  - 78
ID  - 1425
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This study aims to identify the sowing rate necessary to produce lupin dominant and productive pastures in the New Zealand high country under low-moderate fertility, and a regime of late spring/early summer grazing. Blue and Russell lupin were sown on 12 December 2012 at rates of 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 32 kg/ha with cocksfoot at 2 kg/ha, and3 t/ha lime. Low lupin sowing rates (<8 kg/ha) produced an open canopy with lupin density <4 plants/m2, suitable for cocksfoot but also prone to reinvasion by resident species. The blue lupin population was ~5 plants/m2 lupin population was <4 plants/m2 kg/ha. Cocksfoot population was 1.3 and 1.9 plants/m2 with blue and Russell lupin, respectively. Dry matter (DM) yield (excluding dead material) was 4.9 t/ha for spring 2014 and 2.1 t/ha for spring 2015, a difference attributed to the low spring rainfall in 2015. Blue lupin contributed more to the total DM yield than did Russell lupin as sowing rates increased. Cocksfoot dominated the remainder of production in spring 2014 but was on a par with resident species production in spring 2015. Summer and autumn regrowth to March 2015 was limited to ~1 kg DM/ha. There was no appreciable regrowth during December 2015-March 2016. A lupin sowing rate of 8 kg/ha was adequate. Blue lupin population was greater than Russell lupin.
AN  - CABI:20173085510
AU  - Pollock, K. M.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 139-148
ST  - Productivity and composition of perennial lupin pastures in response to six sowing rates, lime application and lupin type at Glenmore Station, Lake Tekapo
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Productivity and composition of perennial lupin pastures in response to six sowing rates, lime application and lupin type at Glenmore Station, Lake Tekapo
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085510
VL  - 78
ID  - 1429
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In pastoral grazing farm systems there is growing awareness of the importance of including year to year variation in pasture grown when analysing and designing appropriate and more profitable systems. Few authors have clarified how an optimal farm system incorporates inter-temporal variability. This paper shows for a Whanganui hill country sheep and beef farm, that inclusion of inter-annual variation in pasture growth rate results in a more dynamic farm system than when only average pasture production data are used in a new, multi-year farm optimisation model. The variation in stock numbers, sale dates and pasture covers were quantified, as was the variation in farm profitability (measured as Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortisation, EBITDA). Interestingly, there was only a small difference in Net Present Value between the two approaches over 10 year's simulation.
AN  - CABI:20173085499
AU  - Rendel, J. M.
AU  - Mackay, A. D.
AU  - Smale, P. N.
AU  - Vogeler, I.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 1
Rendel, John/0000-0001-7407-3243
0
1
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 57-66
ST  - Moving from exploring on-farm opportunities with a single to a multi-year focus: implications for decision making
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Moving from exploring on-farm opportunities with a single to a multi-year focus: implications for decision making
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085499
VL  - 78
ID  - 1418
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In 2010, Waikato and Bay of Plenty dairy farmers were surveyed by the Pasture Improvement Leadership Group (PILG) to better understand their attitudes, confidence and ability to make informed decisions on their pasture renewal practices. To assess changes in farmer behaviour towards pasture renewal and to measure the impact of the PILG, the survey was repeated in 2015. In comparison to 2010, the 2015 survey results were more positive. Farmers' confidence, attitude and satisfaction with their ability to successfully renew pasture, and to improve pasture performance have increased. However, some scepticism remains about time investment and the financial return from pasture renewal. These results suggest that the PILG aim of ensuring that consistent messages relating to pasture renewal are provided to farmers, appears to have been met. Farmers indicated in the 2015 survey that not only is there now better information available in comparison to 2010, the messages are also more consistent across the industry.
AN  - CABI:20173085498
AU  - Rijswijk, K.
AU  - Brazendale, R.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 51-56
ST  - Pasture renewal practices, experiences and attitudes: a comparison over time
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Pasture renewal practices, experiences and attitudes: a comparison over time
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085498
VL  - 78
ID  - 1417
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Two DairyNZ farmlets, differing in nitrogen fertiliser inputs, cow genetic merit and autumn/winter grazing management, with stocking rates of 2.6 ('Future') and 3.2 ('Current') cows/ha, were compared for pasture residual and quality over 4 years. Target intakes for lactating cows were 18 and 16 kg DM/cow/day, respectively, with target grazing residuals of 3.5-4 cm (1500 kg DM/ha in late winter/spring, 7-8 clicks on the rising plate meter) for both herds. Measurement of grazing residuals, pasture quality and botanical composition identified small differences between farmlets. Grazing residuals on the Future farmlet averaged 0.2 cm (0.4 clicks on rising plate meter, RPM) (P<0.01) higher than on the Current farmlet with the difference being 0.35 cm in late spring (P<0.01), 0.2 cm in summer (P<0.05), 0.3 cm in autumn (P<0.05) and not significantly different in winter and early spring. The metabolisable energy (ME) content of the pasture on the Future farmlet was on average 0.2 MJ ME/kg DM (P=0.06) lower than the Current farmlet over the 4 years (11.6 and 11.8 MJ ME/kg DM, respectively), with the difference being significant (P<0.05) in early spring. Despite lower annual pasture production, pasture allowance per cow was higher on the Future farmlet which resulted in higher pasture intakes and milksolids production per cow, though lower production per hectare. The results showed that grazing residuals and pasture quality did not decline markedly with increasing pasture allowance.
AN  - CABI:20173085497
AU  - Roach, C. G.
AU  - Glassey, C. B.
AU  - Macdonald, K. A.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 45-50
ST  - Key pasture and milksolids production indicators from two Waikato farmlets differing in inputs, stocking rate, pasture allowance and nitrate leaching
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Key pasture and milksolids production indicators from two Waikato farmlets differing in inputs, stocking rate, pasture allowance and nitrate leaching
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085497
VL  - 78
ID  - 1416
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Earthworms have long been recognised to promote plant growth but their contribution to pasture production in managed pastures may be undervalued. At three field sites pasture production was measured in an area where surface active communities were found compared to a more diverse area where the additional deep burrowing earthworm Aporrectodea longa had been introduced. Caution is needed when interpreting the results, as all data are from paired areas and not replicates. The influence of earthworms on pasture production was positively correlated with the difference in abundance of the topsoil species Aporrectodea caliginosa, with this species being more abundant in the presence of A. longa at two sites. Overall, the value of diverse earthworm communities to pasture production was estimated to be $365-$440/ha annually. In managed pasture systems there is need to recognise the value of maintaining and enhancing earthworm populations.
AN  - CABI:20173085502
AU  - Schon, N. L.
AU  - Gray, R. A.
AU  - Mackay, A. D.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 89-92
ST  - Earthworms stimulate pasture production in sheep and beef systems: their economic value
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Earthworms stimulate pasture production in sheep and beef systems: their economic value
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085502
VL  - 78
ID  - 1421
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This paper provides a stocktake of the status of hill country farming in New Zealand and addresses the challenges which will determine its future state and performance. It arises out of the Hill Country Symposium, held in Rotorua, New Zealand, 12-13 April 2016. This paper surveys people, policy, business and change, farming systems for hill country, soil nutrients and the environment, plants for hill country, animals, animal feeding and productivity, and strategies for achieving sustainable outcomes in the hill country. This paper concludes by identifying approaches to: support current and future hill country farmers and service providers, to effectively and efficiently deal with change; link hill farming businesses to effective value chains and new markets to achieve sufficient and stable profitability; reward farmers for the careful management of natural resources on their farm; ensure that new technologies which improve the efficient use of input resources are developed; and strategies to achieve vibrant rural communities which strengthen hill country farming businesses and their service providers.
AN  - CABI:20173085501
AU  - Scrimgeour, F. G.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 73-82
ST  - Pathways ahead for New Zealand hill country farming
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Pathways ahead for New Zealand hill country farming
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085501
VL  - 78
ID  - 1420
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The objective of this study was to quantify the combined effects of temperature and moisture on germination of tall fescue seed. Seeds were incubated for up to 50 days at a range of constant temperatures (5-35°C) and germinated at five water potentials (0, -0.18, -0.37, -0.63 and -0.95 MPa). The maximum final germination percentages were 94 to 98 at 15-30°C when water was not limited (0 MPa). Germination rate increased linearly from 5 to 27.5°C, and then decreased linearly from 27.5 to 32.5°C. Extrapolation of the sub-optimal temperatures identified a base temperature of 3.50.5°C and an optimum temperature of 27.5°C. More negative water potential indicative of drier conditions, delayed germination and reduced germination rate. The average base water potential was -0.95 MPa at the suboptimal range of temperatures. An optimum range of germination (80-100%) occurred when temperatures were between 10 and 30°C and water potential was between 0 to -0.37 MPa (moderate stress). These results provide a matrix of soil temperature and moisture conditions that are expected to result in successful germination and therefore provide the maximum opportunity for emergence of tall fescue seedlings.
AN  - CABI:20173085513
AU  - Sharifiamina, S.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Bloomberg, M.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 163-168
ST  - Calculating "hydrothermal time" to quantify seed germination of tall fescue
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Calculating "hydrothermal time" to quantify seed germination of tall fescue
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085513
VL  - 78
ID  - 1432
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Agricultural soils enriched in phosphorus (P) have been linked to increases in P losses and declining water quality. Cultivation of pastures near sensitive waterways lowers surface soil P and therefore the concentration of P in surface runoff. However, such a practise can increase the mineralisation of organic nitrogen (N), negating this as a mitigation option for N sensitive catchments. A field trial was set up to compare pasture renewal using either direct-drilling or cultivation (which mixed the plough layer to 150 mm) on hydraulically-isolated runoff plots at Tussock Creek near Invercargill, Southland. The trial ran from March to December 2015. Soil P concentrations (0-150 mm depth) decreased in the cultivated plots by about 20%, 8 months after cultivation. Concentrations of nitrate-N in surface runoff and shallow drainage, and P in shallow drainage only, were not different between direct-drilling and cultivation treatments. Cultivation reduced filterable reactive P (FRP) losses in surface runoff by 69% (P=0.047) compared to direct-drilled plots. This study showed that mixing P within the plough layer decreased P loss over the 10 months of measurement. Conventional tillage that inverts the plough layer may result in even larger decreases in soil P concentrations. Tillage can therefore be used as a strategy to decrease P loss in small areas where surface runoff is likely, with little risk of increasing catchment-scale N loss. This includes near stream areas, but care must be taken to leave an adequate buffer strip to prevent sediment (and P) loss via erosion of bare soil.
AN  - CABI:20173085503
AU  - Smith, L. C.
AU  - McDowell, R. W.
AU  - Cosgrove, G. P.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 93-98
ST  - A comparison of nutrient losses to waters following pasture renewal by cultivation or direct-drilling
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - A comparison of nutrient losses to waters following pasture renewal by cultivation or direct-drilling
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085503
VL  - 78
ID  - 1422
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - To quantify the influence of autumn (fall) dormancy (FD) on DM production and phenological development during the seedling phase, three lucerne genotypes with contrasting ratings were grown at Lincoln University, New Zealand. A dormant (FD2), a semi-dormant (FD5), and a winter-active (FD10) genotype were inoculated and sown at a rate of 290 plants/m2 on 8 October 2014. By the end of the seedling phase (15 January 2015) the FD10 genotype had produced 20% higher shoot yield and 17% higher root yield than the other two genotypes. The percentage of total biomass partitioned to roots (Proot) was 50% for all genotypes. Total plant biomass (root + shoot yields) was 6.55 t DM/ha for FD10 compared with 5.57 t DM/ha for FD 2 and FD5. Plant height at the open-flower stage was 39.5 cm for FD10 compared with 34.5 cm for FD5 and 33.5 cm for FD2. Maximum leaf area index was similar amongst genotypes at 2.5. However, individual leaf area was 142, 119 and 111 cm2/stem for FD10, FD5 and FD2, respectively. The phyllochron was 52°Cd per primary leaf (base temperature of 1°C) and consistent amongst genotypes. The number of primary leaves and branches were also conservative at 17 and 14/shoot, respectively. Therefore, differences in shoot yield among these lucerne genotypes during the seedling stage were mainly due to differences in plant height and individual leaf area expansion per plant. This led to greater light interception and therefore higher total biomass accumulation for FD10 than for the other two genotypes.
AN  - CABI:20173085514
AU  - Ta, H. T.
AU  - Teixeira, E. I.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2016
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2016
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 169-176
ST  - Impact of autumn (fall) dormancy rating on growth and development of seedling lucerne
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Impact of autumn (fall) dormancy rating on growth and development of seedling lucerne
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20173085514
VL  - 78
ID  - 1433
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The Forages for Reduced Nitrate Leaching programme (FRNL) aims to address the challenge of presenting farmers with alternatives for forage production that will sustain milk production and farm profit, but simultaneously reduce nitrogen leaching by 20% from current levels. This paper describes the improvements made to a dairy model comprising three software packages, and how this model was used to evaluate proposed farm system changes on a Canterbury dairy farm (Canlac Holdings) associated with the FRNL programme. After a baseline scenario was sense-checked against actual farm physical and financial data for the 2014-2015 season, alternative options were modelled in an additive way by expanding the effluent area, growing fodder beet on the platform, replacing some pasture with maize silage, growing diverse pastures on 7% of the milking platform, and including a feed pad. The cumulative effect of these changes was an increase of 3 and 13% in production and profit respectively, but only a 5% decrease in nitrogen leaching as estimated for the combined platform and support block areas over 3 climate years. A hypothetical scenario, of a third of the platform in diverse pastures, less nitrogen fertiliser, all fodder beet grown on the milking platform, lifted and fed on the feed pad, and with an oats catch crop following fodder beet, increased production and profit by 2 and 10%, respectively, with a reduction in N leaching of 19%. This result indicates that high-performing farmers have scope to reduce N leaching by ~20% and still increase profit by implementing some of the options emanating from the FRNL programme.
AN  - CABI:20183235601
AU  - Beukes, P. C.
AU  - Edwards, P.
AU  - Coltman, T.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 147-152
ST  - Modelling options to increase milk production while reducing N leaching for an irrigated dairy farm in Canterbury
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Modelling options to increase milk production while reducing N leaching for an irrigated dairy farm in Canterbury
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235601
VL  - 79
ID  - 1395
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A mixture experiment was conducted to identify an optimal pasture seed mixture that maximised dry matter (DM) yield under irrigated, sheep-grazed conditions in mid-Canterbury, New Zealand. Nineteen seed mixtures were created using a simplex design from a pool of four species: perennial ryegrass, plantain, white clover and red clover. Seed mixtures were drilled into plots in March 2015 and the yield from sowing to May 2017 was modelled. The model analysis defined the optimal seed mixture proportions as 0.25 ryegrass, 0.28 plantain and 0.47 red clover of total number of seeds per unit area, or 7.5, 6.3 and 8.2 kg/ha, respectively (22.0 kg total seed). This mixture was predicted to yield 39.81 t DM/ha after 2 years. Ryegrass and plantain interacted more strongly with red clover than white clover, leading to increased yields over monocultures (diversity effects). Additional yield benefits arose from the three-species mixture of ryegrass, plantain and red clover.
AN  - CABI:20183235594
AU  - Black, A. D.
AU  - Anderson, S.
AU  - Dalgety, S. K.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 103-109
ST  - Identification of pasture mixtures that maximise dry matter yield
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Identification of pasture mixtures that maximise dry matter yield
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235594
VL  - 79
ID  - 1388
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Chicory and plantain have been suggested as alternative grazed forages to perennial ryegrass for New Zealand dairy systems. While diurnal changes in plant chemical composition have been described for ryegrass there is currently little information for herbs. This experiment aimed to compare the effect of nitrogen inputs (low and high) and harvesting time (am versus pm) on the chemical composition of four forages (ryegrass, plantain, chicory and white clover). The effect of harvest time was greater than N fertiliser inputs on chemical composition for all forages. Ryegrass showed the greatest increase in water soluble carbohydrate diurnally, at the expense of neutral detergent fibre and to a lesser extent crude protein. This suggests afternoon allocation of ryegrass may be beneficial to improve the nutritive value of pasture on offer; allocation timing is less important for white clover, chicory and plantain.
AN  - CABI:20183235595
AU  - Box, L. A.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
AU  - Bryant, R. H.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 111-118
ST  - Diurnal changes in the nutritive composition of four forage species at high and low N fertiliser
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Diurnal changes in the nutritive composition of four forage species at high and low N fertiliser
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235595
VL  - 79
ID  - 1389
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Aerial spraying and surface seeding of winter crops in uncultivable hill country areas is rapidly being adopted as a method of increasing winter feed supply and as a precursor to regrassing. However, there is little research on the sediment and nutrient losses that may result from this practice. In the current study, winter swede crops were established on an imperfectly and on a well-drained soil and these crops were grazed by beef cattle. Soil damage caused by the winter grazing of the swedes generated sediment losses that were 5.5 times greater on the imperfectly drained soil than the well-drained soil. Surface runoff over 3 months (which included crop grazing and the non-grazed crop stubble period) resulted in losses of 1.1 t/ha of sediment, 0.85 kg of phosphorus (P)/ha and 5.4 kg of nitrogen (N)/ha from the poorly drained soil. This key risk period contributed between 88 and 99% of the total annual sediment and total N and P losses, compared to the pre-crop (pasture) and crop establishment phase. A simple comparison with two other sediment and nutrient loss studies located on the same farm as the current study, suggested that the losses associated with winter cropping in this landscape may be extreme. The current study highlights the need for targeted mitigation strategies and/or strategic grazing management to reduce soil and nutrient losses and to minimise the impacts on waterways of winter grazing of hill country crops.
AN  - CABI:20183235582
AU  - Burkitt, L. L.
AU  - Winters, J. L.
AU  - Horne, D. J.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 27-33
ST  - Sediment and nutrient losses under winter cropping on two Manawatu hill country soils
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Sediment and nutrient losses under winter cropping on two Manawatu hill country soils
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235582
VL  - 79
ID  - 1377
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Fertiliser nitrogen (N) response trials were conducted on Waikato dairy pastures on two contrasting peat soils: a well-developed Kaipaki peat loam and a less-developed Rukuhia peat. On the well-developed site the most efficient N fertiliser rate in spring was 25 kg N/ha with a response of 22 DM/kg N applied. However, in autumn the most efficient rates of N fertiliser were 75 and 100 kg N/ha, with an average response rate of 11 kg DM/kg N. At the less-developed site, the most efficient rates in the spring were 25 to 75 kg N/ha with an average response of 18 DM/kg N applied. In autumn, the maximum response rate of 21 kg DM/kg N was reached through application of 50 and 75 kg N/ha. Results indicate that greater yields are expected from larger applications of N fertiliser on less-developed peat. However, the environmental consequences of increased N fertiliser applications have not yet been assessed.
AN  - CABI:20183235590
AU  - Carlson, W. T.
AU  - Lucci, G. L.
AU  - Sprosen, M. S.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 79-82
ST  - Response of pastures to fertiliser nitrogen on two peat soils in the Waikato region
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Response of pastures to fertiliser nitrogen on two peat soils in the Waikato region
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235590
VL  - 79
ID  - 1385
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Combinations of four phosphorus (P) fertiliser rates (0, 8.5, 22.5 or 26.5 kg/ha/year of citrate-soluble P) and three pasture types with different white clover germplasm, 'resident' cv. Huia and cv. Tahora were compared in self-contained, replicated farmlets grazed by sheep over 4 years. Fertiliser increased white clover herbage accumulation (HA) 3- to 4-fold compared with the control treatment, and increased total sward HA by 50%. Introduction of Tahora white clover significantly increased white clover and total sward HA and nitrogen fixation compared with the resident and Huia-sown swards. Sheep liveweight gain was significantly greater in all systems fertilised with P (438 versus 243 kg/ha for the unfertilised control) and in systems sown with Tahora (425 versus 372 kg/ha for resident and Huia).
AN  - CABI:20183235581
AU  - Chapman, D. F.
AU  - Mackay, A. D.
AU  - Devantier, B. P.
AU  - Costall, D. A.
AU  - Budding, P. J.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 19-26
ST  - The relative strengths of phosphate fertiliser application and white clover cultivar introduction for hill pasture improvement
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - The relative strengths of phosphate fertiliser application and white clover cultivar introduction for hill pasture improvement
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235581
VL  - 79
ID  - 1376
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Matching seasonal pasture growth to cow demand has been the key to New Zealand's ability to produce milk competitively. However, driven by the need to process milk all year for value-add products like UHT milk, Fonterra has increased the incentive for producing milk in the winter. This has some farmers questioning their spring calving approach and considering calving outside spring to increase profitability of their system using the winter milk premium. In an attempt to answer farmer's questions, modelling was done using OVERSEER for the environmental footprint and Farmax Dairy for the economic impact of changing the calving season. The objective of the modelling was to highlight key factors that need careful assessment for individual farm situations before deciding to change calving season. Whole farm system modelling was done for Ruakura and Pukekohe pasture growth profiles in the Waikato, and Te Hana and Maungatoroto growth profiles in Northland to consider the implications from both a profitability and environmental perspective. In the four districts modelled results suggest the key drivers for autumn calving profitability are: seasonal pasture growth profile, soil type, winter milk premium and cost of infrastructure/equipment upgrade. Regions with pasture growth profiles that remain profitable after changing from spring to autumn without the winter milk premium are the most ideal, as there is no guarantee the premium will stay at the current level.
AN  - CABI:20183235585
AU  - Chikazhe, T. L.
AU  - Mashlan, K. A.
AU  - Beukes, P. C.
AU  - Glassey, C. B.
AU  - Haultain, J.
AU  - Neal, M. B.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 49-53
ST  - The implications of winter milk premiums for sustainable profitability of dairy systems
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - The implications of winter milk premiums for sustainable profitability of dairy systems
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235585
VL  - 79
ID  - 1380
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The objective was to determine whether grazing lucerne for 7 days before breeding and for the first 7 days of breeding affected the reproductive performance of ewes with different body condition scores (average of 3.2 versus 3.7). This was compared with grazing a grass-based sward with a high proportion of dead herbage that was available at the time of breeding in a summer dry region (Wairarapa) in autumn 2016. The lucerne contained large amounts of fungal infected stem and dead herbage, which induced high levels of coumestrol (10715 mg/kg DM). By the end of the feeding period the grass and lucerne on offer were both of low quality (7.8 MJ ME/kg DM). Ewes that grazed lucerne for 7 days before breeding and for the first 7 days of the breeding period produced 18 fewer (P<0.05) foetuses per 100 ewes joined, compared with ewes grazing grass. These findings indicate there was no benefit of grazing ewes on lucerne with a high level of coumestrol under summer drought conditions compared with grazing poor quality grass.
AN  - CABI:20183235587
AU  - Cranston, L. M.
AU  - Kenyon, P. R.
AU  - Fields, R. L.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
AU  - Corner-Thomas, R. A.
AU  - Kemp, P. D.
AU  - Morris, S. T.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 61-65
ST  - Lucerne with a high coumestrol content is not a suitable feed for ewes just before and during the early breeding period
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Lucerne with a high coumestrol content is not a suitable feed for ewes just before and during the early breeding period
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235587
VL  - 79
ID  - 1382
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Estimates of pasture nutritive value are affected by how samples are stored and dried before laboratory analyses. To determine which post-sampling procedures best preserved nutritive value, a range of procedures were compared for one diploid and one tetraploid perennial ryegrass cultivar in June 2016 and April 2017. Treatments included different combinations of transportation from the field to the laboratory either in liquid nitrogen or in a chilly-bin with ice-packs, storage at room temperature (19°C), a chiller (3°C), standard freezer (-18°C) or a -80°C freezer, and drying either in a freeze-drier or an oven at 65°C for 48 hours. Samples were sent to a commercial laboratory for near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy analysis. Values were higher for one or more of metabolisable energy, soluble sugars, non-structural carbohydrate, and organic matter digestibility, and lower for neutral detergent fibre and ash, when comparing transportation in liquid nitrogen with a chilly-bin, freezer storage (-80°C and standard freezer) with chiller and room temperature storage, and freeze-drying with oven-drying (P<0.01). Freeze-drying was the most critical factor in preserving the nutritive value.
AN  - CABI:20183235617
AU  - Dale, T. M.
AU  - Greenfield, R. M.
AU  - Tozer, K. N.
AU  - Cameron, C. A.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 263-268
ST  - Post-sampling procedure affects the measured nutritive value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Post-sampling procedure affects the measured nutritive value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235617
VL  - 79
ID  - 1411
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Dairy farmers using low rates of nitrogen fertiliser observed reduced odour in milking sheds, and a smaller growth response of pasture to effluent application. Effluent samples from four conventional (>100 kg N/ha/year, "high-fert") and three low-nitrogen (N) fertiliser (<50 kg N/ha/year, "low-fert") properties were collected in January 2017 and analysed for total N concentration, N form, mineral nutrient concentration and pH. Total effluent N concentration was comparable between both classes of farm. However, low-fert properties had a higher proportion of N in organic forms as opposed to ammoniacal-N than high-fert properties (mean 75% and 59% organic on low- and high-fert properties, respectively, P<0.01). Low-fert effluent also had a lower pH, higher P concentration, and nearer optimal N:P ratio than effluent from high-fert properties. It was hypothesised that reducing N fertiliser may result in more nutritionally-balanced effluent (N:P ratio), causing microbes to multiply more rapidly (lowering pH), storing N in microbial biomass, reducing ammonia emissions and odour, and reducing the risk of N leaching from effluent applied to pasture.
AN  - CABI:20183235616
AU  - Dennis, S. J.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 257-262
ST  - Reducing nitrogen fertiliser alters dairy shed effluent quality
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Reducing nitrogen fertiliser alters dairy shed effluent quality
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235616
VL  - 79
ID  - 1410
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Maintaining pasture quality in late spring and early summer is a challenge in many hill country farming systems where pasture growth often exceeds animal demand. One possible management tool is to defer grazing on a portion of the farm to enable the desired grazing management and animal performance on the remainder. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of timing and duration of deferred grazing in mid-spring to early-summer on subsequent pasture accumulation rates, composition and quality, from mid-spring through to the following winter. A factorial design (3 durations *3 closing times) in eight replicates compared withholding grazing (nil, 1 or 3 grazings), in three closing periods, mid spring, late spring, and early summer. Grazing pasture when covers reached 2500-3000 kg DM/ha to a residual of 1500 kg DM/ha was the standard grazing regimen used. Grazing after the exclusion period aimed to achieve the same residual as in the control treatment based on a feed budget. Short early closures resulted in little, or no change in pasture quality and quantity for the remainder of the season. Longer closure periods reduced pasture quality due to increases in the proportions of dead and reproductive stem. This effect was reduced with later closings. The control (nil deferred grazings) and mid-spring closings had a net loss of dead matter (-1000 and -420 kg DM/ha, respectively), while the late-spring and early-summer closings accumulated 60 and 180 kg DM/ha, respectively. These differences in dead matter were the major driver of the differences of net herbage accumulations (P=0.018), with net accumulations from 7990 kg DM/ha for the control (Nil) closings to 9660 kg DM/ha for the December (late) closings. Deferred grazing can be used to alter feed availability and utilisation while maintaining net pasture production over spring, summer and autumn.
AN  - CABI:20183235607
AU  - Devantier, B. P.
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Rennie, G. M.
AU  - Tozer, K. N.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 189-196
ST  - The effect of deferred grazing in spring and early summer pastures on pasture growth rate and feed quality
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - The effect of deferred grazing in spring and early summer pastures on pasture growth rate and feed quality
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235607
VL  - 79
ID  - 1401
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In the context of dairy grazing systems, pasture mixtures including tall fescue, lucerne and plantain have been identified by animal modelling as having potential to both improve milk production and reduce urinary nitrogen excretion. A grazed paddock-scale trial was established in the Waikato in September 2015 to test this in two short-term grazing trials including these species. This paper presents the pasture production, botanical composition and nutritive value data generated from four pasture mixtures sown in spring 2015 and sampled until autumn 2017 (18 months). The pasture mixtures represented a comparison between perennial ryegrass and tall fescue, with and without the herb narrow-leaved plantain. The inclusion of plantain in grass-lucerne mixtures had a positive effect on first-year herbage dry matter (DM) production, by ~2.6 t DM/ha/year in ryegrass-based pastures and ~1.6 t DM/ha/year in tall fescue-based pastures. Where plantain was included, the proportion of grass was reduced by more than half from autumn 2016 through to summer 2016-2017, while the proportion of lucerne was reduced to a lesser degree. The proportion of plantain was 35-70% through most of the first year, declining to <20% in the second autumn. Plantain pastures had slightly less crude protein (CP%) in winter, but the inclusion of plantain did not significantly affect digestibility or metabolisable energy in any season. Given the evidence from other studies that plantain can reduce urinary nitrogen concentration in dairy cows, this study indicates that it can be a useful component in mixed pastures from a forage production and nutritive value perspective.
AN  - CABI:20183235612
AU  - Dodd, M. B.
AU  - Dalley, D. E.
AU  - Elliott, D.
AU  - Wims, C. M.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 229-235
ST  - Establishment year productivity, botanical composition and nutritive value of grass/lucerne/plantain dairy pasture mixtures
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Establishment year productivity, botanical composition and nutritive value of grass/lucerne/plantain dairy pasture mixtures
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235612
VL  - 79
ID  - 1406
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Ergovaline concentration was measured monthly from December 2015 to April 2016 in herbage of perennial ryegrass pastures containing NEA2 or standard endophyte (SE) in the Waikato, Manawatu and Canterbury. Ergovaline concentrations were then combined with estimated pasture intake, pasture botanical composition and cow liveweight data from experimental dairy farm systems in the Waikato and Canterbury to estimate dairy cow ergovaline intake (mg/kg LW0.75/day). For the diploid ryegrass 'Trojan' with NEA2 estimated ergovaline intake ranged from 0.01 to 0.029 mg/kg LW0.75/day, levels at which no significant animal production effects have been reported. Ergovaline intake of tetraploid ryegrass 'Bealey NEA2' was at least an order of magnitude lower than this. For the diploid ryegrass, 'Bronsyn' with SE, ergovaline intake was 0.016 to 0.056 mg/kg LW0.75/day, which at the highest level carried a ~20% risk of causing animal production effects for 15% of the samples. AR1 and AR37 pastures, used as controls, contained nil or trace amounts of ergovaline.
AN  - CABI:20183235608
AU  - Eady, C. C.
AU  - Corkran, J. R.
AU  - Bailey, K. M.
AU  - Kerr, G. A.
AU  - Nicol, A. M.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 197-203
ST  - Estimation of ergovaline intake of cows from grazed perennial ryegrass containing NEA2 or standard endophyte
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Estimation of ergovaline intake of cows from grazed perennial ryegrass containing NEA2 or standard endophyte
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235608
VL  - 79
ID  - 1402
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Farmers have expressed difficulty determining the performance of precision farming devices both before and after purchase. The aim of this study was to develop guidelines for operational performance of pasture measuring devices using a Delphi survey method with 25 dairy pasture management specialists. The eight important attributes of devices for use on dairy farms, as identified by survey respondents were: the device is easy to use; weekly data are available during high pasture growth periods; data are available within 24 hours of measurement; data are accurate; data are collected quickly; data are easily uploaded into third party software; the device is easy to maintain; and the device has been/can be calibrated for ryegrass/clover swards. The attributes identified through this process provide measurement device developers with a design guide. The results also provide farmers with a list of attributes to consider when investing in pasture measuring devices or services.
AN  - CABI:20183235610
AU  - Eastwood, C. R.
AU  - Rue, B. T. dela
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 217-222
ST  - Identification of operational performance attributes for pasture measuring devices
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Identification of operational performance attributes for pasture measuring devices
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235610
VL  - 79
ID  - 1404
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Five field trials were conducted over 2 years in which the effects of single applications of different rates of a controlled release nitrogen (N) fertiliser, Smartfert, on pasture production and pasture N concentration were measured, relative to the same rates of SustaiN. The 2016 trials also compared multiple applications of SustaiN with a single application of Smartfert. Pasture responses to SustaiN relative to the control generally occurred within the first one to three harvests following application and then declined and became negative in the later harvests. The pasture responses to Smartfert developed more slowly and were greatest after the third harvest. In terms of total production significant (P<0.05) responses to Smartfert relative to the same rate of N applied as SustaiN occurred in three trials. SustaiN significantly increase pasture production at one site relative to Smartfert. In three trials pasture production from single applications of Smartfert applied at 100 kgN/ha were the same and in one case better (P<0.05) than three consecutive applications of 33 kg N/ha of SustaiN. The soluble N fertilisers, urea and SustaiN, elevated the mixed-pasture N concentration relative to control and to Smartfert in the first harvest following application. The nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, kg DM/kg fertiliser N applied) of Smartfert was significantly greater (P<0.05) than for SustaiN in two trials.
AN  - CABI:20183235589
AU  - Edmeades, D. C.
AU  - McBride, R. M.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 73-78
ST  - Further field evaluation of the controlled release nitrogen fertiliser Smartfert
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Further field evaluation of the controlled release nitrogen fertiliser Smartfert
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235589
VL  - 79
ID  - 1384
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - For precision nitrogen (N) fertilisation of grazed dairy paddocks, soil N distribution needs to be quantified. It is expected that farm infrastructure will affect inorganic-N distribution due to its influence on cow grazing behaviour. Surface soil from four spatially distinct areas (main gate, water troughs, non-irrigated and the remaining pasture) was analysed for soil ammonium-N (NH4+-N) and nitrate-N (NO3--N) from three paddocks (180 soil samples) on an irrigated commercial dairy farm in Canterbury, New Zealand. Variation between paddocks was higher for NO3- (P<0.001) than for NH4+ (P=0.52). Differences between spatially distinct areas were detected for NH4+ (P<0.001) but not for NO3- (P=0.37), though there was variation in NO3- with distance from the gates and troughs. This study demonstrates methods for classifying spatially distinct areas of grazed pasture to quantify their influence on inorganic-N distribution. Further research is required to better understand variability.
AN  - CABI:20183235591
AU  - Ekanayake, D. C.
AU  - Owens, J. L.
AU  - Hodge, S.
AU  - Tretheway, J. A. K.
AU  - Roten, R. L.
AU  - Westerschulte, M.
AU  - Belin, S.
AU  - Werner, A.
AU  - Cameron, K.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 83-87
ST  - Soil inorganic nitrogen in spatially distinct areas within a commercial dairy farm in Canterbury, New Zealand
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Soil inorganic nitrogen in spatially distinct areas within a commercial dairy farm in Canterbury, New Zealand
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235591
VL  - 79
ID  - 1386
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Modern pasture management of perennial ryegrass results in reduced reseeding and increased reliance on asexual tiller multiplication. This may exacerbate viral impact by providing longer-living hosts to exploit, thus the effect of ryegrass age on sward performance and viral load was investigated. Genetically similar 10 year old field plants and 10 year old seed were used to produce 'mini-swards' of 'old' (tiller derived) and 'young' (seed derived) ryegrass lines. Dry matter yield and viral load (ryegrass mosaic, and barley yellow dwarf) were assessed over 10 months. For all lines the old mini-swards produced less biomass (4-29%) and viral load was significantly greater at most time points. Cause and effect between viral load and yield were not proven as other factors such as genetic drift, epigenetics, or other latent pests or diseases could not be ruled out.
AN  - CABI:20183235604
AU  - Farquhar, M. B.
AU  - Winefield, C. S.
AU  - Eady, C. C.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
Winefield, Chris/P-7696-2018
Winefield, Chris/0000-0002-6262-6370
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 165-171
ST  - Dry matter yield and the prevalence of barley yellow dwarf and ryegrass mosaic viruses in old and young perennial ryegrass
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Dry matter yield and the prevalence of barley yellow dwarf and ryegrass mosaic viruses in old and young perennial ryegrass
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235604
VL  - 79
ID  - 1398
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Black beetle attacks pasture grasses in the northern and coastal North Island and with a warming climate, the beetle has extended its range and damage has become more prevalent. On-farm investigations into prevention of damaging populations suggested that black beetle density was inversely related to soil pH. Two replicated block experiments, the first in 2013-2015 on two farms, and the second on four farms in 2015-2017 investigated the effects of late spring agricultural lime applications at the rate of 5 tonne/ha on summer black beetle populations. The results showed that lime can help suppress black beetle populations. Importantly, the effect of lime persisted into the second year in Trial 2, preventing larval populations reaching damaging levels of over 40/m2. This adds to the already well-known benefits of lime in improving soil health and pasture quality, vigour and persistence.
AN  - CABI:20183235603
AU  - Gerard, P. J.
AU  - Wilson, D. J.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 159-164
ST  - Lime application can help protect pastures against black beetle
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Lime application can help protect pastures against black beetle
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235603
VL  - 79
ID  - 1397
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Current nitrogen (N) use recommendations for perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) were derived from the response of historic genotypes certified or bred between 1930 and 1970. Despite significant increase in the yield of modern cultivars in seasons of lower forage growth (late spring through winter), no existing research considers the impact of this on N response functions or N uptake characteristics. In light of this a multi-year genotype by N rate trial was established. Data analysed confirms significant differences exist in the slope and intercept of genotype N response functions. Higher yielding modern cultivars had more than twice the marginal response to N of old genotypes in summer and autumn in addition they also yielded more when no N fertiliser was applied. Nitrogen uptake characteristics of higher yielding cultivars in the first winter were significantly greater than low yielding genotypes, thus they may present a different N leaching risk than older genotypes. Farm-scale implications of these preliminary findings warrants consideration once a larger dataset is available for analysis.
AN  - CABI:20183235614
AU  - Harmer, M.
AU  - Farlow, C.
AU  - Stewart, A. V.
AU  - Woodfield, D. R.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 245-249
ST  - Differences in nitrogen uptake and marginal yield response between low and high yielding perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) genotypes
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Differences in nitrogen uptake and marginal yield response between low and high yielding perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) genotypes
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235614
VL  - 79
ID  - 1408
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Aerial establishment of pasture and crops in hill country in New Zealand has received mixed publicity. Popularly referred to as 'spray and pray' this detracts from the success some practitioners have achieved with 'helicropping', a highly structured process that has the potential to markedly change hill country farming. Four farmers with an average of 4.5 years (range 2 to 7 years) of helicropping in New Zealand hill country were interviewed using a semi-structured snowball technique. Cross-case analysis was used to analyse themes of learning experience of helicropping, crop establishment, utilisation and economics, and the management of potential risk of soil loss from hill country cropping and harvest. Generally, all aspects ranked highly in terms of success. However, there was a strong message that this was attributable to strictly following a prescribed process that reduced risks both to a profitable return and to soil conservation.
AN  - CABI:20183235598
AU  - Lane, P. M. S.
AU  - Willoughby, B. E.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 131-134
ST  - Helicropping - early adopters' experiences
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Helicropping - early adopters' experiences
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235598
VL  - 79
ID  - 1392
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The effects of increased use of brought-in feeds were evaluated across 25 dairy farms in central Waikato. Farms were classified into low, medium and high feed-input categories based on <500, 500-1200 and >1200 kg DM/cow, covering a range typical of that in the main dairying regions of New Zealand. Average milksolids (MS)/ha was 1087 and 1900 kg in the low and high feed-input categories, but total land-use/tonne MS was the same when all off-farm land was accounted for. Average estimated on-farm nitrogen (N) leaching increased from 26 to 30 kg N/ha/year between the low and high feed-input categories, but off-farm leaching sources were equivalent to an increase of 20 and 84%, respectively. Greenhouse gas emissions/on-farm hectare were 61% higher on high feed-input farms, but the carbon footprint and N leaching per tonne MS were similar across feed-input categories. High feed-input farms used feed-pads and increased effluent area (66 versus 21% of farm) to increase nutrient efficiency. Mitigation analyses indicated that N leaching could be decreased by optimising effluent area, reducing N fertiliser rate and utilising low-N feeds.
AN  - CABI:20183235600
AU  - Ledgard, S. F.
AU  - Bartlett, N. L.
AU  - Boheemen, P. J. van
AU  - Wilton, B. R.
AU  - Allen, S. B.
AU  - Muggeridge, D. P.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 139-145
ST  - Implications of increased use of brought-in feeds on potential environmental effects of dairy farms in Waikato
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Implications of increased use of brought-in feeds on potential environmental effects of dairy farms in Waikato
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235600
VL  - 79
ID  - 1394
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - In New Zealand, subterranean clover is recommended as a companion legume in mixed swards, particularly in dryland cocksfoot-based pastures. However, establishment of cocksfoot is slower than perennial ryegrass and therefore weed ingress is more common. An experiment at Lincoln University, Canterbury showed imazethapyr applied when clover was at the 3-4 trifoliate leaf stage, and cocksfoot at the 2+ leaf stage, increased the subterranean clover content of the pastures by at least 1000 kg DM/ha, despite initial visual phytotoxicity responses. Balansa and white clover pasture yields were not different to their unsprayed unweeded controls. Imazethapyr application controlled broadleaf weeds from early in the season. The herbicide application reduced cocksfoot yields by 70% in early spring, but yields recovered and were not different to the unsprayed unweeded controls at 1350260 kg DM/ha after grazing. Imazethapyr application improved subterranean clover pastures through an increase in clover content by suppressing weeds and temporarily reducing the rate of cocksfoot growth.
AN  - CABI:20183235605
AU  - Lewis, T. R.
AU  - Lucas, R. J.
AU  - Hofmann, R. W.
AU  - Moot, D. J.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 173-180
ST  - Tolerance of newly sown cocksfoot-clover pastures to the herbicide imazethapyr
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Tolerance of newly sown cocksfoot-clover pastures to the herbicide imazethapyr
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235605
VL  - 79
ID  - 1399
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The current DairyNZ Forage Value Index (FVI) categorises ryegrass cultivar-endophyte combinations into five, 'star rating' groups for dry matter (DM) yield using data from the National Forage Variety Trial (NFVT) system. However, variability in performance of cultivars between trials raises the question of how cultivars with different star ratings perform against each other under different conditions. The validity of the FVI star rating categories for perennial ryegrass was assessed using cultivar DM yield data from two independent trials outside the NFVT system and under dairy cow grazing with white clover. Results from the trials were used in Monte Carlo simulations to provide a probabilistic determination of the likelihood of high FVI rated cultivars outperforming the low FVI rated cultivars. Results indicate selecting high FVI (5 star) perennial ryegrass cultivars over lower FVI (3 star) cultivars deliver greater contributions to dairy operating profit in over 94% of the simulated iterations for the Waikato and Canterbury.
AN  - CABI:20183235593
AU  - Ludemann, C. I.
AU  - Wims, C. M.
AU  - Chapman, D. F.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 97-101
ST  - Validation of perennial ryegrass cultivar Forage Value Index rankings using independent trial data
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Validation of perennial ryegrass cultivar Forage Value Index rankings using independent trial data
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235593
VL  - 79
ID  - 1387
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Cold temperatures and drainage increase nitrogen (N) losses from livestock production systems, so autumn management and forage type were investigated as strategies to mitigate N loss whilst meeting animal requirements. The effect of regrowth interval and fertiliser rate on plant dry matter (DM) yield, plant N and digestible organic matter in the DM (DOMD) was measured in six forage species over 4 weeks regrowth, in Canterbury in autumn 2015. As regrowth interval increased, herbage DM yield increased (from 180 kg DM/ha to 922 kg DM/ha, P<0.05) and N response rates were highest in perennial ryegrass and plantain (P<0.05). Herbage N% in autumn was high at >3.2% of DM and, in grasses and herbs, was positively associated with N application rate but negatively associated with regrowth interval (P<0.001). Delayed grazing by up to 4 weeks, under a moderate N regime, improved herbage quality and reduced herbage N% in autumn. These results suggest plantain is a suitable alternative to perennial ryegrass to reduce N losses without impeding farm production in autumn.
AN  - CABI:20183235588
AU  - Martin, K. E.
AU  - Bryant, R. H.
AU  - Hodge, S.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 67-72
ST  - Effect of autumn regrowth interval and nitrogen fertiliser on dry matter yield and plant characteristics of six forage species
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Effect of autumn regrowth interval and nitrogen fertiliser on dry matter yield and plant characteristics of six forage species
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235588
VL  - 79
ID  - 1383
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Data comparing pasture production in winter pastures subject to 16, 48 or 72-day rotation lengths were recovered from experiments at Massey University to support teaching of grazing management. 'Farmlets' with 16 breeding ewes on 0.8 ha were run from 2011-2016, and herbage production estimated from metabolic energy budgeting (MEB). The data illustrate: the roles of pasture cover and animal body weight as buffers to neutralise the impact of weather variability, the use of controlled cover release via the grazing rotation to partially meet winter feed deficit, and the potential value of MEB in systems research. Grass grown from May to September (early pregnancy to mid-lactation) was 3850, 4220 and 4840 kg DM/ha for 16, 48 and 72-day rotations, respectively. As a result of a reduction in herbage accumulation and the premature release of autumn-saved pasture to animals, the 16-day rotation failed to overwinter the animals in five of the 6 years, the exception being a winter with high pasture growth.
AN  - CABI:20183235606
AU  - Matthew, C.
AU  - Osborne, M. A.
AU  - Liu, Y.
AU  - Duan, X.
AU  - Hou, F.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 181-187
ST  - Winter rotation length effect on pasture production and animal performance
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Winter rotation length effect on pasture production and animal performance
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235606
VL  - 79
ID  - 1400
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Traditionally fertiliser has been aerially applied at a uniform rate to hill country, but the technology now exists to apply nutrients at a variable rate (VR) and each nutrient differentially, depending on the production potential and pasture composition of each part of the hill. A hypothetical case study of a sheep farm was modelled to show the economic benefits of VR application of phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) and differential application of nitrogen (N), compared with application of a uniform rate of P and S. The financial analysis demonstrates that the VR strategy of less P and S to steeper slopes where there is low legume and more on easier slopes where there is more legume, costs less than the application of P and S at a uniform rate over all slopes. The cost saving could be used to apply N to steep land on both sunny and shady aspects and easy land on sunny aspects. This differential N application in late winter/early spring ensures better pasture cover for lactating ewes to improve ewe condition at weaning. When this gain in condition was maintained through to mating, lambing percentage increased in the following spring. The benefit from this increased lamb production was an increase in financial returns of $63/ha/year. A qualitative sensitivity analysis indicated that this value remains stable in response to changes in the proportion of each slope class, soil Olsen P level, the relative cost of fertiliser P and N and sheep to cattle ratio.
AN  - CABI:20183235596
AU  - Morton, J. D.
AU  - Gillingham, A. G.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 119-123
ST  - Variable and differential application of nutrients to a hill country farm
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Variable and differential application of nutrients to a hill country farm
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235596
VL  - 79
ID  - 1390
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Severe flooding and slips in the Manawatu-Whanganui region in 2004 resulted in the implementation of the voluntary Sustainable Land Use Initiative (SLUI), to support recovery and increase resilience. This paper identifies the barriers, opportunities and lessons for the implementation of Whole Farm Plans (WFPs). The research, conducted in 2016, involved interviews with 40 farm households. The findings demonstrate that the values and priorities of both SLUI and non-SLUI households were similar, highlighting the need to increase profitability, productivity and environmental protection. Both adopters and non-adopters express similar concerns about SLUI, including perceptions about its bureaucratic nature, cost and complexity. They differed to an extent when believing the SLUI aligns with their own values and goals. Non-signatories highlight their resistance to government intervention. They also feared the SLUI would thwart productivity and profits. There remains a need to more explicitly integrate social values and goals in any strategy to implement Whole Farm Plans.
AN  - CABI:20183235618
AU  - Nelson, T. A.
AU  - Brown, M. A.
AU  - Fielke, S. J.
AU  - Mackay, A. D.
AU  - Payne, P. R.
AU  - Rhodes, A. P.
AU  - Smith, W.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 269-272
ST  - Implementing change: barriers and opportunities
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Implementing change: barriers and opportunities
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235618
VL  - 79
ID  - 1412
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - The use of legumes to increase animal performance is well known, but why are sheep and beef farmers not using a legume forage system in New Zealand hill country, and what information do they need before introducing a legume forage system? A co-innovation process was started to explore the challenges sheep and beef farmers face introducing a legume forage system into hill country and their information needs. The first step in this process, reported here, was to run eight workshops throughout New Zealand which 105 farmers and agribusiness representatives attended. Results showed that getting the right information from trusted sources was the highest priority for farmers looking to introduce a legume forage system. Information provided by the science community and industry needs to be region specific as the range of knowledge around legume species differs across regions. Some of the information required by farmers is already well documented, but may not be in the hands of the right people.
AN  - CABI:20183235599
AU  - Nelson, T. A.
AU  - Zydenbos, S. M.
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 135-138
ST  - Information required from research programmes when introducing legume forage systems into challenging environments
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Information required from research programmes when introducing legume forage systems into challenging environments
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235599
VL  - 79
ID  - 1393
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - This paper discusses the farmers' views on pastoral farming and grazing management research. It is suggested that the farmers need to keep their eyes wide open, and be discerning, to make sure that they are the ones managing their farms and are not being dictated by the politics at play in the business.
AN  - CABI:20183235580
AU  - Pearce, D. V.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 15-17
ST  - Pastoral farming and the science interface - a farmers, view
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Pastoral farming and the science interface - a farmers, view
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235580
VL  - 79
ID  - 1375
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Argentine stem weevil (ASW) is a highly destructive pest of ryegrass that has recently been associated with increased incidences of field damage. A survey of farmer awareness and management practices in relation to this pest was carried out. Many (47%) farmers sowed favoured plant hosts such as short-term and tetraploid ryegrasses. A field trial, undertaken near Hamilton, compared the effects on ASW larval damage of 10 different ryegrass/endophyte associations in comparison with an endophyte-free control with and without seed treatment. U2 endophyte in a diploid perennial festulolium and AR37 endophyte in a hybrid tetraploid, an Italian diploid and a tetraploid perennial ryegrass had significantly less damage (<26%) than all other treatments (>42%). NEA2 endophyte in a diploid perennial ryegrass and AR1 endophyte in short-term ryegrasses failed to protect plants from severe damage by this pest. Farmers need to be aware of the risks of ASW damage to short-term and tetraploid ryegrasses.
AN  - CABI:20183235602
AU  - Popay, A. J.
AU  - Rijswijk, K.
AU  - Goldson, S. L.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 1
0
1
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 153-158
ST  - Argentine stem weevil: farmer awareness and the effectiveness of different ryegrass/endophyte associations
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Argentine stem weevil: farmer awareness and the effectiveness of different ryegrass/endophyte associations
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235602
VL  - 79
ID  - 1396
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - There is interest in the sheep and beef sector in lifting the legume content of hill pastures. This interest is tempered by the uncertainty of the benefits and how much farmers can afford to spend to achieve them. The objective of this study was to quantify the value to a hill country farm of differing proportions of legumes in a mixed species pasture using AgInform (Integrated Farm Optimisation and Resource Allocation Model). AgInform is a multi-year farm systems model, adapted so that the legume proportion of pasture as it influences pasture growth and animal performance through its influence on diet could be included as variables in the model. Three levels of legume (Low, Base and High) in a mixed pasture were modelled. The model predicts that increasing the legume proportion increases farm profitability although not in a linear manner with increasing legume proportion. This analysis provides an indication of the investment that hill country farmers can afford to increase the legume proportion in mixed pastures.
AN  - CABI:20183235583
AU  - Rendel, J. M.
AU  - Mackay, A. D.
AU  - Smale, P. N.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 35-41
ST  - The value of legumes to a Whanganui hill country farm
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - The value of legumes to a Whanganui hill country farm
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235583
VL  - 79
ID  - 1378
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - A field experiment was conducted for 12 months under irrigation and cutting management to determine if interactions between perennial ryegrass and white clover cultivars of different phenotypes could affect pasture yield and botanical composition during establishment. Four ryegrass and four clover cultivars, differing in leaf and tiller/stolon traits, were grown in all combinations (n=16), along with monocultures of each (n=8), as sub-plots under two nitrogen fertiliser levels (100 or 325 kg N/ha/year). Dry matter yield and botanical composition were measured on nine occasions and ryegrass and clover population densities were determined four times. Total annual yield was similar for all mixture combinations due to substitution between the sward components. While there were significant yield differences among ryegrass or clover cultivar monocultures, these seldom explained differences in mixture yields. Mixtures yielded more DM than ryegrass monocultures under both N treatments (+1.3 to +3.9 t DM/ha/year).
AN  - CABI:20183235615
AU  - Rossi, L.
AU  - Chapman, D. F.
AU  - Edwards, G. R.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 251-256
ST  - Different combinations of perennial ryegrass and white clover phenotypes do not affect mixture yield under cutting management during establishment
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Different combinations of perennial ryegrass and white clover phenotypes do not affect mixture yield under cutting management during establishment
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235615
VL  - 79
ID  - 1409
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Artificial rearing is used routinely on dairy sheep farms. Different strategies are used to optimise the growth and development of the young lamb with an economic ration of milk and other feed components. Early weaning, and early introduction to pasture can both reduce these costs, but may also reduce the liveweight gains of the growing lamb. Can differences in pre-weaning feeding strategies be mitigated using specialist pastures such as plantain/red/white clover? Lambs from an experiment investigating the impacts of rearing with and without meal access (n=30/group) and weaned at 12 weeks of age were grazed on either perennial ryegrass-based or plantain/red clover-based pastures in 3 replicates. Liveweight gain, animal health, feed supply and feed quality parameters were recorded over the following 5 weeks. Liveweights of the lambs reared on the different feeding regimens were similar at 12 weeks of age when the grazing study began (25.9 kg). Using plantain/red clover-based pastures provided no advantage to the liveweight gain of lambs reared under different milk and concentrate feeding regimens. Both feed types provided adequate nutrition to ensure growth rates of approximately 180 g/day over the 5 week measurement period in late spring. However, lambs reared under a high concentrate system has consistently lower liveweight gains (160 g/day) over the 5 weeks than those lambs reared with access to pasture (200 g/day; P<0.05). Feed quality was high on both pasture types. Symptoms of photosensitivity were recorded on both pasture types, but predominantly in lambs reared with ad libitum access to meal until week 10 of life, posing a question over functional liver development. This may have also affected liveweight gain.
AN  - CABI:20183235586
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Knol, F. W.
AU  - Neiper, B. A.
AU  - McCoard, S. A.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 55-59
ST  - Post-weaning performance of East Friesian cross ewe lambs grazing ryegrass or plantain-based pastures after rearing on two contrasting diets
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Post-weaning performance of East Friesian cross ewe lambs grazing ryegrass or plantain-based pastures after rearing on two contrasting diets
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235586
VL  - 79
ID  - 1381
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Data from an experiment investigating the impacts of winter dead material content and winter grazing intensity on spring pasture productivity and botanical composition, were used to estimate the impacts of agronomic outcomes on the potential production of young cattle during spring. The experiment was replicated at two sites (heavy and light soil types of moderate to high fertility in a cool temperate climate). Q-Graze software was used to determine liveweight gain (LWG) and grazing days of Angus steers (300 kg starting liveweight) grazing the pastures during spring at a stocking density of 20 steers/ha (an overall stocking rate of approximately 4 steers/ha). The reduction in dead material by intensive winter grazing strategies increased the estimated quality of pasture available by 0.5 MJ ME/kg DM (P=0.002). Spring pasture production was higher when winter dead material content was low or medium compared with a high winter dead material content, leading to a reduction in LWG of 0.38 kg LW/day (P<0.05). The imposition of intensive winter grazing on pastures with medium proportions of dead material increased steer LWG in spring from 0.39 to 0.64 kg/day, and from 0.22 to 0.33 kg/day when high dead material content was present in winter (P<0.05). Total LWG/ha for spring was increased by using intensive grazing management to remove winter dead material, and with medium or high dead material content compared with using a lax grazing approach (P<0.05) in winter.
AN  - CABI:20183235609
AU  - Stevens, D. R.
AU  - Thompson, B. R.
AU  - Wood, G. R.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 205-209
ST  - Implications for winter grazing managements and dead material on the performance of young cattle in spring
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Implications for winter grazing managements and dead material on the performance of young cattle in spring
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235609
VL  - 79
ID  - 1403
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Eighty late-lactation dairy cows were used to examine the effects of allocating a new strip of a perennial ryegrass-based sward in the morning (AM) or in the afternoon (PM) on milk fatty acid (FA) and protein profiles. Milk total polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were greater from cows on AM herbage, whereas total saturated and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) were similar. Time of allocation only affected the milk protein alpha-casein, which was greater in milk from cows on PM herbage, in turn affecting the casein:whey ratio. Under the current conditions, timing of allocation altered the herbage nutrient supply to cows; a greater concentration of precursor FA in AM herbage resulted in a greater concentration of beneficial FA in milk compared with cows on PM herbage. Quantifying the composition of FA in herbage could potentially aid in the design of grazing strategies to increase precursors of beneficial FA in dairy products.
AN  - CABI:20183235584
AU  - Vibart, R. E.
AU  - Tavendale, M.
AU  - Otter, D.
AU  - Pacheco, D.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 43-48
ST  - Milk fatty acid and protein profiles of late-lactation dairy cows as affected by time of allocation of a fresh strip of ryegrass-based pasture
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Milk fatty acid and protein profiles of late-lactation dairy cows as affected by time of allocation of a fresh strip of ryegrass-based pasture
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235584
VL  - 79
ID  - 1379
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Automated flow control coupled to differential GPS guidance systems in aerial topdressing aircraft will allow variable rate (VR) fertiliser strategies to be applied on hill country farms. The effectiveness of these strategies will be enhanced with the use of remotely sensed hyperspectral data to categorise and quantify the farm landscape in greater detail. The economic benefit of a variable rate fertiliser strategy in comparison to a single rate (blanket) strategy was evaluated for a case study Whanganui hill country station. The analysis illustrates the robustness of a VR strategy in the face of volatile returns in that it produced a higher 10 year cumulative net present value (NPV) and remained at a positive advantage at three different stock gross margins, in comparison to a blanket approach. The effectiveness of hyperspectral imagery for defining effective pasture areas to assist development of more precise variable rate fertiliser applications, compared to the current visual classification from farm photography is discussed.
AN  - CABI:20183235597
AU  - White, M. D.
AU  - Metherell, A. K.
AU  - Roberts, A. H. C.
AU  - Meyer, R. E.
AU  - Cushnahan, T. A.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 125-129
ST  - Economics of a variable rate fertiliser strategy on a Whanganui hill country station
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Economics of a variable rate fertiliser strategy on a Whanganui hill country station
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235597
VL  - 79
ID  - 1391
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Reducing the amount of nitrogen (N) fertiliser applied to dairy pastures down to agronomically optimised levels would have positive economic and environmental results. The ability of commercially available optical sensors to estimate biomass yield and foliar-N uptake in pastures was investigated. Vegetative indices (Simple Ratio, SR; Water Index, WI; and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) from two active optical reflectance sensors (N-Sensor, Yara; and Greenseeker, Trimble) were compared with manually measured biomass and N-uptake in above-ground foliage. There were three measurements over time, from pastures that had received different N fertiliser applications rates (0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 kg N/ha). It was found that the sensors were able to detect differences in biomass and foliar N-uptake following defoliation of grazed pastures. The tested optical sensors have the potential to inform a real-time variable rate fertiliser application system.
AN  - CABI:20183235611
AU  - Wigley, K.
AU  - Owens, J. L.
AU  - Tretheway, J. A. K.
AU  - Ekanayake, D. C.
AU  - Roten, R. L.
AU  - Werner, A.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 223-227
ST  - Optical sensors for variable rate nitrogen application in dairy pastures
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Optical sensors for variable rate nitrogen application in dairy pastures
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235611
VL  - 79
ID  - 1405
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - Effective pasture management in the dairy sector is supported by the pasture renewal practices (PRPs) undertaken by farmers. However, the rate and extent of adoption of PRPs by farmers is influenced by their attitudes toward pasture renewal. The aim of this paper was to help the understanding of drivers and barriers that could be derived from the investigation of farmer attitudes to pasture renewal, and to relate credibility of information sources to their perceptions of pasture renewal. A two-step process was applied to existing survey data of dairy farmers in the Waikato and Bay of Plenty regions of New Zealand. First, a factor analysis clustered the dairy farmers into different groups based on their attitudes to pasture renewal. The results show that satisfaction with previous pasture renewal experiences was an important factor affecting farmer adoption. Second, the results from a correlation analysis between the different clusters, indicates that information from local experts and farmers was valued the most by all groups as they were perceived to be the most credible. Motivated farmers also tended to seek guidance from credible publications and websites.
AN  - CABI:20183235613
AU  - Yang, W.
AU  - Rijswijk, K.
DA  - 2017
N1  - Times Cited: 0
0
PY  - 2017
SN  - 2463-2872
SP  - 237-243
ST  - Farmer adoption of pasture renewal practices: the influence of credible information sources
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Farmer adoption of pasture renewal practices: the influence of credible information sources
UR  - <Go to ISI>://CABI:20183235613
VL  - 79
ID  - 1407
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "The 3340 ha Tara Hills high-country station near Omarama was a Government owned research facilitybetween 1948 and 2005. Here we present the story of the rise and fall of Tara Hills; turned from a depletedwasteland into the vibrant research centre of the 1980s, it was eventually sold to commercial interests in theearly 2000s. By the early 1980s, Tara Hills had 14 permanent staff and was internationally recognised as amodel for dryland farm development, experimentation and demonstration. However, subsequent changes inemphasis for New Zealand farming resulted in a decline in dryland research and to the inevitable sale of thishigh-country station. We summarise the broad range of research and its outcomes associated with Tara Hills,spanning soils, pasture species, their establishment and production, irrigation, grazing management,animal breeds, animal production and genetics, and farm systems. The changing face of New Zealand’sagricultural research and extension is an integral part of this story."
AU  - Allan, Bruce
AU  - Chapman, Hazel
AU  - Keoghan, J       
PY  - 2018
SP  - 33-38
ST  - The story of Tara Hills high-country research
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - The story of Tara Hills high-country research
VL  - 80
ID  - 1599
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Aspinall, Randall         
PY  - 2018
SP  - 23-26
ST  - Farming in a challenging physical and social environment
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Farming in a challenging physical and social environment
VL  - 80
ID  - 1597
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "Two studies investigated the effect of regrowth and additives on preservation and quality of plantain ensiled in spring using a micro-silage technique. Study 1 compared the effect of regrowth at four (4L), five (5L) or six leaf (6L) appearance. Study 2 compared fertilisers: 20 kg N/ha (20N), 20N plus potassium and phosphorus (20NPK) or 40 kg N/ha with P and K (40NPK) and additives: cellulose enzyme (ENZ), molasses (MOL), Biosil (BIO) or no additives (CON). After 180 days, wet chemistry was performed on all silages. Silages were dark brown and had a sweet smell, though fermentation was limited with an average pH of 5.2 and 5.8 in Study 1 and 2, respectively. However, pH declined (P<0.05) with early harvest, and use of N fertiliser or additives. Harvesting plantain for silage following a long regrowth is not recommended as the high stem content at this time contributed to low crude protein and low digestibility."
AU  - Bariroh, Nur
AU  - Bryant, Racheal
AU  - Black, Alistair       
PY  - 2018
SP  - 119-124
ST  - Plantain silage quality under variable management practices
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Plantain silage quality under variable management practices
VL  - 80
ID  - 1579
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "The rate of genetic gain represented in the Forage Value Index of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is a major factor underpinning sustained profitability in pastoral farming. Effective new technologies for trait data acquisition and parent plant selection are used in many animal and crop improvement programmes to lift the rate of gain, but have yet to be developed and integrated in forage breeding. For forage improvement, hypotheses tested were: a) genomic selection (GS) offers a viable breeding strategy, and b) key enabling technologies for non-destructive, high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) in the field will improve trait data acquisition. To evaluate GS, extensive molecular marker and phenotypic datasets in structured populations of perennial ryegrass were developed. Phenotypic data for seasonal dry matter yield (DMY), the core trait in the Dairy NZ Forage Value Index, were obtained replicated field trials. Data on heading date (HD) as a useful trait to assess the efficacy of GS for simply inherited traits, were also collected. Genomic prediction models were developed for seasonal DMY and HD. Application of GS for HD was effective in selecting for both early and late heading, with movement of up to 7 days in a single generation of selection. The HTP research used iterative development of computational methods supporting a repeatable, non-invasive means of accurately and rapidly measuring DMY of perennial ryegrass in single row plots. These findings demonstrate effective genetic prediction and phenotyping approaches which may enable breeders to lift the rate of genetic gain in perennial ryegrass."
AU  - Barrett, Brent
AU  - Faville, Marty
AU  - Ghamkhar, Kioumars
AU  - Carena, Marcelo      
PY  - 2018
SP  - 255-262
ST  - Developing new tools for pasture plant breeding
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Developing new tools for pasture plant breeding
VL  - 80
ID  - 1588
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "A novel strategy to increase the metabolisable energy content of pasture species has been the development of a GM technology (‘High metabolisable energy’ or HME), which when expressed in the leaves of perennial ryegrass, increases leaf lipids up to 6-7% of DW (approximately double ‘normal’ levels). Remarkably, increased rates of photosynthesis and growth also occur in these plants. The industry strategy is to perform field trials overseas to establish the value proposition for New Zealand. Here, results are presented from preliminary growth-chamber pot trials which reveal the influence of the HME technology on perennial ryegrass growth under different levels of N, H2O and CO2 supply. HME increased perennial ryegrass growth under high N supply, limiting and non-limiting H2O supply, and with ambient and elevated CO2 supply. Possible HME growth mechanisms and their practical implications are discussed. Progress on the 2017 field trial in the USA using offspring from the HME crossing programme is also discussed."
AU  - Beechey-Gradwell, Zac
AU  - Winichayakul, Somrutai
AU  - Roberts, Nick       
PY  - 2018
SP  - 219-224
ST  - High lipid perennial ryegrass growth under variable nitrogen, water and carbon dioxide supply
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - High lipid perennial ryegrass growth under variable nitrogen, water and carbon dioxide supply
VL  - 80
ID  - 1591
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "The production and persistence of legumes which may improve South Island high-country pasture in the Mackenzie Basin were studied. The initial soil test results confirmed toxic levels of aluminium (9 mg/kg, 0-150 mm soil depth) that has prevented the development of large areas of land traditionally grazed by merino sheep and beef cattle. A 3-year field experiment was direct-drilled in December 2012 with five rates (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 t/ha) of surface applied lime and six legumes (lucerne, ‘Russell’ lupin, Caucasian clover, white clover, balansa, and Lotus pedunculatus) in three replicates. In Year 1, balansa clover and Russell lupin were the highest yielding legumes (7 t DM/ha), regardless of lime application rates. In Year 2 ‘Russell’ lupin was the highest (10.4 t DM/ha). Caucasian clover produced 4.6 t DM/ha and white clover and lucerne around 4.0 t DM/ha. Balansa clover (1.4 t DM/ha) and Lotus pedunculatus (2.5 t DM/ha) were the lowest yielding and they did not recover or persist after the initial grazing by merino sheep. These results confirmed that ‘Russell’ lupin and Caucasian clover thrived without the application of lime in this acidic soil with high Al levels."
AU  - Berenji, Saman
AU  - Mills, Annamaria
AU  - Moir, Jim
AU  - Pollock, Keith
AU  - Murray, Will
AU  - Murray, Emily
AU  - Moot, Derrick   
PY  - 2018
SP  - 81-90
ST  - Dry matter yield of six perennial legume species in response to lime over 3 years at Glenmore Station, Mackenzie Basin
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Dry matter yield of six perennial legume species in response to lime over 3 years at Glenmore Station, Mackenzie Basin
VL  - 80
ID  - 1583
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "This paper reports on a study evaluating the effects of nitrogen (N) mitigations on N leaching and profitability across all hectares of a farm business consisting of a dairy platform, dairy support and beef blocks. Two different models were used, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. Mitigation options focussed on N fertiliser use, plantain-ryegrass-clover diverse pastures, cropping regime, and animal and feed movements between the blocks. A combination of less N fertiliser, replacing kale with fodder beet for wintering to reduce the crop area, an oats catch-crop following autumn-harvested fodder beet, diverse pastures on a proportion of platform and support blocks, and wintering non-pregnant cows on the beef block reduced N leaching by 19%. Profitability was not affected by these mitigations. Profitability did not increase, but N leaching did, when changing to an all-dairy business model. Nitrogen leaching reductions can be achieved if all enterprises implement some or all of these mitigations."
AU  - Beukes, Pierre
AU  - Chikazhe, Taisekwa
AU  - Edwards, J       
PY  - 2018
SP  - 191-194
ST  - Exploring options to reduce nitrogen leaching while maintaining profitability within a Canterbury farm business comprising several distinct enterprises
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Exploring options to reduce nitrogen leaching while maintaining profitability within a Canterbury farm business comprising several distinct enterprises
VL  - 80
ID  - 1571
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "This study investigated the effect of sowing species in alternate drill rows on dry matter (DM) yield of pasture mixtures. Seven mixtures of ‘Base’ perennial ryegrass, ‘Tonic’ plantain and ‘Apex’ white clover (three pure, three binary and one ternary) were drilled into plots in March 2015 at Lincoln University. Binary and ternary mixtures were also sown with species in alternate drill rows. Ryegrass-white clover and plantain-white clover mixtures yielded more than the average monoculture yields of their constituent species (over-yielding). This diversity effect averaged 7.01 t DM/ha in Year 1 (2015/2016) and 3.45 t DM/ha in Year 2 (2016/2017) of sown yield (total minus weeds) when species were drilled together. Diversity effects were due to synergistic interactions and white clover interacted more strongly with plantain than ryegrass. There was no additional yield benefit from increasing the number of species from two to three in the mixture, and from sowing species in alternate rows."
AU  - Black, Alistair
AU  - Anderson, S
AU  - Dalgety, S
AU  - Hassall, C
AU  - Myint, T
AU  - Vreugdenhil, S    
PY  - 2018
SP  - 243-248
ST  - Yield benefits of pasture mixtures with species drilled in the same and alternate rows
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Yield benefits of pasture mixtures with species drilled in the same and alternate rows
VL  - 80
ID  - 1574
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "This experiment investigated the effects of Caucasian clover (CC), white clover (WC), perennial ryegrass (RG) and their mixtures on dry matter (DM) yield under dryland and irrigated conditions over 5 years (1st July-30th June) at Lincoln University. Seven mixtures of the three species (three pure, three binary and one ternary) were sown in November 1999, grown with and without irrigation, and grazed by sheep. Total annual DM yield in Years 2-6 (2000/2001-2004/2005) was analysed. Clover-RG mixtures yielded more than the average monoculture yields of their constituent species (over-yielding). This diversity effect was 1.8-7.0 t DM/ha for WC-RG over all 5 years and 2.7-4.6 t DM/ ha for CC-RG in Years 3-6. There was no additional yield benefit from the three-species mixture. Diversity effects were due to synergistic interactions between the clovers and RG, which were similar for CC and WC once established. The interspecific interactions persisted despite changes in botanical composition across irrigation levels and years."
AU  - Black, Alistair
AU  - Lucas, Richard        
PY  - 2018
SP  - 73-80
ST  - Dry matter yield of dryland and irrigated mixtures of Caucasian clover, white clover and perennial ryegrass over 5 years at Lincoln University
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Dry matter yield of dryland and irrigated mixtures of Caucasian clover, white clover and perennial ryegrass over 5 years at Lincoln University
VL  - 80
ID  - 1582
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) is known to contain bioactive compounds including verbascoside (acteoside), aucubin and catalpol. Limited New Zealand data are available to quantify the concentrations of secondary plant compounds in cultivars of plantain. This experiment compared secondary plant compound concentrations for five cultivars or breeding lines of plantain and the botanical distribution of these compounds over a year. For all cultivars verbascoside concentration was greatest, aucubin intermediate and catalpol lowest. The concentration of catalpol and verbascoside in leaf tended to be greater for the cultivars ‘Hercules’ and ‘Endurance’ compared with ‘Elite 2’, ‘PG742’ and ‘Tonic’. However, ‘Hercules’ and ‘Endurance’ tended to have lower concentrations of catalpol and verbascoside in scape (reproductive material from base to seedhead). The difference among cultivars in aucubin concentration was small. This experiment suggests that leaf concentration of catalpol and verbascoside is genotype specific."
AU  - Box, Lisa
AU  - Judson, Glen        
PY  - 2018
SP  - 113-118
ST  - The concentration of bioactive compounds in Plantago lanceolata is genotype specific
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - The concentration of bioactive compounds in Plantago lanceolata is genotype specific
VL  - 80
ID  - 1580
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "This article investigates the role of shifting land ownership in landscape change in New Zealand’s Mackenzie Basin. It was hypothesised that ownership patterns influence landscape transformation; and changes in ownership lead to landscape changes. Satellite imagery was used to trace recent landscape changes quantifying a change from brown extensive pastoralism to green irrigated pasture. It was concluded that the change in land ownership following land reform allowed for about half of this agricultural intensification since 2003. Aggregating intensification on new freehold land with that on current pastoral lease changes the story; Crown decisions about disposition or intensification of Crown land account for two-thirds of intensification since 2003. Hence, if current trends in the Mackenzie are to change, the Crown must examine its decision patterns. Change in some form seems likely. The results presented speak to who has the power to make change. The choice and the power reside somewhere in the space between the Commissioner of Crown Lands and the Minister of Land Information. "
AU  - Brower, Ann
AU  - Sprague, Rowan
AU  - Vernotte, Marion
AU  - McNair, Hamish      
PY  - 2018
SP  - 47-54
ST  - Agricultural intensification, ownership, and landscape change in the Mackenzie Basin
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Agricultural intensification, ownership, and landscape change in the Mackenzie Basin
VL  - 80
ID  - 1601
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  -  
AU  - Cameron, Simon         
PY  - 2018
SP  - 15-18
ST  - Balancing the extremes – a brief history of the Pukaki area
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Balancing the extremes – a brief history of the Pukaki area
VL  - 80
ID  - 1595
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "Nutrient losses due to leaching are often greatest when soils are wet and draining, mainly during winter and often after summer crops are harvested or grazed in autumn and early-winter. Cover crops such as oats have been used as a management option to reduce nitrogen leaching, but the degree of benefit is largely dependent on management for achieving high crop yields. Triticale, due largely to its ryecorn parentage, has a deep root system resulting in an excellent nutrient scavenging ability. The breeding of a new and unique triticale cultivar, T100 (marketed under the brand name of ‘WinterMax’), with proven winter activity and early establishment vigour provides an improved option for nutrient ‘trapping’ compared with existing winter cover crops. Field trials were sown in autumn or winter after maize cropping or with differing levels of applied nitrogen, at two sites in Canterbury. The winter-active triticale removed 19, 21, 28, 35 and 45% more nitrogen from wet soils than another triticale, oats, ryecorn, wheat and annual ryegrass, respectively."
AU  - Caradus, John
AU  - Russell, Adrian
AU  - Chapman, Tim
AU  - Wood, Lisa
AU  - Bowater, Paul     
PY  - 2018
SP  - 185-190
ST  - A new winter active crop to improve soil nitrogen uptake
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - A new winter active crop to improve soil nitrogen uptake
VL  - 80
ID  - 1566
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  -  
AU  - Casey, Marie
AU  - Stevens, David
AU  - Moot, Derrick
AU  - Chapman, David
AU  - Kerr, Graham
AU  - King, Warren
AU  - Meikle, Aaron
AU  - Copland, Laurie
AU  - Black, Alistair
AU  - Kerslake, Jo
PY  - 2018
SP  - 61-66
ST  - The role of the New Zealand Grassland Association in communicating science to the grassland industry: history, lessons and directions
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - The role of the New Zealand Grassland Association in communicating science to the grassland industry: history, lessons and directions
VL  - 80
ID  - 1562
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "Many high-country soils in the South Island have low soil pH and high exchangeable Al concentrations, limiting establishment and persistence of pasture and forage legumes. Perennial lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus) is able to grow in acidic soil (pH<5.6) with high levels of exchangeable Al (Al>3ppm, 0.01 CaCl2) toxic to most other legumes. This study examined the effects of perennial lupin stands of varying ages on soil nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) concentrations (0-15 cm). Eight lupin sites, varying in age, and neighbouring long-term pasture sites were soil sampled and analysed for N and C concentrations. Sites planted with perennial lupin had significantly (P<0.001) higher total soil N (%) and soil mineralisable N (kg/ha) compared to adjacent pasture soils at the eight sites. Soil N status also declined with increasing soil depth in both lupin and pasture soils linked with plant residue accumulation in the topsoil. Soil N level generally increased with increasing lupin stand age (P<0.001), though the oldest (30 years) site did not fit this trend. This study provides strong evidence that lupins substantially increase soil total and labile soil N. Results indicate that perennial lupins may be a suitable and important species to develop poor quality soils on South Island high-country farms."
AU  - Che, Xueying
AU  - Moir, Jim
AU  - Black, Alistair
AU  - Sheng, H.
AU  - Li, X.     
PY  - 2018
SP  - 67-72
ST  - Effects of perennial (‘Russell’) lupins on soil nitrogen and carbon in acid high-country soils
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Effects of perennial (‘Russell’) lupins on soil nitrogen and carbon in acid high-country soils
VL  - 80
ID  - 1589
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "To include metabolisable energy (ME) as a nutritive value factor for ryegrasses in the Forage Value Index (FVI) requires data for New Zealand cultivars on the effects of environmental and management factors on cultivar ranking. This study tested the hypothesis that variation among cultivars, and so ranking, is not influenced by environment, nitrogen (N) fertiliser level or the presence or absence of white clover. Eight cultivars, grown with or without white clover and at two levels of N fertiliser in grazed pastures in Waikato, Manawatū, Canterbury and Southland, were sampled seasonally over 3 years and analysed for ME. There were clover, N and cultivar main effects on ME in most seasons, however, there were no interactions that affected cultivar ranking, indicating that data from field evaluation systems based on monocultures are reliable for the purposes of the FVI. However, data for absolute ME concentration are required from multiple sites to account for the observed cultivar × environment interactions."
AU  - Cosgrove, Gerald
AU  - Lee, Julia
AU  - Chapman, David
AU  - Stevens, David
AU  - Rossi, Laura
AU  - King, Warren
AU  - Edwards, Grant   
PY  - 2018
SP  - 235-242
ST  - Metabolisable energy concentration in perennial ryegrass pastures: multi-site analysis of effects of cultivar, nitrogen fertiliser and white clover content
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Metabolisable energy concentration in perennial ryegrass pastures: multi-site analysis of effects of cultivar, nitrogen fertiliser and white clover content
VL  - 80
ID  - 1572
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "An on-farm study investigated the herbage quality and sward characteristics of plantain-clover mixes and resulting lamb growth rates during late summer and autumn. Three farms were chosen, each with a minimum of 10 ha of plantain-clover mix (Plantago lanceolata ‘Ceres Tonic’, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens) used for lamb finishing. Each farm managed the plantain-clover mix area using their routine management without advice or comment from research staff. Throughout autumn, at approximately monthly intervals on the three farms, the pre- and post-grazing herbage masses, botanical composition, herbage quality, plantain dry matter content, secondary chemical composition and lamb growth rates were monitored. A low percentage of clover in the sward, a high percentage of dead stem material and a low crude protein concentration in plantain during dry periods, were identified as the most likely causes of low lamb liveweight gains during autumn. Grazing management during spring that maintains control of plantain stems and encourages the presence of clover, appears to be a key management technique for ensuring high lamb liveweight gains on plantain-clover mixes in late summer and autumn."
AU  - Cranston, Lydia
AU  - Kemp, Peter
AU  - Morris, Steve
AU  - Wood, Brennon      
PY  - 2018
SP  - 107-112
ST  - An on-farm study of the herbage quality and sward characteristics of plantain-clover mixes during late summer and autumn and resulting lamb growth rates
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - An on-farm study of the herbage quality and sward characteristics of plantain-clover mixes during late summer and autumn and resulting lamb growth rates
VL  - 80
ID  - 1565
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "Poor persistence in perennial ryegrass has been identified as a major limitation to pasture productivity, particularly in the upper North Island. Persistence can best be defined as the continuity of forage yield relative to a cultivar’s potential. Though there is limited evidence of differences in persistence between cultivars, there is interest in including persistence in the DairyNZ Forage Value Index. This requires an agronomically robust metric of persistence, measured over a suitable time frame and connected to economic value. Five candidates are evaluated: plant populations, tiller populations, basal cover, ground score and annual dry matter yield. Scarcity of long-term data is a major limitation to development of performance values for persistence, and must be addressed. The four abundance-based measures also lack a clear connection to economic values, from the limited data available. A persistence metric is proposed, that relates medium-term dry matter yield to short-term dry matter yield, for which perennial ryegrass functional type and cultivar differences are demonstrated."
AU  - Dodd, Michael
AU  - Chapman, David
AU  - Ludemann, Cameron
AU  - Griffiths, Wendy
AU  - Tozer, Katherine
AU  - Donnelly, Liam    
PY  - 2018
SP  - 161-168
ST  - The measurement of perennial ryegrass persistence
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - The measurement of perennial ryegrass persistence
VL  - 80
ID  - 1584
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "Pasture renewal is an important strategy for farmers to improve the yield of home-grown forage. This paper quantifies long-term national and regional trends in regrassing within the dairy sector and links these patterns to suggested major drivers, using simple regression analysis. Dairy farm financial data relevant to regrassing expenditure were sourced from annual dairy sector economic reports and DairyBase, while regional potential evapotranspiration deficit data were sourced from climate records and cropping data from a recent MPI report. Real and relative expenditure on regrassing has increased over this period, and appears to be positively associated with both cropping activity and drought severity, particularly in some North Island regions. The emergent picture is one of a complex of interacting drivers (climate, production, prices, forage products, soils and time) which fuel a vicious cycle of poor persistence and resowing. This situation draws attention to the need for solutions to protect regrassing investments."
AU  - Dodd, Michael
AU  - Chapman, David
AU  - Ogle, Graeme       
PY  - 2018
SP  - 177-184
ST  - Regrassing trends and drivers in the New Zealand dairy industry
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Regrassing trends and drivers in the New Zealand dairy industry
VL  - 80
ID  - 1587
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  -  
AU  - Goldson, Stephen         
PY  - 2018
SP  - 11-14
ST  - Levy Oration – 2017
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Levy Oration – 2017
VL  - 80
ID  - 1594
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "The passive moment of lime down the soil profile in dryland is slow so a machine was developed to directly inject lime into soil, and was tested it at Omarama Station. Pelleted lime was injected at simultaneous depths of 5-10 cm and 20-25 cm below the soil surface at rates of 0 (control), 500, 1000, and 2000 kg/ha and these treatments were compared with 1000 kg/ha of surface-applied pelleted lime. The growth of lucerne, ‘Russell’ lupins and festulolium was recorded over 3 years. The deep-placed lime increased soil pH and reduced Al levels at soil depths of 25 and 30 cm, whereas for the surface-applied lime this was only the case in the top 7.5 cm of the soil. The deep-placed lime increased the growth of lucerne in the second and third years of the experiment. The lucerne was out-yielded by ‘Russell’ lupins in each year, which were unaffected by the application of lime."
AU  - Hendrie, Daniel
AU  - Moir, Jim
AU  - Stevens, E
AU  - Black, Alistair
AU  - Moot, Derrick     
PY  - 2018
SP  - 137-144
ST  - Soil pH, exchangeable aluminium and legume yield responses to deep-placed lime at Omarama Station
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Soil pH, exchangeable aluminium and legume yield responses to deep-placed lime at Omarama Station
VL  - 80
ID  - 1586
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "Plantain has the potential to reduce nitrate leaching through a number of mechanisms. In an indoor study, sheep were offered either perennial ryegrass or different plantain genotypes while aiming to achieve similar dry matter and water intakes. Supplementary water was sprayed on the feed to achieve the latter objective. Animals fed two cultivars (‘Tonic’ and ‘Agritonic’, marketed as “Ecotains” with claims around the potential to reduce nitrate leaching, and breeding lines (from a breeding program aimed at improving aspects of leaching mitigation) produced significantly more urine (4925 and 4887 ml/day, respectively) than those fed a range of commercial plantain cultivars (averaging 4333 ml/day) or perennial ryegrass (3993 ml/day). These results suggest the plantains marketed as “Ecotains” and those in the environmental breeding program may have diuretic effects on sheep, thereby reducing the concentration of nitrogen in the urine. In a soil incubation experiment, urine from sheep grazing either perennial ryegrass or ‘Agritonic’ plantain was applied to soil microcosms (70 ml vials containing 20 g of soil). Urine from sheep grazing the plantain, showed a slower overall nitrification rate (especially in the first 28 days post-application) when a significantly lower proportion of the urinary N was converted to nitrate. Both these observations support the use of specific genotypes of plantain to assist in reducing nitrate leaching."
AU  - Judson, H
AU  - Fraser, Patricia
AU  - Peterson, Michelle
AU  - Edwards, Grant      
PY  - 2018
SP  - 125-128
ST  - Specific genotypes of plantain (Plantago lanceolata) vary in their impact on sheep urine volume and nitrification in the urine patch
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Specific genotypes of plantain (Plantago lanceolata) vary in their impact on sheep urine volume and nitrification in the urine patch
VL  - 80
ID  - 1581
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "The high-country and dryland zone of the South Island of New Zealand includes the Southern Alpsand eastern mountains and basins. Formed by post-Pliocene tectonic, glacial and alluvial processes, theseareas contain a range of landforms across extreme climatic gradients. Diverse habitats support plantsand animals which have a distinctive and long natural history. New Zealand’s short (c. 700 years) historyof human land use has been highly disruptive for indigenous biodiversity. We have misunderstood theeco-evolutionary vulnerabilities of the native biota, the extent of environmental limits, and the impacts ofintroduced weeds and pests. Recent large-scale capture of water and addition of nutrients for agriculture areexcluding indigenous biodiversity in many ecosystems. Predicted climate change and competition for waterresources will exacerbate agricultural impacts, but the remaining indigenous biodiversity can be resilient ifrepresentative areas are protected."
AU  - Lee, William         
PY  - 2018
SP  - 27-32
ST  - Natural history features of the high-country and drylands of the South Island, New Zealand
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Natural history features of the high-country and drylands of the South Island, New Zealand
VL  - 80
ID  - 1598
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "Further development of the DairyNZ Forage Value Index (FVI) requires accounting for genetic variation in the nutritive value of ryegrass herbage in addition to the current weightings on dry matter production traits. Performance values for metabolisable energy content (PV ME) have been identified as the most appropriate variables to use for this purpose. In this study an assessment was made of the effect of including cultivar group (mid-heading date diploid, late-heading date diploid and tetraploid) PV ME in FVI ranking calculations of eligible perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cultivars. Incorporation of the seasonal ME trait into the FVI has resulted in changes in rankings of those cultivars. Although correlations were strong (0.74 for Upper South Island to 0.92 for Upper North Island) between rankings of cultivars using the current FVI and the FVI with cultivar group PV ME, marked improvements have been made in the rankings of tetraploid cultivars. On-farm persistence implications (not yet included in the FVI) of selecting tetraploid cultivars will need to be included if the ME trait is included in the FVI."
AU  - Ludemann, Cameron
AU  - Wims, Cáthal
AU  - Chapman, David       
PY  - 2018
SP  - 215-218
ST  - Changes in estimated value of perennial ryegrass cultivar/ endophyte combinations in the DairyNZ Forage Value Index when metabolisable energy contents specific to culitvar groups are included
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Changes in estimated value of perennial ryegrass cultivar/ endophyte combinations in the DairyNZ Forage Value Index when metabolisable energy contents specific to culitvar groups are included
VL  - 80
ID  - 1564
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "Carbon (C) measurements were analysed for soil sampled to two depths (0-75 and 75-150 mm) in 2003 and again in 2014 in three of the farmlets of a long-term phosphorus (P) fertiliser and sheep grazing experiment at the AgResearch Ballantrae Hill Country Research Station. The farmlets received either 125 kg/ ha/year of single superphosphate (SSP) from 1975-1979 and none since (LFNF), or the same amount of SSP applied as for LFNF from 1975-1979 and 125 kg SSP/ha/year since 1980 (LFLF), or 625 kg/ha/year of SSP applied from 1975-1979, and 375 kg SSP/ha/year since 1980 (HFHF). Carbon concentration in soil at both sampling depths was not affected by differences in P fertiliser inputs and sheep stocking rate, but there were significant (P<0.001) slope x farmlet and aspect x farmlet interactions. Data from this long-term study provide science, policy and industry with invaluable insights into the changes in soil C stocks in pastoral hill-country soils."
AU  - Mackay, Alec
AU  - Vibart, Ronaldo
AU  - McKenzie, Catherine       
PY  - 2018
SP  - 262-268
ST  - Changes in soil carbon in hill-country under contrasting phosphorus fertiliser and sheep stocking rates
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Changes in soil carbon in hill-country under contrasting phosphorus fertiliser and sheep stocking rates
VL  - 80
ID  - 1590
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "Winter grazing of fodder beet and kale is common practice in many regions of New Zealand. However, large quantities of urine-nitrogen (N) is returned by livestock onto bare soil during grazing at a period when the risk of drainage is high. Results from recent field trials in the Canterbury region show that sowing a catch crop directly after winter forage grazing can reduce N leaching losses by up to 49% compared with fallow soil, as well as offer significant gains in feed production, via additional annual production from the catch crop. However, the magnitude of effectiveness varies in response to crop management, catch crop genotype, soil type and seasonal weather conditions. For example, early-sown cereal genotypes adapted to lower temperatures provide the greatest potential to reduce leaching. This summary also highlights three important areas for future research: (i) overcoming the practical challenges of establishing catch crops in unfavourable conditions, (ii) development of biophysical models that can predict outcomes over a wide range of production systems and conditions, and (iii) quantification of other processes in the N cycle causing changes in N leaching, e.g. microbial immobilisation of N."
AU  - Malcolm, Brendon
AU  - Carey, Peter
AU  - Teixeira, Edmar
AU  - Johnstone, Paul
AU  - Maley, Shane
AU  - de Ruiter, John    
PY  - 2018
SP  - 207-214
ST  - Potential of catch crops to reduce nitrogen leaching in New Zealand winter grazing systems
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Potential of catch crops to reduce nitrogen leaching in New Zealand winter grazing systems
VL  - 80
ID  - 1577
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "A considerable proportion of remaining indigenous species-dominant vegetation occurs on farmland inprivate ownership outside of the public conservation estate. This is particularly true of lowland settings,where native ecosystem representation is critically low. An opportunity exists to link indigenous biodiversityoutcomes on private land with the need to improve the delivery of broad ecosystem services fromfarm systems, at the same time reducing farming’s environmental footprint and improving farm resilienceto major climatic events. This discussion paper (i) highlights the current status of indigenous biodiversityon-farm (ii) explores the current status of research on the integration of indigenous biodiversity intoexisting farm planning initiatives and (iii) demonstrates through two case studies, the potential contribution ofindigenous biodiversity to economic, environmental, cultural and social outcomes on and beyond thefarm. While the condition and function of indigenous vegetation contributes to conservation outcomes, thisis just one, albeit important, relevant farm system outcome."
AU  - Maseyk, Fleur
AU  - Dominati, Estelle
AU  - Mackay, Alec       
PY  - 2018
SP  - 55-60
ST  - A case for integrating indigenous biodiversity into on-farm planning
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - A case for integrating indigenous biodiversity into on-farm planning
VL  - 80
ID  - 1602
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "A long-term pasture persistence trial, consisting of repeated annual sowings, commenced in Canterbury in 2015 and is planned to continue until 2024. Preliminary results of the first 3 years sowings are reported. Each annual sowing used the same randomised block design of eight perennial ryegrass cultivars, one tall fescue and one cocksfoot cultivar, replicated four times. Grasses were drilled into a cultivated seedbed in autumn, with white clover broadcast-sown, then rolled with a Cambridge roller. Except for one 3-week spell in spring and in autumn to accumulate herbage to measure DM yield, botanical composition, morphology and sward density, plots were continuously stocked with sheep to maintain a 3-8 cm sward height from late-August to late-May. Results from the first 12 months following each of the three annual sowings (2015, 2016 and 2017) indicate establishment year had a greater influence on DM yield, botanical composition, grass leaf and stem proportions, and basal cover than did grass species or cultivar. Accumulating data from successive annual sowings and continued monitoring of each will help identify the long-term effect and difference between establishment years, as well as grass persistence traits for inclusion in the Forage Value Index ranking of perennial ryegrass cultivars."
AU  - Maxwell, Thomas
AU  - Cosgrove, Gerald
AU  - Edwards, Grant       
PY  - 2018
SP  - 169-176
ST  - Persistence of ryegrass, tall fescue and cocksfoot following sequential annual sowings: pasture yield, composition and density in 3 establishment years under sheep grazing in Canterbury
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Persistence of ryegrass, tall fescue and cocksfoot following sequential annual sowings: pasture yield, composition and density in 3 establishment years under sheep grazing in Canterbury
VL  - 80
ID  - 1563
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "Soil extractable aluminium (Al) concentrations can have a strong impact on the establishment, growth and persistence of pasture legumes. This has become clear in New Zealand high and hill-country, where legumes are scarce and failing to persist in acid soils with high Al levels. For the last decade a research programme has been conducted at Lincoln University focused on legume growth and persistence in acid, high Al concentration soils. Research has examined several aspects of soil acidity and Al toxicity and screened and evaluated a range of legume species, identifying several that show promise in their growth and persistence under acidic and high Al concentrations, in addition to harsh climatic environments. This paper summarises this extensive body of research and also suggests some future research topics for addressing the growing challenge of increasing soil acidity and soil Al faced by increasing numbers of producers."
AU  - Moir, Jim
AU  - Moot, Derrick
AU  - Whitley, Amy
AU  - Black, Alistair
AU  - Hendrie, Daniel     
PY  - 2018
SP  - 145-148
ST  - Soil acidity and aluminium in South Island high and hill country: new data and future needs
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Soil acidity and aluminium in South Island high and hill country: new data and future needs
VL  - 80
ID  - 1592
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "As most New Zealand pastoral soils are acidic, aluminium (Al) can be present at high concentrations and restrict plant root growth and shoot yield. In field trials, Al toxicity in white clover has been associated with CaCl2-extractable soil Al levels of 3-5 ppm or exchangeable soil KCl-extractable levels of 1-2 me/100g, when soil pH levels were below 5.5-5.7 in the top 75 mm. Lucerne is less tolerant of Al toxicity than white clover and ryegrass, which in turn are less tolerant than Lotus spp., arrow leaf, subterranean, Caucasian, Persian and gland clovers, and naturalised adventive annuals such as cluster, haresfoot, striated and suckling clovers. Soil Al toxicity generally increases with soil depth. Soil pH is a reliable indicator of soil Al and, on average, can be increased by 0.1 units/tonne/ha of applied lime to reduce soil Al to below the toxic range. Lime application is the most effective strategy where it can be ground-applied. A key limitation of ground-applied lime to reduce Al toxicity is that its movement down the soil only occurs slowly except in high rainfall areas. Soil Al and pH levels and legume content in hill soils varies according to slope and aspect and there is an opportunity to differentially apply lime by air to areas with low soil pH and more legume, for the best economic return."
AU  - Morton, Jeff
AU  - Moir, Jim        
PY  - 2018
SP  - 129-136
ST  - Soil aluminium toxicity in New Zealand pastoral farming – a review
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Soil aluminium toxicity in New Zealand pastoral farming – a review
VL  - 80
ID  - 1567
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "The ‘Red Flats’ on Omarama Station in the Mackenzie Basin, has a winter cold, summer dry environment and soils with low plant available water (<60 mm in the top 1 m), and low pH(H2O) (5.2) and high aluminium (8 mg/kg) below 75 mm. The site received 3 t of lime, 300 kg sulphur-super, boron (B), molybdenum (Mo) and herbicides to eliminate hieracium (Hieracium pilosella). Twelve cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneaum), ‘Bolta’ balansa clover (T. michelianum), and perennial ‘Rossi’ red clover (T. pratense), were direct-drilled in February 2016. Over the next 3 years their frost tolerance, productivity and persistence were compared with the resident haresfoot clover (T. arvense). Balansa and the subterranean clovers all survived the 2016 and 2017 winters. The subterranean clovers maximum yield was 4.3 t DM/ ha after successful germination in February 2016 when sufficient rain extended the spring growing season into November. Subterranean clover cultivars from subspecies subterraneum yielded well in 2016, averaging 3.3 t DM/ha, as did the brachycalycinum ‘Antas’ with 3 t DM/ha. During the short season of 2017, the subterraneum ssp. cultivars ‘Denmark’ and ‘Karridale’ established the highest ground covers and ‘Antas’ the lowest. In 2018, ‘Antas’ had the lowest emergence rate and autumn yield. ‘Karridale’ had the highest re-establishment rate and the yanninicum ‘Trikkala’ the highest autumn yield (1.3 t DM/ha). Cultivars with low hardseededness ratings were the most successful at re-establishment in autumn 2017. Balansa clover was also persistent. In the favourable 2016 growing season the late-flowering resident haresfoot clover grew into early summer and yielded 3.7 t DM/ha. Red clover yielded 1 t DM/ha in 2016, but did not persist. Results suggest that medium-late flowering softer seeded subterranean clover cultivars and ‘Bolta’ balansa clover, are suitable for this environment."
AU  - Olykan, Sonya
AU  - Lucas, Richard
AU  - Teixeira, Carmen
AU  - Subtil, Richard
AU  - Moot, Derrick     
PY  - 2018
SP  - 97-106
ST  - Establishment, production and regeneration of subterranean clovers at in the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Establishment, production and regeneration of subterranean clovers at in the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand
VL  - 80
ID  - 1568
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "Invasion by non-native woody species into largely treeless vegetation such as grasslands and shrublands is widespread, and has prompted both research and management in response. Here I review the current situation of invasions by non-native Pinaceae, better known as ‘wilding conifers’ in New Zealand, and how both research and management are working to better understand and manage these invaders. The success of wildings is explained by a combination of history (e.g., deforestation of previously woody vegetation), biological traits of the species (rapid growth and early reproduction), and propagule pressure (introduction effort). Wildings represent a major land use change affecting about 2 million ha, including many grasslands, rare ecosystems and subalpine habitats. Wilding invasions into grasslands have profound impacts on biological diversity, but also have important ecosystem impacts including legacy effects belowground by altering nutrient cycling and soil biota. Recent expanded efforts are underway to control and co-ordinate management to avoid or mitigate the negative impacts of wilding conifers. The long-term value of managing invasions, and whether additional management interventions are needed to restore grasslands or woody vegetation is in progress, but is urgently needed given recent moves to widely establish new woody vegetation at large scales in New Zealand."
AU  - Peltzer, Duane         
PY  - 2018
SP  - 39-46
ST  - Ecology and consequences of invasion by non-native (wilding) conifers in New Zealand
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Ecology and consequences of invasion by non-native (wilding) conifers in New Zealand
VL  - 80
ID  - 1600
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "Five Canterbury dairy farmers participate in the Forages for Reduced Nitrate Leaching programme (FRNL) to co-develop options for less environmental impact. Farm practices were adapted and new mitigation options were implemented. To assess farm environmental performance, the Overseer model was used to estimate nitrogen (N) leaching, N surplus and N conversion efficiency (NCE) for each farm and each year. When discussing the results with farmers, it appeared that these indicators for environmental performance are limited when comparing farm management strategies. The Overseer estimates include N fixation, which is influenced by model assumptions, and N leaching, estimates that strongly depend on soil type and climate entered into the model. To enable better comparisons between farms and years, a simplified N surplus and NCE were calculated using farmer recorded N inputs and N outputs, i.e. fertiliser, imported supplement, production and exported supplements. Effects of improved management and new mitigation options are presented. Four of the farms improved their N surplus and NCE and three reduced their Overseer-estimated N leaching over 3 years (2014, 2015 and 2016)."
AU  - Pinxterhuis, Ina
AU  - Edwards, J        
PY  - 2018
SP  - 201-206
ST  - Comparing nitrogen management on dairy farms – Canterbury case studies
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Comparing nitrogen management on dairy farms – Canterbury case studies
VL  - 80
ID  - 1576
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "Field measurements from micro-plots (0.20 - 0.36 m2) of perennial ryegrass/white clover and of pure plantain were used to mimic a urine patch (UP) and to test the effects of UP nitrogen (N) load and size on pasture N offtake. Urine N offtake was greater with plantain than with standard pasture; however, the relative contribution to uptake from the wetted area and surrounding edge was the same for both species. Most (>90%) of the apparent offtake of urine N by plantain and standard pastures was within 20 cm of the edge of the UP. For the two urine patch sizes tested, edge contribution to urine N offtake was on average about 30% of the total from the UP, but was higher for at 600 kg N/ha urine N (45%) than at 300 kg N/ha (18%). Understanding this edge contribution is important for model improvement, and for the development of mitigations to decrease N leaching."
AU  - Shepherd, Mark
AU  - Carlson, Bill        
PY  - 2018
SP  - 195-200
ST  - Urine patch size and nitrogen load: effects on nitrogen uptake from the urine patch in plantain and ryegrass/white clover pastures
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Urine patch size and nitrogen load: effects on nitrogen uptake from the urine patch in plantain and ryegrass/white clover pastures
VL  - 80
ID  - 1570
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  -  
AU  - Stevens, David         
PY  - 2018
SP  - 7-10
ST  - NZGA President's Address 2017
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - NZGA President's Address 2017
VL  - 80
ID  - 1593
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AU  - Sutherland, William         
PY  - 2018
SP  - 19-22
ST  - Merino sheep of the South Island high-country: past, present and future
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Merino sheep of the South Island high-country: past, present and future
VL  - 80
ID  - 1596
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "An experiment on the Port Hills, Canterbury, after mature gorse was burnt in the fires of February 2017, showed an oversown Italian ryegrass mix out-competed the rapidly germinating gorse seedlings. The shaded gorse seedling population reached a peak of 680 plants/m2 in June, declining to ~450 plants/m2 in October compared with >600 plants/m2 in the unshaded plots. As soil moisture dropped in summer, the gorse seedling population decreased to 10 plants/m2 by March 2018, compared with 73 plants/m2 in the unshaded plots. Gorse seedlings that had been shaded by Italian ryegrass had shorter roots and lower dry weights than those grown without competition. The oversown mix was more successful on the south than north-facing slope where more bare ground enabled patches of gorse to re-establish. The oversowing of Italian ryegrass was shown to be a viable option to control gorse particularly after an unplanned burn that removed the fences and water supply."
AU  - Taylor, Breanna
AU  - Pollock, Keith
AU  - Moot, Derrick       
PY  - 2018
SP  - 249-254
ST  - Emergence and control of gorse seedlings after the 2017 Port Hills fire
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Emergence and control of gorse seedlings after the 2017 Port Hills fire
VL  - 80
ID  - 1575
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "At Lincoln University, Canterbury, seven subterranean cultivars rated in Australia as having different levels of ‘hardseedeness’ were established. Monocultures were sown in autumn and allowed to grow and set seed. Seed yields ranged from 340 to 1050 kg/ha. Heavy rain in early January 2016 resulted in a “false strike” of ≤ 4.0% of seeds during the subsequent dry February. A second emergence event in March also resulted in a “false strike” with a further 7 to 15% of total seeds lost. However, cultivars established >1000 seedlings/m2 after early winter rain, which is considered adequate for future persistence. Emergence was consistent with Australian hardseededness rankings. Cultivars with hardseed ranks <4 may be more suitable for dryland systems in New Zealand due to their early emergence and the ability to exploit the late summer and autumn rains."
AU  - Teixeira, Carmen
AU  - Lucas, Richard
AU  - Moot, Derrick       
PY  - 2018
SP  - 91-96
ST  - Seed yield and subsequent emergence pattern of subterranean clover cultivars in response to summer rain
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Seed yield and subsequent emergence pattern of subterranean clover cultivars in response to summer rain
VL  - 80
ID  - 1569
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "Variegated thistle can dominate north-facing slopes on North Island East Coast hill-country reducing pasture production and livestock carrying capacity. On a hill-country sheep and beef property near Gisborne, the herbicides 2,4-D + clopyralid were applied in early-May by knapsack in combination with a June aerial application of 2,4-D ester. This was more effective than a single June aerial application of 2,4-D ester in reducing the abundance of variegated thistle and enabling grasses from the seedbank to colonise the bare ground in the herbicide-treated patches. Mixtures of grasses, legumes and herbs, oversown onto bare patches previously occupied by thistle plants, did not establish on a north-facing slope. While they did establish on a south-facing slope, the sown species did not persist, most likely due to selective grazing. To establish competitive pasture, natural germination from the seedbank may be less risky than oversowing seed into thistle patches, if desirable species are present in the seedbank."
AU  - Tozer, Katherine
AU  - Greenfield, Rose
AU  - Dodd, Mike
AU  - James, Trevor
AU  - Cameron, Catherine     
PY  - 2018
SP  - 225-234
ST  - Controlling variegated thistle in East Coast North Island hill-country
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Controlling variegated thistle in East Coast North Island hill-country
VL  - 80
ID  - 1573
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "This paper outlines recent research studying within-population variation in selected New Zealand perennial ryegrass cultivars, for traits related to tolerance of summer moisture deficit. Two clonal replicates of 220 genotypes from ‘Grasslands Nui’ (Nui, n=50), ‘Grasslands Samson’ (Samson, n=80), and ‘Trojan’ (n=90) were exposed to 1 month of moisture deficit challenge, with plant water relations measurements performed to evaluate putative drought-response mechanisms. Water use of individual genotypes ranged from <100 to >1000 g water/g DM indicating large within-population variation for this trait. Mean water use efficiency (WUE) was for Nui, Samson, and Trojan, respectively, 424±16, 412±10, and 319±9 g water/g DW (P<0.001), suggesting that commercial plant breeding may have indirectly reduced water use in modern cultivars without specific focus on water relations. Principal component analysis indicated more negative osmotic potential may contribute to reduced water use while maintaining yield under water deficit, giving a potential focus for future breeding selection targeting summer water deficit tolerance."
AU  - Weerarathne, L
AU  - Dong, Wencheng
AU  - Wang, Yan
AU  - Nie, Minghe
AU  - Lopez, Ignacio
AU  - Matthew, Cory    
PY  - 2018
SP  - 155-160
ST  - Exploring the link between more negative osmotic potential and ryegrass summer performance
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - Exploring the link between more negative osmotic potential and ryegrass summer performance
VL  - 80
ID  - 1578
ER  - 


TY  - JOUR
AB  - "Soil extractable aluminium (Al) concentrations have a strong impact on the establishment, growthand persistence of pasture legumes. A survey of 21 soil profiles in the Ashburton Lakes catchmentwas conducted to determine the key factors driving extractable Al concentrations. The mean Al (0.02 MCaCl2) concentration was 7.8 mg/kg with the highest values in the top 50 cm of the soil profile. However,there was considerable variation among sites. Landform age, rainfall and depth were all important variables forextractable Al (but R2 was low), while landform type was not. The highest Al concentrations in the 20 cm depthzone were found at the wettest sites in the catchment where rainfall was ≥ 1266 mm and where pH was lowest.Farmers in this catchment could use this knowledge to determine which areas of their farms are most susceptible to elevated Al concentrations and at what depth. This would assist in determining which areas could be targeted for development and which are unsuitable."
AU  - Whitley, Amy
AU  - Moir, Jim
AU  - Almond, Peter
AU  - Moot, Derrick
AU  - Giona Bucci, Monica
AU  - Nelson, Josh    
PY  - 2018
SP  - 149-154
ST  - A field survey of soil pH and extractable aluminium in the Ashburton Lakes Catchment, Canterbury, New Zealand.
T2  - Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
TI  - A field survey of soil pH and extractable aluminium in the Ashburton Lakes Catchment, Canterbury, New Zealand.
VL  - 80
ID  - 1585
ER  -